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In this study, the reaction mechanism and kinetics of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) initiated by hydroxyl ( OH) and sulfate radicals (SO4 −) were investigated at the CAM-B3LYP/6-311 + G(d,p) level through Density Functional Theory (DFT), where the preferred reaction sites of DBP were determined. The calculation results revealed that the reactions of SO4 − with DBP exhibited considerably higher energy barriers than that with OH because of the steric hindrance. For OH, the addition of OH to unsaturated carbons of phenyl ring was kinetically favored with respect to the direct H abstraction from the phenyl ring. In contrast, the reactions of SO4 − triggering formal hydrogen atom transfer from the phenyl ring of DBP were more likely to occur. Interestingly, all SO4 − initiated reactions were not thermodynamically favorable in the gas phase, but the additions of SO4 − to C2, C3, and C4 of the phenyl ring preferred to take place in water. The C2 and C3 were the most reactive sites by SO4 − and OH attacks with energy barriers of 86.5 and 20.1 kJ mol−1, respectively in the gas phase, and the corresponding rate constants were 4.33 × 10−3 and 1.86 × 109 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. In addition, obtained results indicated that both free radicals preferred to attack the butyl chains rather than phenyl ring, which was in good agreement with our previous experimental data. The present work could provide supplementary information on the dual-radicals dependent PAEs degradation.

In this work, we report on the synthesis and characterization of nanoporous bimetallic metal-organic frameworks (FeCo-BDC). Effects of synthesis time and temperature on the structures, morphology, and catalytic performance of FeCo-BDC were investigated. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) were used to reveal the morphological and textural characteristics. The crystal structure and chemical composition of FeCo-BDC were determined by means of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) measurements. Interestingly, FeCo-BDC grew into the same crystal structure with different morphology in the temperature of 110–150 °C with 12–48 h. The heterogeneous catalytic activity of FeCo-BDC was tested to activate peroxydisulfate (PDS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for removal of methylene blue (MB). The results found that FeCo-BDC synthesized at 150 °C with 24 h exhibited the best catalytic performance for PMS and obtained 100% of MB removal within 15 min. The abundant unsaturated metal active sites of Fe(II) and Co(II) in the skeleton of FeCo-BDC made a great contribution to the generation of sulfate ( ) and hydroxyl radicals ( OH), which resulted in the excellent performance for MB degradation.

An optical frequency down-converter based on four-wave mixing in highly nonlinear fibers is proposed and experimentally realized for radio-over-fiber systems. A down-converted 1.5 GHz intermediate-frequency signal is obtained from a received 11.1 GHz millimeter-wave signal.