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(E,E)‐2,4‐Decadienal is an important product of deep‐frying systems and is regarded as a health hazard. The present study investigated the formation of (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal in deep‐fried dough sticks under different conditions, including types of deep‐frying oils, deep‐frying temperature, and dough composition. In addition, the correlation between (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal formation and deep‐frying conditions was analyzed. The results showed that the (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal content in the deep‐frying system was related to the linoleic acid level in the deep‐frying oils. Furthermore, adding 6% soy protein isolate to the dough considerably suppressed the formation of (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal in the deep‐frying system, resulting in the lowest content at 43.52 mg kg–1. The highest (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal content in the deep‐frying system (64.65 mg kg–1) was observed when a dough with a moisture content of 38% was used. The results of the correlation analysis revealed a strong association between the (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal content in the deep‐fried dough sticks and their oil absorption capacity. The (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal content increased with higher oil content in the deep‐fried dough sticks. Therefore, suppressing the oil absorption of deep‐fried dough sticks is an important approach for controlling (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal content. Practical applications: As one kind of traditional deep‐fried foods in China, deep‐fried dough sticks attracted the attention of consumers because of its desirable flavor and texture. Thus, it is crucial to improve its safety and quality. As is known, (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal is harmful to health, and it is the main aldehyde component in the deep‐frying system. Herein, it is important to improve the safety of deep‐fried dough sticks while suppressing the formation of (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal in deep‐frying system and reducing the content of (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal in deep‐fried dough sticks. On the one hand, the use of deep‐frying oils with lower level of linoleic acid could limit the formation of (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal in deep‐frying system, which could also be achieved with the addition of protein into the dough. On the other hand, suppressing the oil uptake ability of deep‐fried dough sticks is an important approach to limit the level of (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal in deep‐fried dough sticks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the physicochemical properties and stability of ultrasonic assisted flaxseed protein isolates (FPI) emulsions containing medium chain triglycerides (MCT), soybean oil, flaxseed oil, or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) algae oil were investigated. The particle size distribution, zeta-potential, turbiscan stability index (TSI), and backscattering profiles were determined. The results showed that the emulsions containing flaxseed oil had the smallest droplet size and the lowest TSI value after 30 min ultrasonic treatment. Flaxseed oil emulsions showed the best storage stability with minimum clarified layer and cream layer after 10 days storage. MCT emulsions were more sensitive to salt, and less stable than other oil emulsions. Soybean oil, flaxseed oil, and DHA oil emulsions had good stability under low ionic strengths (0–50 mM NaCl), and became unstable under high ionic strengths (150 and 300 mM). Thermal treatment had great influence on the particle size distribution of emulsions. The particle size of the four oils emulsions increased after heating at 90 °C for 30 min. However, the particle size of DHA oil and flaxseed oil emulsions decreased after heating at 50 °C for 30 min. In conclusion, ultrasonic treatment is one of the effective ways to improve stability of FPI-stabilized emulsions, which are based on the oil type and ultrasound intensity. The effects of oil type and chain length on particle size and stability of FPI-stabilized emulsions could be further studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CaCl 2 , Ca 2+ chelator (EGTA) and Ca 2+ channel blocker (verapamil) were used to investigate mechanism of glucoraphanin metabolism in broccoli sprouts under ZnSO 4 stress. CaCl 2 treatment promoted sprout growth, reduced MDA (malonaldehyde) content and electrolyte leakage in sprouts under ZnSO 4 stress. The highest MDA content and electrolyte leakage were obtained in ZnSO 4 plus verapamil-treated sprouts. In addition, ZnSO 4 plus CaCl 2 treatment significantly enhanced glucoraphanin content and sulforaphane formation, while an opposite result was observed after ZnSO 4 plus EGTA treatment; which were further supported by expression of glucoraphanin biosynthetic and hydrolytic genes as well as myrosinase (MYR) and epithiospecifier protein (ESP) activities. These results indicated that exogenous and endogenous calcium promoted glucoraphanin biosynthesis and the conversion rate of glucoraphanin into sulforaphane. Verapamil treatment also stimulated glucoraphanin biosynthesis, but exerted an adverse influence on sulforaphane formation from the hydrolysis of glucoraphanin because of much higher ESP expression and ESP activity than ZnSO 4 treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Insulin resistance and dyslipidemia are both considered to be risk factors for metabolic syndrome. Low levels of IGF1 are associated with insulin resistance. Elevation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concomitant with depression of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increase the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Liver secretes IGF1 and catabolizes cholesterol regulated by the rate-limiting enzyme of bile acid synthesis from cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). NO-1886, a chemically synthesized lipoprotein lipase activator, suppresses diet-induced insulin resistance with the improvement of HDL-C. The goal of the present study is to evaluate whether NO-1886 upregulates IGF1 and CYP7A1 to benefit glucose and cholesterol metabolism. By using human hepatoma cell lines (HepG2 cells) as an in vitro model, we found that NO-1886 promoted IGF1 secretion and CYP7A1 expression through the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5). Pretreatment of cells with AG 490, the inhibitor of STAT pathway, completely abolished NO-1886-induced IGF1 secretion and CYP7A1 expression. Studies performed in Chinese Bama minipigs pointed out an augmentation of plasma IGF1 elicited by a single dose administration of NO-1886. Long-term supplementation with NO-1886 recovered hyperinsulinemia and low plasma levels of IGF1 suppressed LDL-C and facilitated reverse cholesterol transport by decreasing hepatic cholesterol accumulation through increasing CYP7A1 expression in high-fat/high-sucrose/high-cholesterol diet minipigs. These findings indicate that NO-1886 upregulates IGF1 secretion and CYP7A1 expression to improve insulin resistance and hepatic cholesterol accumulation, which may represent an alternative therapeutic avenue of NO-1886 for T2DM and metabolic syndrome.