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Abstract Background and aim China has used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to treat diseases for more than 2000 years. Traditionally, TCMs in medicine cabinets are arranged alphabetically or on the basis of experience, but this arrangement greatly affects dispensing efficiency. However, owing to the unique properties and qualities of TCM, very few automatic approaches or systems have specifically addressed TCM dispensing problems. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a method of optimizing the traditional Chinese medicine placement scheme (TCMPS) via computer algorithms to improve the work efficiency of pharmacists. Methods A prescription dataset from a hospital in 2022 was obtained, and the association rule algorithm (ARA) was used to calculate the frequency of use for each type of TCM and the associations between different types of TCMs. On the basis of these association and frequency data, the optimal TCMPS was calculated using the simulated annealing algorithm (SAA) and then verified using the prescription dataset from 2023. Results A total of 10,601 prescriptions were collected in 2022, involving 360 different TCMs, and each prescription contained an average of 9.485 TCMs, with Danggui (3628) being the most frequently used. When the threshold of support was set to 0.05 and the confidence was set to 0.8, 78 couplet medicines used in orthopedics clinics were found through ARA. When the threshold value of support was set to 0, the confidence was set to 0, and the rule length was 2, a total of 129,240 rules were obtained, indicating support between all pairwise TCMs. The TCMPS, calculated using SAA, had a correlation sum of 14.183 and a distance sum of 3.292. The TCMPS was verified using a prescription dataset from 2023 and theoretically improved the dispensing efficiency of pharmacists by approximately 50%. Conclusions In this study, the ARA and SAA were successfully applied to pharmacies for the first time, and the optimal TCMPS was calculated. This approach not only significantly improves the dispensing efficiency of pharmacists and reduces patient waiting time but also enhances the quality of medical services and patient satisfaction, and provides a valuable reference for the development of smart medicine.

This paper reports on a study of Chinese parents' involvement in their children's heritage language (HL) development during the COVID-19 lockdowns in the UK. Involving seven transnational families, we examined the roles parents played during the online learning sessions and the factors shaping their involvement. Employing a netnographic approach, this study incorporates online classroom observations, semi-structured and focus group interviews with parents, and analysis of their Instagram posts. The study underscores the critical role of parental involvement (PI) in enhancing children's HL education, offering insights into distinct parental roles, including as emotional supporters, co-educators, teaching assistants, and technical supporters. The study introduces a three-dimensional PI model within the framework of family language policy (FLP), enhancing our understanding of FLP by concretely manifesting what, how and why parents get involved in their children's HL development. This study contributes to the discourse on PI and FLP, shedding light on the evolving roles of parents and the complexity of their involvement during the unique circumstances of the pandemic.

To address the issues of high saturated vapor pressure, high toxicity, and high viscosity of TNT, this article used a chemical method to synthesize a new carrier explosive BFTNAN. The prepared samples were characterized using scanning electron microscope(SEM), energy spectrum(EDS), x-ray diffraction(XRD), infrared spectrum(IR), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), nuclear magnetic resonance, and elemental analysis techniques. The enthalpy of formation of BFTNAN was measured using a specialized calorimeter that is specially used in testing of explosives and powders. The thermal decomposition performance of BFTNAN was tested by DSC technology. Meanwhile, the mechanical sensitivity, thermal sensitivity, and detonation performance of BFTNAN based melt-cast explosive was also tested. The results of characterizations showed that the prepared sample was indeed BFTNAN. The enthalpy of formation of BFTNAN was determined as ΔHf,BFTNAN = −72.6 kJ·mol−1. At a heating rate of 20 °C·min−1, the thermal decomposition peak of BFTNAN is at TP = 250.6 °C, and the activation energy is EK = 80 kJ·mol−1, which is closed to the Tp and EK values of TNT. This indicates that BFTNAN is a relatively easy to decompose explosive, but the decomposition rate is not fast. The critical temperature for thermal explosion of BFTNAN reached Tb = 216 °C, which is also closed to the Tb value of TNT. The impact and friction sensitivity of BFTNAN were lower than those of TNT, which was closed to those of DNAN. The thermal sensitivity of BFTNAN is lower than TNT. The detonation velocity and heat of explosion of BFTNAN based melt-cast explosive were distinctly higher than those of TNT based explosive. Especially, BFTNAN based melt-cast explosive were of the advantages in chemical energy storage, work capacity, brisance, and ability of acceleration metals.

A new species, Astragalus liuaiminii Z. Z. Yang & Q. R. Liu (Fabaceae), is described and illustrated from Xinjiang Province, China. The new species is close to A. wenquanensis S. B. Ho, but differs from the latter by leaves having a single leaflet (vs. 3–5 leaflets), and inflorescences with 1–2 flowers (vs. inflorescences with 5–7 flowers). It is also similar to A. monophyllus Maxim in leaf shape, but differs by its calyx expanding to become saccate and totally enveloping the pod (vs. calyx tubular, and ruptured by pod after flowering).

Abstract Aim To identify subtypes of job crafting among Chinese nurses and to explore the characteristics of different subtypes and their relationship with work engagement. Design A cross‐sectional study. Methods A survey of 350 clinical nurses was conducted between December 2022 and January 2023. Identify profile categories for nurses' job crafting using a latent profile analysis. Logistic regression and ANOVA were used to explore the characteristics of different categories of nurses' job crafting in terms of sociodemographic, work engagement variables. Results Ultimately 3 latent profiles are identified: low job crafting (Class 1, N = 177, 50.7%), moderate job crafting (Class 2, N = 136, 38.9%), high job crafting (Class 3, N = 37, 10.5%). Nurses who are female, aged 31 to 40 and married are more likely to be grouped into Class 2. Nurses with a middle level of title are more likely to be grouped as Class 3. Nurses with high levels of work engagement are more likely to be grouped as Class 2 and Class 3 rather than Class 1. Conclusion The job crafting has a distinctly classified character among Chinese nurses. 89.6% of nurses were at a low to medium level of job crafting, work engagement is an important predictor of nurses' job crafting. Nursing Managers should focus on the low job crafting group and develop targeted interventions to help nurses improve their job crafting and work engagement levels. Patient or Public Contribution None.

Abstract Chirality and luminescence are important for both chemistry and biology, which are highly influenced by aggregation. In this work, a pair of metalated tetraphenylethylene(TPE)‐based organic cage enantiomers are reported, which feature a quadrangular prismatic cage structure. These homochiral cages exhibit concentration‐dependent chiral behaviors alongside a propensity for thermodynamic aggregation. Aggregation caused quench effect is found for these cages accompanying the increasing of the concentrations. When a poor solvent is added to produce a kinetical aggregation, the aggregation‐annihilation circular dichroism and aggregation‐induced emission behaviors are observed for these enantiomeric cages. By comparing these observations with the photophysical behaviors of a pair of structurally similar organic molecular enantiomers, the unique photophysical properties observed are intricately linked to the metal‐integrated TPE‐functionalized cage structures.

IntroductionTo investigate the protective effects of anisodamine (654-1/654-2) against acute kidney injury (AKI) in LPS-induced septic shock rats and explore its molecular mechanisms.Methods56 rats were randomly divided into 8 groups: control, LPS, LPS + 654-1, and LPS + 654-2 (1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg). The model was evaluated by monitoring MAP, HR, and plasma LD levels. ELISA and biochemical assay kits were used to measure the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and kidney injury markers (BUN and CRE). Additionally, RNA-seq and bioinformatic analysis were performed to explore the mechanism of action of 654-1/654-2, and verification was conducted by western blotting and RT-PCR.Results654-1/654-2 significantly restored the levels of MAP, HR, and plasma LD in septic shock rats. Furthermore, 654-1/654-2 (5 mg/kg) effectively ameliorated LPS-induced kidney structural damage and exhibited a dose-dependent reduction in levels of inflammatory cytokines and kidney injury markers. In addition, RNA-seq, WB, and RT-PCR analyses revealed that 654-1/654-2 exerted its effects by inhibiting the expressions of the NF-κB and MAPK pathways and activating the Pi3K/Akt/Bcl-2 signaling pathway, thereby mitigating AKI.DiscussionThis study suggested that 654-1/654-2 could alleviate AKI in septic shock rats by improving inflammation invasion and cell apoptosis. Notably, 654-1/654-2 collectively suppressed inflammation response through the p38/JNK/AP-1/NF-κB pathway. Additionally, 654-1 promotes survival signaling via the Pi3K/Akt/Bcl-2 pathway, whereas 654-2 reduces apoptosis through the P53/Bax pathway. These findings provided a theoretical basis for the clinical application of 654-1/654-2 in treating organ damage caused by septic shock.

Sepsis and septic shock are critical medical conditions characterized by a systemic inflammatory response to infection, significantly contributing to global mortality rates. The progression to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) represents the most severe complication of sepsis and markedly increases clinical mortality. Central to the pathophysiology of sepsis, endothelial cells play a crucial role in regulating microcirculation and maintaining barrier integrity across various organs and tissues. Recent studies have underscored the pivotal role of endothelial function in the development of sepsis-induced MODS. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiology of sepsis-induced MODS, with a specific focus on endothelial dysfunction. It also compiles compelling evidence regarding potential small molecules that could attenuate sepsis and subsequent multi-organ damage by modulating endothelial function. Thus, this review serves as an essential resource for clinical practitioners involved in the diagnosing, managing, and providing intensive care for sepsis and associated multi-organ injuries, emphasizing the importance of targeting endothelial cells to enhance outcomes of the patients.

IntroductionChronic conditions, such as diabetes, obesity, heart disease and depression, are highly prevalent and frequently co-occur with food insecurity in communities served by community health centres in the USA. Community health centres are increasingly implementing 'Food as Medicine' programmes to address the dual challenge of chronic conditions and food insecurity, yet they have been infrequently evaluated.Methods and analysisThe goal of this quasi-experimental study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Recipe4Health, a 'Food as Medicine' programme. Recipe4Health includes two components: (1) a 'Food Farmacy' that includes 16 weekly deliveries of produce and (2) a 'Behavioural Pharmacy' which is a group medical visit. We will use mixed models to compare pre/post changes among participants who receive the Food Farmacy alone (n=250) and those who receive the Food Farmacy and Behavioural Pharmacy (n=140). The primary outcome, fruit and vegetable consumption, and secondary outcomes (eg, food security status, physical activity, depressive symptoms) will be collected via survey. We will also use electronic health record (EHR) data on laboratory values, prescriptions and healthcare usage. Propensity score matching will be used to compare Recipe4Health participants to a control group of patients in clinics where Recipe4Health has not been implemented for EHR-derived outcomes. Data from surveys, EHR, group visit attendance and produce delivery is linked with a common identifier (medical record number) and then deidentified for analysis with use of an assigned unique study ID. This study will provide important preliminary evidence on the effectiveness of primary care-based strategies to address food insecurity and chronic conditions.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the Stanford University Institutional Review Board (reference protocol ID 57239). Appropriate study result dissemination will be determined in partnership with the Community Advisory Board.

Panus is a typical wood-rotting fungi, which plays considerable roles in ecosystems and has significant economic value. The genus Panus currently consists of more than 100 species; however, only eight species have been reported from China. This study aims to distinguish and describe two novel species from the Panus similis complex, namely Panus minisporus and Panus baishanzuensis, one new record species from Zhejiang Province, Panus similis and three common species, Panus conchatus, Panus neostrigosus and Panus rudis, based on detailed morphological and phylogenetic studies, relying on Chinese specimens. Panus minisporus is characterised by its reddish-brown pileus, decurrent lamellae with cross-veins, slender stipe, smaller basidiospores, wider generative hyphae and absence of sclerocystidia. Panus baishanzuensis is featured by its pileus with concentric and darker ring zone, decurrent lamellae with cross-veins, shorter stipe, longer basidiospores, diverse and shorter cheilocystidia and smaller sclerocystidia. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU) and translation elongation factor 1-α gene (tef-1α) were employed to perform a thorough phylogenetic analysis for genus Panus and related genera, using Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood analysis. The results indicate that Panus minisporus and Panus baishanzuensis form two independent clades within the Panus similis complex themselves. Detailed descriptions, taxonomic notes, illustrations etc. were provided. In addition, a key to the reported species of Panus from China is also provided.

Purpose: To identify the risk factors for training-related lower extremity muscle injuries in young males by a non-invasive method of body composition analysis. Methods: A total of 282 healthy young male volunteers aged 18 – 20 years participated in this cohort study. Injury location, degree, and injury rate were adjusted by a questionnaire based on the overuse injury assessment methods used in epidemiological studies of sports injuries. The occurrence of training injuries is monitored and diagnosed by physicians and treated accordingly. The body composition was measured using the BodyStat QuadScan 4000 multifrequency Bio-impedance system at 5, 50, 100 and 200 kHz to obtain 4 impedance values. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check whether the data conformed to a normal distribution. Data of normal distribution were shown as mean ± SD and analyzed by t-test, while those of non-normal distribution were shown as median (Q1, Q3) and analyzed by Wilcoxon rank sum test. The receiver operator characteristic curve and logistic regression analysis were performed to investigate risk factors for developing training-related lower extremity injuries and accuracy. Results: Among the 282 subjects, 78 (27.7%) developed training injuries. Lower extremity training injuries revealed the highest incidence, accounting for 23.4% (66 cases). These patients showed higher percentages of lean body mass (p = 0.001), total body water (TBW, p = 0.006), extracellular water (p = 0.020) and intracellular water (p = 0.010) as well as a larger ratio of basal metabolic rate/total weight (p = 0.006), compared with those without lower extremity muscle injuries. On the contrary, the percentage of body fat (p = 0.001) and body fat mass index (p = 0.002) were lower. Logistic regression analysis showed that TBW percentage > 65.35% (p = 0.050, odds ratio = 3.114) and 3rd space water > 0.95% (p = 0.045, odds ratio = 2.342) were independent risk factors for lower extremity muscle injuries. Conclusion: TBW percentage and 3rd space water measured with bio-impedance method are potential risk factors for predicting the incidence of lower extremity muscle injuries in young males following training.

This article is devoted to exploring the solutions of several systems of the first-order partial differential difference equations (PDDEs) with product type u(z+c)[α1u(z)+β1uz1+γ1uz2+α2v(z)+β2vz1+γ2vz2]=1,v(z+c)[α1v(z)+β1vz1+γ1vz2+α2u(z)+β2uz1+γ2uz2]=1,\left\{\begin{array}{l}u\left(z+c){[}{\alpha }_{1}u\left(z)+{\beta }_{1}{u}_{{z}_{1}}+{\gamma }_{1}{u}_{{z}_{2}}+{\alpha }_{2}v\left(z)+{\beta }_{2}{v}_{{z}_{1}}+{\gamma }_{2}{v}_{{z}_{2}}]=1,\\ v\left(z+c){[}{\alpha }_{1}v\left(z)+{\beta }_{1}{v}_{{z}_{1}}+{\gamma }_{1}{v}_{{z}_{2}}+{\alpha }_{2}u\left(z)+{\beta }_{2}{u}_{{z}_{1}}+{\gamma }_{2}{u}_{{z}_{2}}]=1,\end{array}\right. where c=(c1,c2)∈C2c=\left({c}_{1},{c}_{2})\in {{\mathbb{C}}}^{2}, αj,βj,γj∈C,j=1,2{\alpha }_{j},{\beta }_{j},{\gamma }_{j}\in {\mathbb{C}},\hspace{0.33em}j=1,2. Our theorems about the forms of the transcendental solutions for these systems of PDDEs are some improvements and generalization of the previous results given by Xu, Cao and Liu. Moreover, we give some examples to explain that the forms of solutions of our theorems are precise to some extent.

Abstract Sarcodon and Hydnellum are two ectomycorrhizal genera of important ecological and economic value in Southwest China, and they are common in the free markets in this region. It was estimated that more than 1,500 tonnes of them were sold as edible per year, but there was little information about the taxonomic placements of these edible mushrooms sold in the markets. Traditional concepts of the two genera have also been challenged recently, and circumscription of Sarcodon and the informally defined clade “Neosarcodon” remained unresolved. In the present study, specimens collected in the field and purchased from the markets in Southwest China were analyzed based on morphological characters and DNA sequences. Phylogeny of the traditional Sarcodon s. lat. and Hydnellum s. lat. was reconstructed from the combined internal transcribed spacer (ITS), nuclear large ribosomal subunit (nLSU) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) dataset based on expanded samples to reevaluate the taxonomic placements of the two genera. In the present molecular analyses, four distinct clades were recovered and strongly supported: Hydnellum, Neosarcodon, Phellodon and Sarcodon. Neosarcodon is formally introduced as a generic name to include nine species previously placed in Sarcodon, and the delimitation of Sarcodon is revised based on phylogenetic and morphological studies. Phylogenetic analyses also revealed an unexpected species diversity (17 phylogenetic species) of Sarcodon and Hydnellum in the markets; nine phylogenetic species of Sarcodon and eight of Hydnellum were uncovered from the samples collected in the markets. Eight species were resolved in the traditional S. imbricatus complex, with S. imbricatus s.str. being the most common edible stipitate hydnoid fungal species. Three of the edible Hydnellum species (H. edulium, H. subalpinum, and H. subscabrosellum), and five separated from the S. imbricatus complex (Sarcodon flavidus, S. giganteus, S. neosquamosus, S. nigrosquamosus, and S. pseudoimbricatus), are described as new. Three new Chinese records (H. illudens, H. martioflavum, and H. versipelle), and the notable S. imbricatus and S. leucopus are also reported.

Abstract The prediction of potential protein–protein interactions (PPIs) is a critical step in decoding diseases and understanding cellular mechanisms. Traditional biological experiments have identified plenty of potential PPIs in recent years, but this problem is still far from being solved. Hence, there is urgent to develop computational models with good performance and high efficiency to predict potential PPIs. In this study, we propose a multi-source molecular network representation learning model (called MultiPPIs) to predict potential protein–protein interactions. Specifically, we first extract the protein sequence features according to the physicochemical properties of amino acids by utilizing the auto covariance method. Second, a multi-source association network is constructed by integrating the known associations among miRNAs, proteins, lncRNAs, drugs, and diseases. The graph representation learning method, DeepWalk, is adopted to extract the multisource association information of proteins with other biomolecules. In this way, the known protein–protein interaction pairs can be represented as a concatenation of the protein sequence and the multi-source association features of proteins. Finally, the Random Forest classifier and corresponding optimal parameters are used for training and prediction. In the results, MultiPPIs obtains an average 86.03% prediction accuracy with 82.69% sensitivity at the AUC of 93.03% under five-fold cross-validation. The experimental results indicate that MultiPPIs has a good prediction performance and provides valuable insights into the field of potential protein–protein interactions prediction. MultiPPIs is free available at https://github.com/jiboyalab/multiPPIs .

Background To compare the impact of tunneled cuffed catheters (TCCs) and arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) on outcomes in elderly hemodialysis (HD) patients.Methods A retrospective matched cohort study was performed. Propensity score matching (PSM) was applied to balance the baseline conditions, and we compared all-cause mortality, major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs), hospitalization, and infection rates between AVF and TCC patients ≥70 years old. Cox survival analysis was used to analyze the risk factors for death.Results There were 2119 patients from our center in the Chinese National Renal Data System (CNRDS) between 1 January 2010 and 10 October 2023. Among these patients, 77 TCC patients were matched with 77 AVF patients. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality between the TCC and AVF groups (30.1/100 vs. 33.3/100 patient-years, p = 0.124). Among the propensity score-matched cohorts, no significant differences in Kaplan–Meier curves were observed between the two groups (log-rank p = 0.242). The TCC group had higher rates of MACCEs, hospitalization, and infection than the AVF group (33.7/100 vs. 29.5/100 patient-years, 101.2/100 vs. 79.5/100 patient-years, and 30.1/100 vs. 14.1/100 patient-years, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that high Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) score was a risk factor for death.Conclusions There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality between elderly HD patients receiving TCCs and AVFs. Compared with those with a TCC, elderly HD patients with an AVF have a lower risk of MACCEs, hospitalization, and infection.

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) undergo an extensive and coordinated migration in the developing CNS, using the pre-formed scaffold of developed blood vessels as their physical substrate for migration. While OPC association with vasculature is critical for dispersal, equally important for permitting differentiation and proper myelination of target axons is their appropriate and timely detachment, but regulation of this process remains unclear. Here we demonstrate a correlation between the developmental formation of astrocytic endfeet on vessels and the termination of OPC perivascular migration. Ex vivo and in vivo live imaging shows that astrocyte endfeet physically displace OPCs from vasculature, and genetic abrogation of endfoot formation hinders both OPC detachment from vessels and subsequent differentiation. Astrocyte-derived semaphorins 3a and 6a act to repel OPCs from blood vessels at the cessation of their perivascular migration and, in so doing, permit subsequent OPC differentiation by insulating them from a maturation inhibitory endothelial niche.

Background: Alzheimer's disease is characterized by abnormal β-amyloid (Aβ) plaque accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, reactive oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and synaptic loss. Myricetin, a dietary flavonoid, has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects in vitro and in vivo. Here, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism and pathways involved in the protective effect of myricetin. Methods: The effect of myricetin was assessed on Aβ42 oligomer-treated neuronal SH-SY5Y cells and in 3×Tg mice. Behavioral tests were performed to assess the cognitive effects of myricetin (14 days, ip) in 3×Tg mice. The levels of beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP), synaptic and mitochondrial proteins, glycogen synthase kinase3β (GSK3β) and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) 2 were assessed via Western blotting. Flow cytometry assays, immunofluorescence staining, and transmission electron microscopy were used to assess mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxidative stress. Results: We found that, compared with control treatment, myricetin treatment improved spatial cognition and learning and memory in 3×Tg mice. Myricetin ameliorated tau phosphorylation and the reduction in pre- and postsynaptic proteins in Aβ42 oligomer-treated neuronal SH-SY5Y cells and in 3×Tg mice. In addition, myricetin reduced reactive oxygen species generation, lipid peroxidation, and DNA oxidation, and rescued mitochondrial dysfunction via the associated GSK3β and ERK 2 signalling pathways. Conclusions: This study provides new insight into the neuroprotective mechanism of myricetin in vitro in cell culture and in vivo in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease.

Background: Although the changes of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in the central nervous system (CNS) induced by excessive fluoride has been confirmed by our previous findings, the underlying mechanism(s) of the action remains unclear. Here, we investigate the possibility that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the aspect. Methods: As a model of chronic fluorosis, SD rats received different concentrations of fluoride in their drinking water for 3 or 6 months and SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to fluoride. Literature reviews and bioinformatics analyses were used to predict and real-time PCR to measure the expression of 12 miRNAs; an algorithm-based approach was applied to identify multiply potential target-genes and pathways; the dual-luciferase reporter system to detect the association of miR-132–3p with MAPK1; and fluorescence in situ hybridization to detect miR-132–3p localization. The miR-132–3p inhibitor or mimics or MAPK1 silencing RNA were transfected into cultured cells. Expression of protein components of the MAPK pathway was assessed by immunofluorescence or Western blotting. Results: In the rat hippocampus exposed with high fluoride, ten miRNAs were down-regulated and two up-regulated. Among these, miR-132–3p expression was down-regulated to the greatest extent and MAPK1 level (selected from the 220 genes predicted) was corelated with the alteration of miR-132–3p. Furthermore, miR-132–3p level was declined, whereas the protein levels MAPK pathway components were increased in the rat brains and SH-SY5Y cells exposed to high fluoride. MiR-132–3p up-regulated MAPK1 by binding directly to its 3′-untranslated region. Obviously, miR-132–3p mimics or MAPK1 silencing RNA attenuated the elevated expressions of the proteins components of the MAPK pathway induced by fluorosis in SH-SY5Y cells, whereas an inhibitor of miR-132–3p just played the opposite effect. Conclusion: MiR-132–3p appears to modulate the changes of MAPK signaling pathway in the CNS associated with chronic fluorosis.