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Abstract Deoxyribonucleotide (DNA) is uniquely programmable and biocompatible, and exhibits unique appeal as a biomaterial as it can be precisely designed and programmed to construct arbitrary shapes. DNA hydrogels are polymer networks comprising cross-linked DNA strands. As DNA hydrogels present programmability, biocompatibility, and stimulus responsiveness, they are extensively explored in the field of biomedicine. In this study, we provide an overview of recent advancements in DNA hydrogel technology. We outline the different design philosophies and methods of DNA hydrogel preparation, discuss its special physicochemical characteristics, and highlight the various uses of DNA hydrogels in biomedical domains, such as drug delivery, biosensing, tissue engineering, and cell culture. Finally, we discuss the current difficulties facing DNA hydrogels and their potential future development. Graphical Abstract

To explore the effect of bedding and initial confining pressure on the energy evolution characteristics of shale during the unloading process, samples were drilled with different bedding angles, unloading tests were conducted under different initial confining pressures, and the mechanical and energy evolution characteristics of shale during the unloading process were analyzed. The results show that the stress–strain curve of the unloading test can be divided into the linear elasticity stage, the stable crack growth stage, the accelerated crack growth stage, and the post-failure stage. Critical confining pressure can show the relative strength of the rock samples. The elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio increase with an increase in axial preset load. The elastic modulus increases with the bedding angle, and the effect of the bedding angle on the Poisson's ratio is insignificant. The energy evolution of the unloading test can be divided into three stages: energy accumulation, energy dissipation, and energy release. The larger the axial preset load, the higher the critical confining pressure, the higher the elastic modulus, and the higher the Poisson's ratio. The total energy, elastic energy, and dissipation energy all increase with the increase in the initial confining pressure, and the correlation is high. Confining pressure enhances the ability of the shale sample to store elastic energy and improves the ability of the shale sample to resist internal crack propagation. The total energy, elastic energy, and dissipated energy of the samples in the failure point decrease first and then increase with the increase in the bedding angle. The maximum value can be obtained when the bedding angle is 0°. The elastic energy and dissipated energy of shale are highly heterogeneous due to bedding, and the effects of bedding should be taken into account when exploring the law of rock deformation and failure from an energy perspective.

Abstract During the drilling process, the issue of drilling fluid loss can lead to changes in the mechanical properties of the formation, thereby altering the stress environment of nearby faults. In order to assess the risk of fault activation during drilling operations, the Ordos M area shale was selected as the research object. Mechanical experiments were conducted on rock samples immersed in water-based drilling fluid with a pressure differential of 2 MPa and a temperature of 50 °C. The changes in the mechanical properties of the shale before and after immersion in drilling fluid were determined. Based on the experimental results, combined with the spring combination model and fault activation theory, a quantitative evaluation of fault activation risk was conducted. The findings revealed that the shale in this region has a high clay content, demonstrating a certain level of water sensitivity. The presence of micro-pores and micro-fractures is well-developed, increasing the interaction probability between drilling fluids and clay minerals. After immersion in drilling fluid, there was a varied decline in all mechanical strengths of the shale. The elastic modulus is positively correlated with the shear strength and Coulomb stress of the fault plane. The Poisson’s ratio is positively correlated with the shear strength and negatively correlated with the Coulomb stress. The greater the internal friction and cohesion, the higher the shear strength of the fault plane, and the larger the friction coefficient, the smaller the Coulomb stress, resulting in a more stable fault.

Tissue repair and regeneration have long been a focus of research, with growing evidence highlighting the role played by immunomodulation. The repair of tissue cells can be significantly promoted through the localized immunomodulation of tissues. Hydrogels are increasingly used in this field due to their biocompatibility, versatility, and relative ease of fabrication. This Review highlights the critical role of inflammation and immune development in the complex process of tissue repair after injury, highlighting the dynamic interactions between immune cells that ultimately influence the outcome of tissue healing. We also summarize the precise functions of immune cells and their responses in various tissue injury scenarios, which are critical for harnessing the full potential of immunomodulatory strategies to promote tissue repair. We discuss recent advances in drug-carrying hydrogels, which offer promising avenues for tissue regeneration with precise control of the immune environment for constructive tissue repair. Further advances in our understanding of the mechanisms driving inflammation and immune cell behavior during tissue injury are expected to foster the development of increasingly effective hydrogel-based immunomodulatory strategies to promote tissue repair and regeneration.

Background: JianPiTongLuo Recipe (JPTL Recipe) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula commonly used in the clinical treatment of colorectal cancer. Clinical studies have found that it can significantly improve the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer. However, its mechanisms of action are not well understood, which has limited its further clinical application. Methods: We investigated the potential mechanisms of action of the JianPiTongLuo (JPTL) Recipe on colorectal cancer (CRC) using a multi-step approach. Initially, network pharmacology and bioinformatics analyses were conducted using databases such as TCMSP, HERB, BATMAN-TCM, and STRING to identify active components of JPTL Recipe and predict their therapeutic targets. Interaction networks and functional enrichment analyses were constructed to hypothesize relevant biological processes and pathways. In vitro studies involved treating human CRC cell lines HCT116, LoVo and SW480 with varying concentrations of JPTL Recipe extract, measuring cell viability with the CCK-8 assay, assessing apoptosis via flow cytometry, and analyzing signaling pathways through Western blotting. To corroborate these findings, in vivo experiments were performed on BALB/c nude mice implanted with HCT116 cells, divided into control, JPTL Recipe-treated, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-treated, and JPTL Recipe combined with 5-FU groups, with tumor growth and histological changes monitored. Mechanistic studies focused on the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, examining the phosphorylation status of key pathway proteins using immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses to elucidate JPTL Recipe 's interaction with pathway activity. Results: We demonstrated that JPTL Recipe effectively inhibits colorectal cancer cell proliferation, anti-apoptotic ability, and exerts synergistic therapeutic effects with fluorouracil. Further analysis revealed that JPTL Recipe affects the activity of colorectal cancer cells by inhibiting the phosphorylation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Conclusion: In summary, we have discovered and confirmed that the traditional Chinese medicine compound JPTL Recipe can serve as a novel adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer, offering a new treatment approach for the integration of traditional Chinese and Western medicine in the treatment of colorectal cancer.

Abstract Loess-paleosol sequences have been used in Asia to study climate and environmental changes during the Quaternary. The scarcity of age control datasets and proxy indices analysis data for Asian loess has limited our understanding of loess depositional processes and the reconstruction of paleoclimatic changes from loess-paleosol records. In this study, we present a dataset that includes 1785 quartz optically stimulated luminescence ages and 1038 K-feldspar post-infrared infrared stimulated luminescence ages from 128 loess-paleosol sequences located in different regions of Asia. We generate 38 high-resolution age-depth models of loess records based on the provided datasets. We provide data on 12,365 grain size records, 14,964 magnetic susceptibility records, 2204 CaCO3 content records, and 3326 color reflection records. This dataset contains the most detailed and accurate chronologies and proxy index data for loess records in Asia yet published. It provides fundamental data for understanding the spatial-temporal variations in loess depositional processes and climatic changes across the continent during the mid-late Quaternary.

Leveraging the dispatchability of 5G base station energy storage (BSES) not only enables the mobile network operator (MNO) to gain additional revenue, but also facilitates the integration of renewable energy sources in distribution network (DN). However, since BSES and DN are owned by different stakeholders, integrating BSES into DN operations poses significant challenges. In this regard, this paper proposes a DN optimal dispatch model that incorporates the adaptive aggregation of 5G base stations (BSs) through a cooperative game framework. Firstly, the dispatchability of BSESs is analyzed and modelled. Considering it is difficult to dispatch every single unit optimally, an adaptive aggregation model of 5G BSs is established, where the electrical coupling degree and the communication service similarity are taken as comprehensive metrics. On this basis, an optimal dispatch model of DN based on cooperative game is constructed, where the total operational costs of 5G BSs and DN are considered as the characteristic function. The number of 5G BS clusters and the aggregating results are adjusted adaptively during optimization. The optimal aggregation of 5G BSs is achieved using the Affinity Propagation (AP) clustering algorithm. Furthermore, to solve the optimal dispatch model of the DN with enhanced computational efficiency, the particle swarm optimization algorithm integrated with second-order cone programming (PSO-SOCP) is employed. After dispatching, the benefit allocation between MNO and distribution system operator (DSO) is conducted using the Shapley value method and the Equal Profit Method to obtain an entire range of allocation results. Finally, simulations are carried out with results proving the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Objective There is limited evidence on long-term thrombosis risk in patients with obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome (OAPS). This study aimed to investigate the clinical features and risk factors associated with the first thrombosis in patients with isolated OAPS.Methods Data from patients with isolated OAPS were collected. All patients were followed up until the first thrombotic event during or after delivery or until the end of the study. Logistic regression analysis identified independent risk factors associated with the first thrombosis in patients with isolated OAPS.Results The study enrolled 186 patients with OAPS. During a mean 5.4-year follow-up, 11 (5.9%) patients experienced thrombotic events. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis revealed that triple-positive antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs, OR=11.662, 95% CI=2.117 to 64.243, p=0.005) and hypocomplementemia (OR=9.047, 95% CI=1.530 to 53.495, p=0.015) were identified as independent risk factors for the first thrombosis in OAPS, after adjustment for low-dose aspirin and hydroxychloroquine.Conclusions Triple-positive aPLs and hypocomplementemia are risk factors for the first thrombosis in patients with OAPS.

AimConventional approaches to diagnosing common eye diseases using B-mode ultrasonography are labor-intensive and time-consuming, must requiring expert intervention for accuracy. This study aims to address these challenges by proposing an intelligence-assisted analysis five-classification model for diagnosing common eye diseases using B-mode ultrasound images.MethodsThis research utilizes 2064 B-mode ultrasound images of the eye to train a novel model integrating artificial intelligence technology.ResultsThe ConvNeXt-L model achieved outstanding performance with an accuracy rate of 84.3% and a Kappa value of 80.3%. Across five classifications (no obvious abnormality, vitreous opacity, posterior vitreous detachment, retinal detachment, and choroidal detachment), the model demonstrated sensitivity values of 93.2%, 67.6%, 86.1%, 89.4%, and 81.4%, respectively, and specificity values ranging from 94.6% to 98.1%. F1 scores ranged from 71% to 92%, while AUC values ranged from 89.7% to 97.8%.ConclusionAmong various models compared, the ConvNeXt-L model exhibited superior performance. It effectively categorizes and visualizes pathological changes, providing essential assisted information for ophthalmologists and enhancing diagnostic accuracy and efficiency.

Abstract Rock mechanical property is significant for shale gas development and exploitation. Shale compressive strength, tensile strength, elastic deformation and so on, are necessary parameters for drilling, completion and fracturing work in shale formation. Among all these shale mechanical parameters, brittleness is a tricky and significant rock property, which has been widely used to hydraulic fracturing design. Currently, although so many works have been conducted to investigate shale brittleness, there is no precise definition of brittleness. In particular, there is no consensus on which method is the most reliable for shale brittleness evaluation. It is vital to figure out how to evaluate shale brittleness in a reliable method. Thus, this paper presents an experimental study on shale mechanical properties, analyzing mechanical features in stress strain curve, relation between mineral content and strength, mechanical parameters at varying confined stress. Based on shale mechanical characteristics and its brittle exhibition, stress strain curve from triaxial compression test is divided into 3 stages, namely, elastic stage, plastic stage and post peak stage. In combined with brittle characteristics in 3 stages of axial and radial stress–strain curves, a new brittleness index has been established for assessing shale brittleness. In order to prove the applicability of new brittleness index, its result is compared with shale failure sample after triaxial test and existing brittleness indexes based on mineral content, elastic deformation, energy, stress and strain, showing a good consistency and proving its practicability. Based on this brittleness index, influence factors of shale brittleness have been discussed. It is shown that elastic module is the most important factor of shale brittleness. Bedding plane makes shale brittleness have strong anisotropy. Brittleness is not only relied on its structure and mineral (like bedding plane, silicate and clay mineral content), but is also highly affected by external stress. Large confined pressure is able to impair shale brittleness. Outcome in this study can offer theoretical guidance for shale exploitation.

According to the transversely isotropic theory and weak plane criterion, and considering the mechanical damages due to stress unloading and hydration during drilling, a shale wellbore stability model with the influence of stress unloading and hydration was established using triaxial test and shear test. Then, factors influencing the wellbore stability in shale were analyzed. The results indicate that stress unloading occurs during drilling in shale. The larger the confining pressure and axial stress, the more remarkable weakening of shale strength caused by stress unloading . The stress unloading range is positively correlated with the weakening degree of shale strength. Shale with a higher development degree of bedding is more prone to damage along bedding. In this case, during stress unloading, the synergistic effect of weak structural plane and stress unloading happens, leading to a higher weakening degree of shale strength and poorer mechanical stability, which brings a higher risk of wellbore instability. Fluid tends to invade shale through bedding, promoting the shale hydration. Hydration also can weaken shale mechanical stability, causing the decline of wellbore stability. Influence of stress unloading on collapse pressure of shale mainly occurs at the early stage of drilling, while the influence of hydration on wellbore stability mainly happens at the late stage of drilling. Bedding, stress unloading and hydration jointly affect the wellbore stability in shale. The presented shale wellbore stability model with the influence of stress unloading and hydration considers the influences of the three factors. Field application demonstrates that the prediction results of the model agree with the actual drilling results, verifying the reliability of the model.

To determine the acoustic wave propagation characteristics of bedded shales under different confining pressures and temperatures, shales from the Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin are taken as research objects. Based on ultrasonic experiments, the acoustic wave propagation properties of shales with different bedding angles are investigated. The effects of the confining pressure, temperature, and bedding angle on the acoustic velocity, attenuation coefficient, and acoustic anisotropy coefficient are analyzed. Based on the results, an acoustic velocity prediction model for bedded shales considering the confining pressure, temperature, and bedding angle is established. The experiments show that, for confining pressures from 0 to 50 MPa and temperatures from 20 to 100 °C, the acoustic velocity of the shales increases with increasing confining pressure and decreases with increasing temperature and bedding angle. The attenuation coefficient of the shales exhibits a decreasing trend with increasing confining pressure, but increases with increasing temperature and bedding angle. The acoustic anisotropy coefficient of shale gradually decreases with increasing confining pressure, but increases with increasing temperature and bedding angle. The acoustic velocity prediction model for in-situ bedded shales established in this study has a high level of accuracy. The relationship between the acoustic anisotropy coefficient and the bedding angle is satisfied by a binomial equation. The relationship between the acoustic anisotropy coefficient and the confining pressure and temperature follows a binary linear logarithmic equation.

Abstract In the construction industry, ensuring the safety performance of a project relies heavily on the effective allocation of safety resources. As the importance of mental health in the construction industry increases, evolutionary game theory can be used to analyze the interaction mechanism of various factors affecting safety performance during the construction phase. The objective of this paper is to construct an analytical model that combines evolutionary game theory with genetic algorithms from the perspective of Leader-Member Exchange Ambivalence. The model aims to quantify and compare the various factors that influence achieving the expected safety state and identify the specific necessary constraints. Initially, we analyzed the relationships among construction site employees, divided them into superiors and subordinates, and established a game model and payoff matrix based on the research background. Next, we introduced genetic algorithms into the model via the replicator dynamic equation for optimization. We adjusted the coefficients of safety risk level, psychological expected return, moral identity, and other factors to simulate various construction site scenarios. Simulation and optimization results indicate that genetic algorithms provide more accurate reference values for safety resource allocation compared to preset or manually assigned values.

Optical absorbers based on Tamm plasmon states are known for their simple structure and high operational efficiency. However, these absorbers often have limited absorption channels, and it is challenging to continuously adjust their light absorption rates. Here, we propose a Tamm plasmon state optical absorber composed of a layered stack structure consisting of one-dimensional topological photonic crystals and graphene nano-composite materials. Using the four-by-four transfer matrix method, we investigate the structural relationship of the absorber. Our results reveal that topological interface states (TISs) effectively excite the optical Tamm state (OTS), leading to multiple absorption peaks. This expands the number of absorption channels, with the coupling number of the TIS determining the transmission quality of these channels—a value further adjustable by the period number of the photonic crystals. Tuning the filling factor, refractive index, and thickness of the graphene nano-composite material allows for a wide range of control over the device’s absorption rate, from 0 to 1. Additionally, adjusting the defect layer thickness, incident angle, and Fermi energy enables us to control the absorber’s operational bandwidth and the switching of its absorption effect. This work presents a new approach to expanding the tunability of optoelectronic devices.

As an important target for deep to ultra-deep carbonate oil and gas exploration, Fractured-Vuggy dolomite reservoirs have strong heterogeneity. Accurate characterization of reservoir facies is crucial for their exploration and exploitation. Three methods, including the unsupervised intelligent clustering method of improved Fuzzy C-means clustering Algorithm Based on Density Sensitive Distance and Fuzzy Partrition (FCM-DSDFP), the fusion method of Principal Components Analysis (PCA) dimensionality reduction and noise reduction, and the principle of clustering feature analysis are applied to identify reservoir facies based on logging data. Based on the PCA method, the logging response characteristics of the reservoir facies are excavated, and the fusion characterization data of dimensionality reduction and noise reduction are extracted. The FCM-DSDFP unsupervised intelligent clustering method, a model that approximates the subsurface conditions is established, and the reliability of the model is tested according to the elbow rule and silhouette coefficient. Combining drilling core observation, Fractured-Vuggy type, partially cemented Fractured-Vuggy type, Pore-Vuggy type, Pore Type I, Pore Type II, Tight Type I, and Tight Type II are divided in the Dengying Formation 4th Member. Fractured-Vuggy type, partially cemented Fractured-Vuggy type, Pore-Vuggy Type I, Pore-Vuggy Type II, Pore Type I, Pore Type II, and Tight Type are divided in the Dengying Formation 2nd Member, respectively. Two methods were applied to verify the reservoir facies identification results based on intelligent algorithms. The first method is to compare the identification results with the reservoir facies types identified by core observations (Well PT103 and PS13). The second method is to verify the recognition results of intelligent algorithms by utilizing the relationship between reservoir facies types and bitumen. The test results show that the accuracy of the reservoir level identification is higher than 0.9, and the applicability is better than the commonly used algorithms such as FCM and K-means.

In this study, a new polyionic polymer inhibitor, TIL-NH2, was developed to address the instability of shale gas horizontal wells caused by water-based drilling fluids. The structural characteristics and inhibition effects of TIL-NH2 on mud shale were comprehensively analyzed using infrared spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, particle size distribution, zeta potential, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The results demonstrated that TIL-NH2 significantly enhances the thermal stability of shale, with a decomposition temperature exceeding 300 °C, indicating excellent high-temperature resistance. At a concentration of 0.9%, TIL-NH2 increased the median particle size of shale powder from 5.2871 μm to over 320 μm, effectively inhibiting hydration expansion and dispersion. The zeta potential measurements showed a reduction in the absolute value of illite’s zeta potential from −38.2 mV to 22.1 mV at 0.6% concentration, highlighting a significant decrease in surface charge density. Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of a close adsorption layer between TIL-NH2 and the illite surface through electrostatic and hydrogen bonding, which reduced the weakly bound water content to 0.0951% and maintained layer spacing of 1.032 nm and 1.354 nm in dry and wet states, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated a marked reduction in heat loss, particularly in the strongly bound water content. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that shale powder treated with TIL-NH2 exhibited an irregular bulk shape with strong inter-particle bonding and low hydration degree. These findings suggest that TIL-NH2 effectively inhibits hydration swelling and dispersion of shale through the synergistic effects of cationic imidazole rings and primary amine groups, offering excellent temperature and salt resistance. This provides a technical foundation for the low-cost and efficient extraction of shale gas in horizontal wells.

This study establishes a three-dimensional cohesive model of multi-cluster hydraulic fracturing using finite element method (FEM). It fully considers the interaction between the interlayer and the reservoir and analyzes the key factors influencing fracture propagation. The results show that during the initial stage of hydraulic fracturing, the width of the edge fracture is greater than that of the mid fracture, while the situation is reversed for the fracture length. A larger cluster spacing leads to less interaction between fractures, while a greater number of clusters increases the interaction between fractures. With an increase in displacement, the lost fracturing fluid entering the formation enhances the interaction between fractures. An increase in elastic modulus results in a decrease in the width and height of edge fractures but an increase in their length, with little impact on mid fractures. As Poisson’s ratio increases, there is little change in the fracture morphology of edge fractures, while the width and height of mid fractures increase significantly. With an increase in permeability, the influx of fracturing fluid into the interlayer decreases, leading to a reduction in the interaction between fractures. Finally, the study analyzes and discusses the impact of these parameters on the SRV (stimulated reservoir volume) in both the reservoir and the interlayer. These findings provide new insights for hydraulic fracturing and contribute to improving its productivity.

Objective To determine molecular basis of a rare HLA-A typing results carrying triple A alleles in potential allo-HSCT donor and her family. Methods HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, -DQB1, -E, -F, -G of 5 members in the family were genotyped at a high-resolution level using next-generation sequencing (NGS). HLA-A of probosita was re-checked using polymerase chain reaction-sequence-based typing (PCR-SBT), and SNP oligonucleotide probes (SNP-array)were scanned with genomic DNA of probosita. Results There was 162.9Kb duplication in 6p22.1(29, 803, 377-29, 966, 301)of probosita who carried triple A alleles A*02∶01∶01, A*11∶01∶01, A*24∶02∶01. Other two family members were found to carry this haplotype: A*02∶01∶01, A*24∶02∶01, B*54∶01∶01, C*01∶02∶01, DRB1*04∶05∶01, DQB1*04∶01∶01, E*01∶01∶01∶03, F*01∶01∶01, G*01∶01∶01∶01, which as a Mendelian gene was segregated and stably transmitted through two generations. Conclusion Tiny gene duplication induces one haplotype carries two HLA-A alleles in a potential healthy donor for allo-transplantaion and stably transmits through two generations.Routine HLA typing laboratories should pay more attention to this situation and accurately report.

Wettability is one of the important physical properties of reservoir rock surfaces, and it is a key factor affecting capillary force, relative permeability, bound water saturation and fluid micro-distribution. Based on the molecular simulation method, this paper made a study of the wetting behavior of a graphite surface (organic surface) modified by the oxygen-containing functional groups and the distribution characteristics of the methane-water system in organic slit pores. The results showed that the interaction energy between the water molecules and the surface decreased and the wetting contact angle of the organic matter surface increased with the increase in the oxygen-containing functional groups; with the increase in the temperature, the interaction energy between the organic matter surface and the water molecules increased, and the wetting contact angle decreased; in the graphite slit pore model with symmetrical C/O ratio, water molecules were symmetrically distributed near the wall of oxygen-containing functionalized graphite, and with the decreasing in the C/O ratio, the relative concentration of water molecules increased and the diffusion coefficient decreased, while methane molecules were clustered in the center of the pore. In the graphite slit pore model with asymmetric C/O ratio, the water molecules were asymmetrically distributed near the wall of the oxygenated functionalized graphite, while the methane molecules were clustered in the center of the pore, where the side with a low C/O ratio had strong hydrophilicity on the wall and a high relative concentration of water molecules, while the side with a high C/O ratio had strong hydrophobicity on the wall and a low relative concentration of water molecules. The research findings were extremely significant to make a study of the influences of shale reservoir characteristics.

Abstract Automated code compliance checking plays an important role in moving the construction industry forward. While traditional drawing review relies on the identification of industry experts, the purpose of this study is to realize automatic code review by using BIM technology and knowledge graph technology. The method is based on knowledge graph to transform the specification provisions involved in the review of drawings into a computer-recognizable structured language using natural language processing technology to form a human–machine-readable knowledge graph pattern. For the review of BIM models, the BIM model information is exported and the global resource description framework of the building model is obtained in protégé, and the review report is finally obtained after mapping rules and review rules. Finally, the feasibility of the method is verified by an example. This study can effectively solve the problems of “manual dependency” and “inefficiency” in the process of review.

In recent years, significant advancements have been achieved in the exploration of natural gas around Shawan Sag in the Junggar Basin. However, the geochemical characteristics and distribution of source rocks in the center of the sag have yet to be thoroughly researched, and there is a lack of understanding regarding the evolution history of hydrocarbon generation and the characteristics of each set of source rocks. This has posed limitations on future exploration and development initiatives in the area. The study focused on source rock samples from the uplift zone and conducted a comprehensive evaluation through seismic and hydrocarbon generation thermal simulation experiments. This allowed for clarification of the product characteristics of source rocks in different strata and pointing out the direction for future natural gas exploration. The results showed the presence of four sets of well-developed source rocks in Shawan Sag, characterized by their extensive thickness, wide distribution, and deep burial, laying a material foundation for oil and gas accumulation in peripheral structures. The Carboniferous and Jiamuhe Formation source rocks have high organic matter abundance, but the quality is poor and the potential for generating hydrocarbons is low, leading mainly to the generation of dry gas. On the other hand, the Fengcheng Formation and Lower Wuerhe Formation source rocks have high organic matter abundance and good quality, and are highly mature, resulting in high potential for generating hydrocarbons. The δ13C1-RO regression equation of natural gas in Shawan Sag was established, and the carbon isotope distribution patterns of ethane generated from source rocks in different layers were identified, providing a foundation for determining the maturity of natural gas and correlating the sources of gas in surrounding structures. The west slope of Shawan Sag has favorable preservation conditions and is located on a hydrocarbon migration pathway, similar to the slope of Mahu Sag. This area also has favorable geological conditions for the formation of large lithologic reservoirs, making it a key field for gas exploration in the study area moving forward.

BackgroundsCutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by skin infiltration of malignant T cells. The biological overlap between malignant T cells and their normal counterparts has brought obstacles in identifying tumor-specific features and mechanisms, limiting current knowledge of CTCL pathogenesis. Transcriptional dysregulation leading to abnormal gene expression profiles contributes to the initiation, progression and drug resistance of cancer. Therefore, we aimed to identify tumor-specific transcription factor underlying CTCL pathology.MethodsWe analyzed and validated the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in malignant T cells based on single-cell sequencing data. Clinical relevance was evaluated based on progression-free survival and time to next treatment. To determine the functional importance, lentivirus-mediated gene knockdown was conducted in two CTCL cell lines Myla and H9. Cell survival was assessed by examining cell viability, colony-forming ability, in-vivo tumor growth in xenograft models, apoptosis rate and cell-cycle distribution. RNA sequencing was employed to investigate the underlying mechanisms.ResultsActivating transcription factor 5 (ATF5) was overexpressed in malignant T cells and positively correlated with poor treatment responses in CTCL patients. Mechanistically, ATF5 promoted the survival of malignant T cells partially through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and imparted resistance to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis.ConclusionsThese findings revealed the tumor-specific overexpression of the transcription factor ATF5 with its underlying mechanisms in promoting tumor survival in CTCL, providing new insight into the understanding of CTCL’s pathology.

Complete and rapid healing of infected skin wounds remains a challenge in current clinical treatment. In this study, we prepared a self-healing injectable CK hydrogel by crosslinking two natural polysaccharides, carboxymethyl chitosan and oxidized konjac glucomannan, based on the Schiff base bond. To enhance the biological function of the hydrogel, we multi-functionalized hydrogen by loading it with berberine (BBR) and stem cell-derived exosomes (Exo), forming a composite hydrogel, CK@BBR&Exo, which could be injected directly into the wound through a needle and adhered to the wound. Furthermore, the self-healing properties of CK@BBR&Exo increased its usefulness and service life. Additionally, the drug-loaded CK@BBR&Exo hydrogel was versatile, inhibiting bacterial growth, regulating the inflammatory response, and promoting neovascularization in infected skin wounds, thus achieving the rapid healing of infected skin wounds. These results suggest that the CK@BBR&Exo-injectable self-healing hydrogel is an ideal dressing for treating infected skin wounds.

The acoustic wave propagation characteristics of carbonate rocks have important application value. The systematic analysis of the effects of fluid type, fluid pressure, temperature and confining pressure on acoustic wave velocity and spectrum characteristics of carbonate rocks still needs to be strengthened. Carbonate rocks with pores and fractures mined from the Dengying Formation in the Hechuan and Tongnan areas, Sichuan Basin, were selected to carry out acoustic transmission experiments under different conditions. The effects of confining pressure, pore pressure, pressure difference, temperature and fluid category on the acoustic velocity of carbonate rocks and the dominant frequency characteristics of transmitted acoustic waves were analyzed. The results show that the sensitivity of acoustic velocity to pressure change in saturated formation water is lower than that in saturated nitrogen. In the process of pressure change, the variation amplitude of acoustic velocity is positively correlated with the porosity of rock samples. Within the experimental temperature range, with increasing temperature, the P-wave velocity and S-wave velocity of the saturated formation water and nitrogen samples decreases lightly. When the differential stress is low, the acoustic velocity corresponding to the way of changing the differential stress by changing the pore pressure is greater than that by changing the confining pressure, and the conclusion is opposite when the differential stress is high. Under the same differential stress condition, the acoustic velocity is more sensitive to changes in the confining pressure than the changes of pore pressure. The included angle and slope difference of the two acoustic velocity-differential stress curves corresponding to constant confining pressure and constant pore pressure can qualitatively reflect the relative size of the dynamic Biot effective stress coefficient of carbonate rock samples. With increasing differential stress, the contribution of pore pressure to effective stress decreases gradually. With increasing pore pressure, the dominant frequency amplitudes of the P-wave and S-wave gradually decrease. With increasing confining pressure, the dominant frequency amplitudes of the P-wave and S-wave gradually increase. With increasing temperature, the dominant frequency amplitudes of the P-wave and S-wave gradually increase. The research results are helpful to the theoretical research and engineering application of pore pressure predictionin carbonate formation based on logging acoustic information.

In order to clarify the reason for generally high drying coefficient of natural gas in Cainan area of the Junggar Basin and find out the law of natural gas migration and accumulation, the analysis of natural gas components and carbon isotopes, rock mineral composition in reservoir, bulk carbon and oxygen isotope of calcite, and laboratory hydrocarbon oxidation simulation experiments were carried out. The Jurassic natural gas in Cainan area is dominated by methane, with drying coefficient of generally greater than 0.95, and δ13C1 value of basically greater than -32‰. Among C7 light hydrocarbons, methylcyclohexane is dominant, with methylcyclohexane index of greater than 50%, indicating that natural gas in the study area came from high-over mature Carboniferous source rocks. Judging from natural gas migration identification index of ln(C1/C2) with δ13C1-δ13C2, from well block Cai-47 to well block Cai-31, and then to well block Cai-003, ln(C1/C2) values gradually increased, but δ13C1-δ13C2 values did not show a trend of decreasing or increasing, indicating that migration or maturity is not the main controlling factor for the changes of natural gas composition and carbon isotope in the study area. Hydrocarbon thermal oxidation simulation experiments showed that alcohols in oil and gas were oxidized by MnO2 to generate methane and carbon dioxide at 125℃, and methane could only be oxidized to generate CO2 when the temperature reached 200℃, thus changing the composition of oil and gas and increasing methane content in natural gas. Using backscattered electron probe technology, it was found that there are two types of calcite in Jurassic dry gas interval in the study area. One type of calcite has a high Mn content, which can be as high as 3%. It appears bright orange and orange under cathodoluminescence. In addition, the bulk carbon isotope of calcite is negatively biased, which is 5‰-10‰ more negative than that of normal calcite. The higher content of Mn in calcite, the more negative of bulk carbon isotope, confirming that there is widespread weak oxidation of hydrocarbons in the Jurassic dry gas interval in Cainan area. Comprehensive analysis suggested that the reason for abnormally high drying coefficient of Jurassic natural gas in Cainan area is that the humic source rocks have undergone high-over mature evolution to generate natural gas that accumulated in Jurassic reservoirs rich in oxidizing minerals. Then the oxidation of hydrocarbons caused methane content in natural gas to increase further, resulting in a generally high drying coefficient of natural gas.

Abstract As construction becomes greener, people have higher and higher requirements for engineering project management, which makes it necessary to deeply study the comprehensive optimization of schedule, cost and sustainability level. Adhering to the concept of low carbon and green, the article takes carbon emission factor into the total cost of building construction and improves the traditional cost objective of engineering projects; then quantitatively analyzes the economic, environmental and social impacts of assembled buildings from the perspective of sustainability, and introduces the sustainability objective into the traditional duration-cost problem study, taking the duration of each job in the double code arrow diagram as the independent variable to construct the duration -cost-sustainability level multi-objective optimization model. In order to solve the type effectively, a series of Pareto optimal solutions are obtained using the NSGA-II algorithm, and the efficacy coefficient method is used for program decision making. The results show that the Pareto solution set can provide effective support for the project manager’s decision making, and the NSGA-II algorithm is effective in solving the multi-objective optimization model.

Sub-micron pores and their oil-bearing properties are important information for the exploration and development of shale oil. For effective observation on oil-bearing properties of sub-micron pores by laser scanning confocal microscopy, prefilter allocation of main light splitter and detector in laser scanning confocal microscopy was modified in order to conduct combined scanning of reflected light and fluorescent light well, eliminate fluorescence interference from the minerals, and then accomplish accurate observation on sub-micron pores and their oil-bearing properties. This method was applied in the study on Lucaogou Formation shale oil in the Jimsar Sag, Junggar Basin. Most of shale oil occurred in irregular, patchy and star forms. The organic matter maturity of this shale (Ro) was in the range of 0.6%-1.1% and roughly 0.9% in average. However, the distribution of light and heavy components was significantly heterogeneous and controlled by the maturity incompletely. In some positions, both light component content and its ratio with heavy component content were high, while there were mainly heavy components in the places with approximate maturity or in adjacent high places. Hydrocarbon migration in shale sequences is also a crucial controlling factor. The observation on light and heavy components in the shale and the study on their distribution regularities are critical for the exploration and development of shale oil. New technology of laser scanning confocal microscopy could act as an important observation measure.

Delaying the deterioration of bakery goods is necessary in the food industry. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of wheat oligopeptide (WOP) on the qualities of bread rolls. The effects of WOP on the baking properties, moisture content, and starch crystallization of rolls during the storage process were investigated in this study. The results showed that WOP effectively improved the degree of gluten cross-linking, thereby improving the specific volume and the internal structure of rolls. The FTIR and XRD results showed that the addition of WOP hindered the formation of the starch double helix structure and decreased its relative crystallinity. The DSC results revealed a decrease in the enthalpy change (ΔH) from 0.812 to 0.608 J/g after 7 days of storage with 1.0% WOP addition, further indicating that WOP reduced the availability of water for crystal lattice formation and hindered the rearrangement of starch molecules. The addition of WOP also improved the microstructure of the rolls that were observed using SEM analysis. In summary, WOP is expected to be an effective natural additive to inhibit starch staling and provide new insights into starchy food products.

Lacustrine sedimentary processes exhibit high sensitivity to paleoenvironmental changes, often manifesting as high-frequency sedimentary cycles that control the complex variations in sedimentary structure, mineral composition, and element distribution. However, the intricate co-variation mechanism among paleoclimate and paleowater properties at a high precision level (centimeter to meter scale) is still controversial. This study focuses on conducting a high-frequency cycle analysis of lacustrine mixed rocks from the Eocene Lower Ganchaigou Formation (LGCG) in the Qaidam Basin, employing petrology, mineralogy, organic geochemistry, and elemental geochemistry techniques. The lithological variation was characterized by the superposition of three lithofacies types from the bottom to the top with a single sequence: massive sandstone, laminated silty shale, and bedded calcareous dolostone. Geochemical data revealed cyclical variations in the paleoenvironment in the vertical profile, which conformed to the high-frequency lithofacies cycles. Based on the reconstruction of the lake level and paleowater properties, a synthesized paleoclimate–sedimentary model that comprised three consecutive periods within an individual sequence was established. From the bottom to the top of each cycle, the Eocene paleoenvironment varied from reduction and desalination to oxidation and salinization, which was controlled by a decline in the lake level resulting from a transformation of the paleoclimate from warm and humid to cold and arid. The variations in petrology and geochemistry observed in the Eocene Qaidam Basin play a crucial role in comprehending the sedimentary response to paleoenvironmental changes at high precision levels within lacustrine settings.

BackgroundDiscriminating between cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (cALCL) and CD30-positive transformed mycosis fungoides (CD30+ TMF) is challenging, particularly when they arise in the context of pre-existing mycosis fungoides. The development of molecular diagnostic tools was hampered by the rarity of both diseases and the limited understanding of their pathogenesis.MethodsIn this study, we established a cohort comprising 25 cALCL cases and 25 CD30+ TMF cases, with transcriptomic data obtained from 31 samples. We compared the clinicopathological information and investigated the gene expression profiling between these two entities. Furthermore, we developed an immunohistochemistry (IHC) algorithm to differentiate these two entities clinically.ResultsOur investigation revealed distinct clinicopathological features and unique gene expression programs associated with cALCL and CD30+ TMF. cALCL and CD30+ TMF displayed marked differences in gene expression patterns. Notably, CD30+ TMF demonstrated enrichment of T cell receptor signaling pathways and an exhausted T cell phenotype, accompanied by infiltration of B cells, dendritic cells, and neurons. In contrast, cALCL cells expressed high levels of HLA class II genes, polarized towards a Th17 phenotype, and exhibited neutrophil infiltration. An IHC algorithm with BATF3 and TCF7 staining emerged as potential diagnostic markers for identifying these two entities.ConclusionsOur findings provide valuable insights into the differential molecular signatures associated with cALCL and CD30+ TMF, which contribute to their distinct clinicopathological behaviors. An appropriate IHC algorithm could be used as a potential diagnostic tool.

Biomass, widespread and carbon-neutral energy, can provide electric energy and replace fossil fuel-derived production. Pyrolysis is the main way of converting biomass to different bioenergy products with the consumption of material and energy, which will cause environmental impacts. To confirm the actual environmental impact of biomass conversion, life cycle assessment (LCA) is used for analyzing the process. Due to choosing different LCA methods, the results for the same thing in different reports will show obvious fluctuation. This review is devoted to providing recommendations on how to handle methodological issues when analyzing LCA study, by which researchers can better realize the similarities and differences in biomass conversion system. In this review, multiple clarifications and methodological recommendations on the four steps of the LCA process (including goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory, life cycle impact assessment, and interpretation) are provided. Furthermore, the LCA results are discussed systematically, in which the global warming potential gets extra attention. Meanwhile, different biomass feedstocks are divided into agricultural residues, forest residues, and microalgae carefully. Finally, the current challenges and future framework of biomass conversion are expounded in detail from the perspective of LCA.

To reveal the mechanical properties of the rocks of the Fengcheng Formation, the rocks of the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation in the Mahu Sag of Junggar Basin were taken for the laboratory mechanical tests to obtain mechanical behaviors of the rocks, the influence of mineral compositions on strength parameters of the rocks of the Fengcheng Formation was then discussed. The rocks of the Fengcheng Formation in the Mahu Sag have strong heterogeneity, which results in obvious differences of mechanical properties of rocks with different lithologies. The mechanical strength and elastic modulus of dolomitic rocks are higher, but the Poisson's ratio is lower. The form of rock fracturing is relatively simple. Under uniaxial conditions, rock samples have strong brittleness, which is characterized by tensile fracturing, while under high confining pressure, rock samples have weaker brittleness and enhanced ductility, which is mainly characterized by single shear fracturing. The compressive strength, tensile strength and fracture toughness of rocks decrease with the increase of siliceous mineral content, while increase with the increase of calcium mineral content.

Objectives: We describe a new method, FlowSpot, to assess CMV-specific T-cell response by quantification of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). CMV-specific, T-cell-released IFN-γ was captured by flow beads and measured via flow cytometry. In the present study, we used FlowSpot to assess CMV-specific T-cell response in healthy individuals. The FlowSpot results were compared with those of serological analysis and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay. Methods: Experimental results and parameter analysis were investigated by using serological, ELISpot, and FlowSpot assays. Results: The levels of IFN-γ, which is released from CMV-specific T-cells, were measured, and the results and parameter analysis showed a good correlation between FlowSpot and ELISpot. However, FlowSpot was more sensitive and better reflected the strength of IFN-γ secretion than did ELISpot. Conclusions: Compared to ELISpot, FlowSpot has a high sensitivity and is cost and time effective. Thus, this method can be used in wider clinical and scientific applications.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity with the persistent presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs). Although anticoagulation is the primary treatment for APS, it fails in approximately 20-30% of obstetric APS cases and more than 30% of thrombotic APS cases. Therefore, there is a need for new, targeted treatments beyond anticoagulants. Biologics, such as rituximab and eculizumab, have been recommended for refractory catastrophic APS. This review focuses on the recent advancements in the pathogenesis of APS and explores the potential of targeted treatments, including eculizumab, rituximab, belimumab, daratumumab, obinutuzumab, and anti-TNF-α antibodies, for APS management.

Rock mechanical properties play an important role in the exploration and development of shale oil reservoirs. To study the rock mechanical properties continuously distributed along the longitudinal direction of the formation, physical and mechanical property data of shales from the Permian Lucaogou Formation of the Junggar Basin were gathered through experimental tests. The regression analysis method was applied to obtain relationships between physical properties and rock mechanical properties. Based on this, new empirical relationships between rock mechanical properties were established. The results show that the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) ranged from 48.40 to 147.86 MPa, the Young’s modulus (Es) was between 3.02 and 20.63 GPa, the Poisson’s ratio (νs) ranged from 0.13 to 0.36, the cohesive force (C) ranged from 14.65 to 34.60 MPa, and the internal friction angle (φ) was between 27.61 and 46.94°. The rock mechanical properties were more sensitive to the P-wave interval transit time (Δtc) and bulk density (DEN). Among them, the UCS was more sensitive to Δtc, while the C, Es, and νs were more sensitive to Δtc/DEN. For UCS and Es, an exponential function correlation is more reliable than linear expression and power function, whereas for C and νs, power function and linear expression were adopted for higher accuracy, respectively. Compared with the empirical equations presented in the literature, the empirical equations established in the paper are more accurate and reliable, making them applicable to the Permian Lucaogou Formation shale oil reservoirs in the Jimusar Sag of the Junggar Basin.

Peroxynitrite (ONOO−) has been revealed to play crucial roles in many physiological and pathological processes, and many diseases were proven to be associated with its misregulated production. The development of fluorescent probes meets the need for tracking ONOO− and gives a better understanding of its diverse mechanisms. In this work, a red-emitting fluorescent probe BP-ONOO was synthesized via functionalization of the rhodol-like fluorophore with a reactive site of hydrazide. The probe BP-ONOO exhibited high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, and short response time (less than 4 s) towards ONOO− under neutral or weak alkaline conditions. These attractive properties favor its application in real-time imaging of ONOO− in living cells, and the probe has been successfully applied for imaging the concentration levels of ONOO− in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells under drug stimulation.

To explore the influences of gravel characteristics on hydraulic fracture propagation in conglomerate formations, the real rock fracture process analysis software was used under specific stress conditions: including gravel particle size, gravel volume content, and gravel strength. Based on the numerical simulation results, the fracture propagation process under different conditions was investigated and the type and evolution of fractures were described. The results showed that larger gravel particle sizes led to stronger shielding and induction effects on the fractures. With the increasing gravel particle size, the propagation model of the fractures changes gradually from by passing gravel to passing through gravel or embedding in gravel particles. When the gravel particle sizes are constant, with increasing gravel volume content, the conglomerate reservoir becomes more heterogeneous and the fractures become more easily shielded and inducted by the gravel particles. Therefore, the fractures become more dispersed and the fracture propagation laws become more complex, which allows the formation of a hydraulic fracture network. The greater the difference in the ratio of the strength parameters of the gravel to the strength parameters of the matrix, the more strongly the fractures are blocked by the gravels and the propagation model of fractures changes from passing through gravel to by passing gravel.

BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint blockade is an emerging treatment for T cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (T-NHL), but some patients with T-NHL have experienced hyperprogression with undetermined mechanisms upon anti–PD-1 therapy.METHODS Single-cell RNA-Seq, whole-genome sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, and functional assays were performed on primary malignant T cells from a patient with advanced cutaneous T cell lymphoma who experienced hyperprogression upon anti–PD-1 treatment.RESULTS The patient was enrolled in a clinical trial of anti–PD-1 therapy and experienced disease hyperprogression. Single-cell RNA-Seq revealed that PD-1 blockade elicited a remarkable activation and proliferation of the CD4+ malignant T cells, which showed functional PD-1 expression and an exhausted status. Further analyses identified somatic amplification of PRKCQ in the malignant T cells. PRKCQ encodes PKCθ; PKCθ is a key player in the T cell activation/NF-κB pathway. PRKCQ amplification led to high expressions of PKCθ and p-PKCθ (T538) on the malignant T cells, resulting in an oncogenic activation of the T cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway. PD-1 blockade in this patient released this signaling, derepressed the proliferation of malignant T cells, and resulted in disease hyperprogression.CONCLUSION Our study provides real-world clinical evidence that PD-1 acts as a tumor suppressor for malignant T cells with oncogenic TCR activation.TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03809767).FUNDING The National Natural Science Foundation of China (81922058), the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (T2125002), the National Science and Technology Major Project (2019YFC1315702), the National Youth Top-Notch Talent Support Program (283812), and the Peking University Clinical Medicine plus X Youth Project (PKU2019LCXQ012) supported this work.

Aptamers have excellent specificity and affinity in targeting cell surface receptors, showing great potential in targeted delivery of drugs, siRNA, mRNA, and various nanomaterials with therapeutic function. A better insight of the receptor-mediated internalization process of aptameric conjugates could facilitate the design of new targeted drugs. In this paper, human transferrin receptor-targeted DNA aptamer (termed HG1-9)-fluorophore conjugates were synthesized to visualize the internalization, intracellular transport, and nano-environmental pH of aptameric conjugates. Unlike transferrin that showed high recycling rate and short duration time in cells, the synthetic aptameric conjugates continuously accumulated within cells at a relatively slower rate, besides recycling back to cell surface. After long incubation (≥2 h), only very small amounts of HG1-9 conjugates (approximately 5%) entered late endosomes or lysosomes, and more than 90% of internalized HG1-9 was retained in cellular vesicles (pH 6.0–6.8), escaping from degradation. And among the internalized HG1-9 conjugates, approximately 20% was dissociated from transferrin receptor. The lower recycling ratios of HG1-9 conjugates and their dissociation from receptors promote the accurate and efficient release of their loaded drugs. These results suggest that aptamer HG1-9 could be provided as a versatile tool for specific and effective delivery of diverse therapeutic payloads.

Cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCL) are still poorly characterised at the molecular and single-cell level. Here, the authors analyse CTCL patient samples using single-cell RNA-seq, TCR and whole-exome sequencing, revealing the molecular profiles of malignant T cells and their association with the microenvironment and clinical outcomes.

In order to study the propagation laws of acoustic wave of coal samples from the Upper Permian Xuanwei Formation in the east of Yunnan Province, China, under saturated water and dry conditions, the basic physical parameters, acoustic parameters and anisotropic parameters were obtained through the experiments. Based on FFT and wavelet analysis theory, the spectral characteristics of coal samples under different conditions were studied. The results show that physical parameters of coal samples in different directions have different values, that is, the anisotropy of coal samples is obvious. When the coal samples are saturated with water, the acoustic velocities and the attenuation coefficient increase, whereas the dominant frequency decreases. The signal amplitude of the frequency domain significantly decreases, that is, the internal structure of coal samples is damaged. The P-wave velocity and S-wave velocity increase with the increase of the confining pressure, whereas the anisotropy parameters decrease with the increase of the confining pressure. Overall, this study provides the basis to understand basic acoustic information and anisotropy characteristics of coal samples.

Abstract Background Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate among malignant tumors, with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) being the most common type. As the main component of the human microflora, the intestinal flora interacts with the human body to affect immunity, metabolism, and the formation of diseases. Methods Forty‐five patients with advanced NSCLC who received platinum‐containing dual‐drug chemotherapy were enrolled in a prospective exploratory cohort study. The intestinal flora was dynamically collected at baseline and after two chemotherapy cycles. Next‐generation sequencing and metagenomics were then used to analyze the species and function of the intestinal flora at all levels. Results Significant differences in the intestinal flora of patients with NSCLC were found according to sex and age. At the family level, the abundances of Streptococcaceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Leuconostocaceae after platinum‐containing dual‐drug chemotherapy were significantly higher compared to those before chemotherapy. At the family level, patients with chemotherapy‐induced gastrointestinal reactions had a significantly higher abundance of Leuconostocaceae than those without gastrointestinal responses. Meanwhile, patients with gastrointestinal reactions had higher metabolism, human diseases, cellular processes, and environmental information processing than those who did not. At the genus level, responders had higher abundances of Bacteroides compared to nonresponders. Moreover, nonresponders had higher levels of the six major metabolic pathways compared to responders. Conclusions The intestinal flora of Chinese patients with advanced NSCLC differed according to sex and age. Moreover, significant differences in the intestinal flora were noted after chemotherapy, which could be associated with chemotherapy‐induced gastrointestinal reactions and the efficacy of chemotherapy.

Abstract The Da'anzhai Member of the Jurassic Ziliujing formation in central Sichuan is a typical tight-oil reservoir with porosity and permeability less than 2% and 0.1 × 10–3 μm2, respectively. Fractures in this formation are well developed in micro- and nano-scale. However, the factors that control the fracture distribution are unclear. Additionally, the uncomprehensive and ineffective identification and evaluation of fractures in the early stage of tight-oil development makes it difficult to meet the requirements of tight-oil development. In our work, we used cores, thin sections, and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to study the influence of the microscopic rock composition, including the shelly grains, calcite grains, and clastic grains, on the fracture development. We found that the microscopic composition of shelly grains and calcite grains separately control the development of inter-shelly fractures and shelly fractures, and intergranular fractures, and tectonic fractures. Except for a small number of dissolution fractures found in mudstone, the fractures are not well developed in the formations with clastic grains. According to the characteristics of the development degree of fracture and the resolution of the well-logs, the fractures are divided into large scale, small scale, and micro-scale. By a newly established level-by-level constraints method, we systematically identified the scale, occurrence, filling characteristics, and development degree of fractures in the Da'anzhai member by well-logs. Moreover, a quantitative model is also proposed for identifying the angles and development degree of fractures. The results show that the scale of fractures can be effectively identified by the shapes and values of resistivity logs; the occurrence, development, and filling characteristics of fractures can be semi-quantitatively evaluated by the relative amplitude difference between the matrix resistivity (R b ) and formation resistivity (R T ). The results are consistent with the interpretation results by formation micro-resistivity imaging (FMI) log, which further demonstrates that the level-by-level constraint method by conventional well-logs can be used to systematically and effectively predict the fracture characteristics in tight-oil reservoirs.

ObjectiveNon-criteria antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) increase the diagnostic value for antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and contribute to better recognition of seronegative APS (SNAPS). However, the clinical utility and the diagnostic value of non-criteria aPLs are inconsistent. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and clinical significance of 7 non-criteria aPLs in a large APS cohort.MethodsSeven non-criteria aPLs, including anti-phosphatidylserine/prothrombin (aPS/PT) antibodies IgG/IgA/IgM, anti-phosphatidylethanolamine antibodies (aPE) IgG/IgA/IgM, anti-Annexin V antibodies (aAnnexinV) IgG/IgA/IgM, anti-phosphatidylserine antibodies (aPS) IgM, aPS IgG, antibodies directed against a mixture of phospholipids (APhL) IgG, and APhL IgM were tested among 175 patients with APS, 122 patients with other autoimmune diseases (as disease controls), and 50 healthy controls.ResultsIn the present study, the highest prevalence of non-criteria aPLs was seen in aAnnexinV (58.86%). APhL IgG and aPS IgM showed the highest specificity (95.35%) and aPS/PT showed the highest Youden index (0.3991) for the diagnostic value of APS. The aAnnexinV also showed the highest prevalence in SNAPS (43.3%), followed by APhL IgM (21.7%), aPE (16.7%) and aPS/PT (16.7%). APhL IgG, aPS/PT, and aPS IgG showed positive association with thrombotic events in APS patients [APhL IgG: odds ratio (OR) = 2.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18-4.34, p = 0.013; aPS/PT: OR = 2.48, 95% CI: 1.32-4.69, p = 0.004; aPS IgG: OR = 1.90, 95% CI 1.01-3.60, p = 0.046; respectively). The inclusion of the non-criteria aPLs increased the accuracy of APS diagnosis from 65.7% to 87.4%.ConclusionOur data provide evidence that adding the non-criteria aPLs can improve the diagnostic accuracy in APS. APhL IgG, aPS/PT, and aPS IgG may be potential biomarkers to predict the risk of thrombosis in APS.

The mode-I fracture toughness is of great significance for evaluating the fracturing ability of shale reservoirs. In this study, the mode-I fracture toughness of the shale in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation, Southern Sichuan Basin was determined with the Cracked Chevron Notched Brazilian Disc (CCNBD). Based on the experimental data, the relationships among the mode-I fracture toughness, the density, the acoustic time and the clay mineral content were analyzed. The shale samples for fracture toughness test from cores were commonly limited, the investigation of fracture toughness using well logs was necessary. Therefore, a prediction model was proposed by correlating the fracture toughness with well logs responses. The results indicate that the fracture toughness of shale samples is from 0.4744 MPa·m1/2 to 1.0607 MPa·m1/2 with an average of 0.7817 MPa·m1/2, indicating that the anisotropy of fracture toughness of the Longmaxi Formation shale. The clay mineral content and the density have a positive effect on the fracture toughness, whereas the acoustic time plays a negative role on the fracture toughness. The clay mineral content has an important effect on the relationships among fracture toughness, acoustic time and density. The prediction model can provide continuous data of mode-I fracture toughness along the wellbore for field hydraulic fracturing operation, and it has certain guiding significance in the exploration and development of oil and gas reservoirs

The L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) plays important roles in the development and plasticity of the nervous system as well as in tumor formation, progression, and metastasis. New ligands are necessary tools for biomedical research and the detection of L1CAM. Here, DNA aptamer yly12 against L1CAM was optimized to have much stronger binding affinity (10–24 fold) at room temperature and 37 °C via sequence mutation and extension. This interaction study revealed that the optimized aptamers (yly20 and yly21) adopted a hairpin structure containing two loops and two stems. The key nucleotides for aptamer binding mainly located in loop I and its adjacent area. Stem I mainly played the role of stabilizing the binding structure. The yly-series aptamers were demonstrated to bind the Ig6 domain of L1CAM. This study reveals a detailed molecular mechanism for the interaction between yly-series aptamers and L1CAM and provides guidance for drug development and detection probe design against L1CAM.

Desertification, a current serious global environmental problem, has caused ecosystems and the environment to degrade. The total area of desertified land is about 1.72 million km2 in China, which is extensively affected by desertification. Estimating land desertification risks is the top priority for the sustainable development of arid and semi-arid lands in China. In this study, the Mediterranean Desertification and Land Use (MEDALUS) model was used to assess the sensitivity of land desertification in China. Based on multi-source remote sensing data, this study integrated natural and human factors, calculated the land desertification sensitivity index by overlaying four indicators (soil quality, vegetation quality, climate quality, and management quality), and explored the driving forces of desertification using a principal component and correlation analysis. It was found that the spatial distribution of desertification sensitivity areas in China shows a distribution pattern of gradually decreasing from northwest to southeast, and the areas with very high and high desertification sensitivities were about 620,629 km2 and 2,384,410 km2, respectively, which accounts for about 31.84% of the total area of the country. The very high and high desertification sensitivity areas were mainly concentrated in the desert region of northwest China. The principal component and correlation analysis of the sub-indicators in the MEDALUS model indicated that erosion protection, drought resistance, and land use were the main drivers of desertification in China. Furthermore, the aridity index, soil pH, plant coverage, soil texture, precipitation, soil depth, and evapotranspiration were the secondary drivers of desertification in China. Moreover, the desertification sensitivity caused by drought resistance, erosion protection, and land use was higher in the North China Plain region and Guanzhong Basin. The results of the quantitative analysis of the driving forces of desertification based on mathematical statistical methods in this study provide a reference for a comprehensive strategy to combat desertification in China and offer new ideas for the assessment of desertification sensitivity at macroscopic scales.

In this paper, the pore structure characteristics of shale samples from the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in South of Sichuan Basin of China were investigated by total organic carbon (TOC) content determination, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), low pressure nitrogen adsorption (LPNA) and high pressure mercury injection (HPMI). The fractal dimension of shale samples was calculated based on Frenkel-Halsey-Hill (FHH) model and thermodynamic relation model. The results showed that the major mineral compositions of shales were quartz and clay content. Organic pores, intergranular pores, intragranular pores, microfractures were widely developed in the shale samples, of which organic pores were the most developed. The pore morphology was mainly ink bottle-shaped pores and slit-shaped pores; the pore size distribution of shale samples was complex with multiple distribution peaks, the pore size between 3 and 40 nm occupied the most of storage space. The fractal dimension Dn1 of pores between 2 nm and 10 nm was 2.7177–2.7933, while fractal dimension Dn2 of pores between 10 nm and 50 nm was 2.2439–2.5468. The fractal dimension Dr of macropores calculated by the thermodynamic model was 2.6401–2.7025.