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The basic properties of alkali–surfactant–polymer (ASP) flooding produced water and effect of oil displacing agent on the stability of flooding produced water were obtained by measuring and analyzing the water quality of Zhong-106, etc., flooding water from Daqing Oilfield and the relationship between oil content-settling time and oil displacing agent-oil drop size. The addition of ternary oil displacement agent to ASP flooding water greatly increases the difficulty of oil–water separation, higher concentration, and worse separation effect after standing. Surfactant alkali and polymer have effect of promoting the reduction of oil droplet size distribution and are all affected by the initial oil content and pH. When pH is between 10.5 and 11.75, the average particle size of oil drop in ASP produced water changes the most significantly, and as the alkali content increases, the pH of the produced water rises faster. Alkali reacts with the active substances contained in the crude oil in the produced water, such as organic acids, thereby increasing the pH of the produced water. The pH of the produced water changes smoothly when alkali content is 5000 mg/L, but all are less than alkaline flooding water, which shows that alkali can promote the partial hydrolysis of polymer in the produced water and the process can reach equilibrium. The ASP flooding produced water after 48 h of settling formed a trace amount of nano-oil droplets, also accompanied by the accumulation and separation of a part of the oil droplets.

Among modern Chinese female writers and translators, Bing Xin is considered an elite pioneer and leader of the May Fourth/New Culture Movement. Through a sentimental and feminist writing style, she showcases her own voice and distinctive features. With anti-patriarchal philosophy and creative literary rhetoric, Bing Xin’s translation of literature reflects femininity and globality. Her seminal translated work《园丁集》 (Yuan Ding Ji or Yuan Ding Collected Poems), the Chinese translation of the poetry collection The Gardener by Rabindranath Tagore, is a product of appreciation and appropriation, as well as rewriting and recreation. Using case study as a research methodology and the method of textual analysis and commentary of Bing Xin’s translated sources in comparison with primary sources from Tagore’s work, this project focuses on how Bing Xin applies typical feminist translation strategies in certain excerpts from The Gardener, serving as a reflection of her feminist consciousness as well as a correction of the potentially unintended patriarchal tendencies of Tagore. By commenting on her translation tactics and their effects and implications, this paper traces Bing Xin’s endeavour to fight the subordinated status of women and of the translation. It aims to contribute to both gender studies and critique on translation theory and practice.

The basic properties of produced water and the effect of oil displacement agent for its stability were obtained, through measuring and analyzing water quality characteristics, relationship between critical micelle concentration-oil displacement agent, temperature, pH and content of inorganic salt, particle size distribution and morphology of Nan4-8 and Sanyuan-6 alkali-surfactant-polymer (ASP) produced water of Daqing Oilfield. The critical micelle concentration of ASP flooding was less than its own concentration, and the double bilayer was formed in system. Critical micelle concentration of ASP produced water was less affected by the system temperature and greatly affected by pH. Polymer increases viscosity of produced water and has the properties of surfactant, which partially hydrolyzes under the action of alkali to form polyelectrolyte and promotes the formation of double electric layer. Therefore, the coalescence of oil droplets in ASP produced water is difficult, and the stability is greatly enhanced. ASP produced water contains a large amount of inorganic salts, which can shield the electrostatic repulsion between the surfactant ion head groups, compresses the thickness of the double electric layer, and promotes the formation of surfactant micelles. When it settles after a certain period of time, part of ASP produced water has a particle size distribution less than 100 nm, the micelles are generated in the system, which enhances the stability of ASP produced water.

Along with the boost of drugs’ exploitation, drug delivery has been a common concern among researchers and patients. As an emerging strategy, the micro- and nano-needle (MNN) is a single or an array of micro/nanoneedles, and promises to be a robust technology for efficient, noninvasive and convenient drug delivery. Compared with the conventional injection, MNN can pierce the bio-membranes to transfer cargos without any damage of tissue or nerves. And regarding the topical drug release, MNN is more efficient than oral administration and topical cream. More specifically, microneedle, a powerful technique, has been widely applied in different diseases such as diabetes, anti-obesity and contraception through skin and ocular surface. Correspondingly, many novel microneedles and optimization methods have been developed recently to improve the drug delivery efficacy. Nanoneedle, much smaller than microneedle, can minimize the skin damages caused by the repeated use of microneedles. Nanoneedles with nanoscaled size are usually used to penetrate the cell membrane. And recently many stimulus-aided methods like electrical and magnetic force have been invented to deepen penetration and improve transfer effects. The aim of this review is to introduce the recent advances of MNN-based drug delivery, including their types, application locations and diseases, optimization of delivery strategies and future development prospects.

In this work, we design a bioadhesive triboelectric nanogenerator (BA-TENG) as a first-aid rescue for instant and robust wound sealing, and ultrasound-driven accelerated wound healing. This BA-TENG is fabricated with biocompatible materials, and integrates a flexible TENG as the top layer and bioadhesive as the bottom layer, resulting in effective electricity supply and strong sutureless sealing capability on wet tissues. When driven by ultrasound, BA-TENG can produce stable voltage of 1.50 V and current of 24.20 μA underwater. The ex vivo porcine colon organ models showed that BA-TENG sealed defects instantly (∼ 5 s) with high interfacial toughness (∼ 150 J m

The effect of the ZrO2 crystal form on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity was studied. The ratio of the tetragonal (T) and monoclinic (M) phases of ZrO2 nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs) was controlled by regulating the ratio of two types of additives in the hydrothermal synthesis method. The SERS intensity of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4–MBA) was gradually enhanced by changing the M and T phase ratio in ZrO2 NPs. The degree of charge transfer (CT) in the enhanced 4–MBA molecule was greater than 0.5, indicating that CT was the main contributor to SERS. The intensity of SERS was strongest when the ratio of the T crystal phase in ZrO2 was 99.7%, and the enhancement factor reached 2.21 × 104. More importantly, the proposed study indicated that the T and M phases of the ZrO2 NPs affected the SERS enhancement. This study provides a new approach for developing high-quality SERS substrates and improving the transmission efficiency of molecular sensors.

The major forms of Chinese utopia include “the Land of Bliss”, the Taoist “small country with few inhabitants”, the Confucian “Great Unity”, Tao Yuanming’s “Peach Blossom Spring”, Kang Youwei’s “World of Great Unity” and its modern variations. Chinese utopia has evolved from reactive poetic retreat to active political remolding. It has developed from pastness to nowness in terms of temporal orientation, and from “nowhere” to “somewhere” and then to hereness in terms of spatial orientation. Chinese utopia has strong poetic anchorage, which is determined by the Heaven-Earth-man unity. Through the mechanism of texperience shift, Chinese utopia in the modern context is often transformed into a usable cultural or spiritual icon, or national political vision, policies, blueprints and concrete social practice. A comprehensive insight into the Chinese utopian tradition helps to understand the utopian-poetic-political entanglement in China.

The selectivity of 3-nitrostyrene (NS) hydrogenation over 0.5 wt-% Pt catalysts supported on carbon materials can be switched simply by changing reduction temperature. When the reduction temperature was 150 °C, 1-ethyl-3-nitrobenzene (ENB) was mainly produced in a selectivity of 93% at a conversion of 95% (at 100 °C). When the reduction was conducted at a higher temperature of 450 °C, in contrast, the main product was switched to 3-aminostyrene (AS) in a selectivity of 96% at a conversion of 91%. That is, the Pt/C catalysts reduced at low and high temperatures could preferentially catalyze the hydrogenation of vinyl and nitro groups of NS, respectively. This switching of the product selectivity may be ascribed to actions of surface oxygen-containing functional groups and surface hetero P species. The quantity and nature of these surface species were examined in detail by a few different methods. For the low-temperature reduced catalyst, surface acidic groups present close to Pt nanoparticles (∼2 nm) would interact with the nitro group of a NS molecule and make its vinyl group more likely to interact with the surface active metal species of Pt nanoparticles; this facilitates the hydrogenation of the latter and produces ENB selectively. For the high-temperature reduced catalyst, however, P species would interact with Pt and form Pt-PO x complex, on which a NS molecule is likely to be adsorbed with its nitro group, facilitating the selective production of AS via its hydrogenation. It is demonstrated that surface functional groups and surface hetero atoms (like P), in addition to main active metal species (like Pt), should have direct actions in the catalysis for such a catalyst that exposes a larger quantity of surface functional groups and/or hetero atoms compared to the number of supported metal nanoparticles .

The selective hydrogenation of a molecule containing several unsaturated groups is a very important issue and has attracted much more attention in the chemical synthesis. Herein, a highly selective catalyst of Pt-Bi/TiO 2 was first time developed for the hydrogenation of 3-nitrostyrene (NS) to 3-aminostyrene (AS), with it an excellent selectivity to AS of 96% was achieved at the complete conversion. The influence of Bi on the catalytic performance was well discussed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), CO pulse chemisorption, hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H 2 -TPR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared (DRFTIR) spectroscopy of adsorbed CO, and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and experiment data. With increasing Bi loading, Bi-rich surface was formed, and the terraces sites of Pt disappeared as it transferred to the low coordinated Pt gradually. Thus, high selectivity of AS was obtained over Pt-Bi/TiO 2 for the hydrogenation of AS to 3-ethylaniline (EA) was lowered.

An efficient green process was developed for production of p-aminophenol (PAP) from hydrogenation of nitrobenzene (NB) over a traditional Pt/Al2O3 catalyst in a reaction medium of supercritical CO2 (scCO2) and H2O without any additional acid catalyst involved. The combination of scCO2 and H2O was confirmed to be effective for the production of PAP. The acidity, aroused by the in situ formed carbonic acid, increased with CO2 pressure, which acted as acid catalysis during the reaction, and it can easily self-neutralize by depressurization of CO2, resulting in a green and a intensive process for it removed the final neutralization and salts disposal of the traditional liquid acids. Under the optimal reaction conditions, a high yield to PAP (68.9%) was achieved at the high conversion of NB (98.5%). Moreover, the results of in situ diffuse reflectance FTIR spectra revealed that CO was generated by the reverse water-gas shift reaction (CO2 + H2 → CO + H2O), it can adsorbed on the surface of Pt/Al2O3 to suppress the undesired deep hydrogenation of N-phenylhydroxylamine (PHA) to aniline (AN), which also contributed to the obtained high selectivity of PAP. Therefore, the present green and efficient catalysis process will arouse the interest of researchers in the fields of the green and sustainable organic synthesis.

ASP flooding using NaOH, alkylbenze sulfonate and HPAM has been put into industrial application at Daqing Fields. While significantly increasing oil recovery, it has also brought in new challenges for the handling of produced fluid such as precipitation of new mineral particles in the aqueous phase, scale deposition, foam, stable reverse emulsion in both produced fluid and produced water, and expanded rag layers in electrostatic treaters. To facilitate handling of the produced fluid and produced water by ASP flooding, numerous chemicals have been developed and applied, such as antifoams, demulsifiers, dual functional demulsifiers and reverse demulsifiers, sulfide scavengers, chelatants, and alkalines. A comprehensive scenario for the application of the above mentioned chemicals has been developed and applied in the handling of ASP flooding produced fluid at Daqing Fields. The scenario consists of continuous injection of dual functional demulsifier and reverse demulsifiers, antifoams at the inlet of production separators or into the produced water heated, recycled back to wellsites and blended into wellhead produced fluid to facilitate its flow to oil gathering stations, continuous injection of chelatant and alkaline into the produced water recycled back to be the wellheads, temporary injection of demulsifier and alkaline into the feed of bath heaters upstream of electrostatic treaters on an as-needed basis, batch injection of sulfide scavenger into the produced water recycled back to the wellheads, as well as batch injection of sulfide scavenger and alkaline into the feed or backwashing water of media filters treating produced water. The chemical treatment scenario has been successfully applied in 4 ASP projects using NaOH, alkylbenze sulfonate and HPAM at Daqing fields, significantly improving the performances of surface production facilities handling ASP flooding produced fluid.

Based on 1871-2010 monthly sea surface salinity (SSS) and flow field data, and the global seabed topography data, the inter-monthly regional variation of SSS in different regions and their influencing factors are discussed after climate zoning in the East China Sea (ECS) and the adjacent Northwest Pacific Ocean (ANPO). Rresults show that: (1) the study area can be divided into the area of the ECS, the Kuroshio area of the East China Sea (KECS) and the ANPO I area, II area and III area. (2) In the continental shelf area of the ECS, the inter-monthly regional variation of SSS is significant, the inter-monthly variation range of feature points is large and the difference of SSS value at each point is great. (3) In the KECS, the inter-monthly regional variation of SSS is small. The SSS at feature points is high and the inter-monthly variation is small. From the inlet to the outlett of the KECS, the SSS value gradually increases. (4) In the ANPO, the inter-monthly regional variation of SSS is the smallest, the SSS at feature points is high, and their inter-monthly variation is small. The SSS increases with increasing longitude at the same latitude, and decreases with increasing latitude at the same longitude.

Based on the best track data set of tropical cyclones and ENSO index, the influence of two kinds of ENSO events on tropical cyclones in the Northwest Pacific Ocean is discussed based on the El Niño / La Niña event discrimination method recently issued by China Meteorological Administration. The results show that ENSO events have an important impact on the TC activity in the Northwest Pacific. The frequency of TC formation in La Niña year is more than that in El Niño year, and the duration and ACE of TC in El Niño year are greater than those in La Niña year. From the comparison of TC activities at different levels, the impact of ENSO events on high-level TC (STY and SuperTY) is greater than that of low-level TC. On the whole, the TC in the Northwest Pacific is greatly affected by the CP-ENSO event, and the high-level TC (SuperTY) is most affected by the EP-ENSO event. In terms of the origin location, the differences of the impact of the two ENSO events on TC origins of different levels are mainly reflected in the differences between the northern and southern South China Sea, and the differences between the southeast and Northwest Pacific.

NiWB/CNTs catalysts were prepared by ultrasonic impregnation chemical reduction method and showed high activity in the hydrolytic hydro-conversion of cellulose to ethylene glycol. The conversion of cellulose could be high to 100% with an ethylene glycol selectivity of 57.7%. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, TEM, NH 3 -TPD and XPS. The hydrolytic hydro-conversion activity of the catalyst was related to it's highly dispersion of NiWB, appropriate particle size and the synergistic effect between strong acid sites in CNTs and NiW alloying structure.

In this study, the data of sea surface temperature (SST) and current for 1981 to 2010 from the SODA_2.2.4 were used to analyze the climatic zoning characteristics of SST in the East China Sea and adjacent sea areas, and the relationship between SST and relevant factors, to provide a reference for further research on long-term climate change. The results show that : (1) Under the combined action of sea-land distribution, latitude and ocean current, the study area can be divided into three climatic zones: the continental shelf area of the East China Sea, the Kuroshio area of the East China Sea and the Northwest Pacific Ocean. SST from northwest to southeast presents a low - high - second high distribution pattern. (2) Due to the influence of the change of direct point of the sun, the highest SST in the low and high latitudes is 1 month apart, which is July and August respectively. In general, the isotherm in the study area is dense in February. The average SST in the whole region was the lowest, about 19.9°C. The temperature difference between North and South is large, about 17°C. August isotherms are sparse; the average SST in the whole area is the highest, about 28.5°C; the temperature difference between north and south is small, about 6°C. (3) The annual temperature difference of the surface waters of the whole study area is related to latitude. Compared with the latitude, the annual temperature difference in the continental shelf area is the largest, and the Kuroshio area is the smallest. According to coefficient of variation of monthly SST, the annual variation of SST decreases from northwest to southeast. (4) SST rises fastest in May, June and July; and declines fastest in December and January. High-latitude sea areas and near-shore sea areas have rapider and larger changes in SST, and the Kuroshio affected area has slower and smaller changes.

In their article, "From the 'Other' to the 'Master Narrative': The Chinese Journey of the Frankfurt School," Guohua Zhu and Xiangchun Meng discuss the Chinese reception of Frankfurt School and the Maoist historical context. Chinese scholars take the narrow view of the Frankfurt School theories as a depoliticized instrument to explain Chinese practice, particularly in the realm of mass culture. Furthermore, the Frankfurt School has encountered the powerful political and ideological legacy of Maoism, which not only dictates instrumentalist view, but also predisposes to a nationalistic attitude that pits Chinese exceptionalism against universalism, including the Frankfurt School and other western Marxist theories. It is thus imperative to disentangle the complex relationship of Critical Theory and Maoism in China. Recontexualizing the broader history of Chinese reception and response to western theories and knowledge will help renew conversations with the West in humanities and social sciences.

The pressurisation of carbon dioxide in organic liquids and water can modify and functionalise their properties and actions as reaction media through interactions of the dissolved carbon dioxide molecules with the solvents, substrates, intermediates, products and/or catalysts. This chapter describes several examples of interesting promotion effects of carbon dioxide on the selective hydrogenation reactions of carbonyl, nitro, nitrile compounds and other substrates.

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Polyethylene glycol stabilized platinum nanoparticles were immobilized on solid supports such as γ-Al2O3, SBA-15, TiO2 and active carbon, forming supported polyethylene glycol stabilized platinum nanoparticles (SPPNs). In the hydrogenation of p-chloronitrobenzene (p-CNB) in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), the SPPN showed high selectivity to p-chloroaniline (>99.3%) in the whole range of conversion. Such high selectivity to corresponding haloanilines (HANs) (>99.1%) was also obtained in the hydrogenation of o-CNB, m-CNB, 2-chloro-6-nitrotoluene, p-bromonitrobenzene and m-iodonitrobenzene. The dehalogenation and the accumulation of intermediates were fully inhibited simultaneously in scCO2. The SPPN catalysts could be reused several times without loss of high selectivity in present reaction system.

Imazalil and Thiabendazole chemical based fungicides are currently used to control citrus green/blue molds, which is mainly caused by P. digitatum and P. italicum. In order to find alternative methods for control of citrus fruit diseases to avoid fungicide caused health and environmental problems, current research was conducted to explore the antifungal effectiveness of H2O2-Ag+ (Hydrogen peroxide stabilized with silver ions), which is a universally applicable and high effective disinfectant against pathogenic microorganisms, and has been used to control postharvest decay of fresh fruits in most developed countries, in the context of in vitro and in vivo P. digitatum and P. italicum development in the Newhall navel orange. H2O2-Ag+ was found to be effective in inhibiting in vitro radial growth and in vivo inoculated lesion development of Penicillum italicum and Penicillum digitatum. Dipping fruit with H2O2 at concentrations of 1-2% before storage reduced the decay incidence of orange after 30 and 60 days cold storage following by 3 days shelf life, although it was less effective than the positive control of fungicide Imazalil (500ppm). H2O2 provided a disinfectant effect on the pericarp, as indicated by significant reduction of total bacterial, mold and yeast counts. After cold storage and shelf-life, no significant difference was found among all treatments in the total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acid (TA), while higher vitamin C content was found in the Imazalil treated fruit. This research suggest that H2O2 can be an alternative to chemical fungicides that, although more effective, pose problems due to their residue levels and health concerns, especially for the organic fruit industry.

a b s t r a c t Selective hydrogenation of benzonitrile was studied with Ni/Al2O3 in compressed CO2, hexane-CO2, ethanol-CO2 and H2O-CO2 systems. The phase behavior and the effect of CO2 on the conversion of ben- zonitrile and the yield of benzylamine were discussed. The reaction rate was retarded in solventless, hexane and ethanol, but accelerated in water in the presence of compressed CO2. The decrease in reac- tion rate was mainly ascribed to the formation of carbamate from benzylamine and the intermediate 1-aminodibenzylamine reacting with CO2, and it precipitated out to coat on the surface of catalyst in solventless and hexane, and the dilution effect of compressed CO2 in ethanol. But the yield of benzy- lamine was increased in solventless, hexane and ethanol due to the following nucleophilic addition of benzylamine and benzylimine to N-benzylidenebenzylamine was inhibited. Although, the reaction rate increased in water for the enhanced solubility of H2 and benzonitrile in H2O and decreased mass-transfer resistance in the presence of compressed CO2, the yield of benzylamine decreased because of the acidic nature of H2O-CO2 favorites the elimination of NH3 and the formation of NH4HCO3. Accordingly, the possible reaction pathway of benzonitrile hydrogenation was proposed for all the studied systems. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides alkalinizes its surroundings during colonization of host tissue. The transcription factor pacC is a regulator of pH-controlled genes and is essential for successful colonization. We present here the sequence assembly of the Colletotrichum fruit pathogen and use it to explore the global regulation of pathogenicity by ambient pH. The assembled genome size was 54 Mb, encoding 18,456 genes. Transcriptomes of the wild type and ΔpacC mutant were established by RNA-seq and explored for their global pH-dependent gene regulation. The analysis showed that pacC upregulates 478 genes and downregulates 483 genes, comprising 5% of the fungal genome, including transporters, antioxidants, and cell-wall-degrading enzymes. Interestingly, gene families with similar functionality are both up- and downregulated by pacC. Global analysis of secreted genes showed significant pacC activation of degradative enzymes at alkaline pH and during fruit infection. Select genes from alkalizing-type pathogen C. gloeosporioides and from acidifying-type pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were verified by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis at different pH values. Knock out of several pacC-activated genes confirmed their involvement in pathogenic colonization of alkalinized surroundings. The results suggest a global regulation by pacC of key pathogenicity genes during pH change in alkalinizing and acidifying pathogens.

Water as a clean solvent and promoter in the organic synthesis have attracted more attention, herein the effect of water was studied for the hydrogenation of o-chloronitrobenzene (o-CNB) over Pt/C and Pd/C catalysts in ethanol, n-heptane and compressed CO2. Very interesting, the reaction rate decreased in ethanol, but increased in n-heptane and compressed CO2 with the addition of water. The role of water in the reaction was mainly discussed from the experimental data and phase behavior analysis, one is to activate the functional group of NO2 through the interactions via a hydrogen bonding, and the other is to affect the solubility of hydrogen in ethanol and n-heptane. The positive effect of the interaction between water and reactants may be counteracted by the negative effect of hydrogen solubility in ethanol. However, the concentration of o-CNB and hydrogen changed slightly in n-heptane with the addition of water, so the interaction of water with reactants may play a main role in improving the TOF. The combination of H2O and CO2 is more efficient than the pure H2O, CO2 and H2O-n-heptane systems. The phase behavior may play important role also for the improved activity except for the interactions of H2O and CO2 with the reactants. o-CNB phase was expanded in the compressed CO2 and so the concentration of H-2 in o-CNB phase increased due to the miscible of CO2 and H-2, resulting in the enhancement of reaction rate and the maximum conversion at pressure of 9 MPa CO2, at which the volume was expanded to the largest one. The similar results were also obtained in the compressed CO2 system without H2O. In addition, the stability of Pt/C and Pd/C was studied in H2O-n-heptane and H2O-CO2. As a result, the H2O-CO2 media and Pt/C catalyst is one of the most effective systems for the hydrogenation of o-CNB. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The synergistic effects of NaOH, alkylbenzyl sulfonate surfactant, and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) on the emulsification and destabilization of O/W crude oil emulsion produced by alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) flooding both as a whole process and as two separate processes were studied. The experimental results showed that the major factors governing the stability against phase separation of O/W ASP flooding produced fluid include the enhanced emulsification of produced fluid by alkaline, surfactant and HPAM, in which smaller oil droplets are generated, and the hindrance of alkaline and surfactant to oil droplet flocculation and coalescence.

The GATA transcription factor AreA is a global nitrogen regulator that restricts the utilization of complex and poor nitrogen sources in the presence of good nitrogen sources in microorganisms. In this study, we report the biological function of an AreA homolog (the CgareA gene) in the fruit postharvest pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Targeted gene deletion mutants of areA exhibited significant reductions in vegetative growth, increases in conidia production, and slight decreases in conidial germination rates. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that the expression of AreA was highly induced under nitrogen-limiting conditions. Moreover, compared to wild-type and complemented strains, nitrogen metabolism-related genes were misregulated in ΔareA mutant strains. Pathogenicity assays indicated that the virulence of ΔareA mutant strains were affected by the nitrogen content, but not the carbon content, of fruit hosts. Taken together, our results indicate that CgareA plays a critical role in fungal development, conidia production, regulation of nitrogen metabolism and virulence in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.

Co(OH)(2) coated platinum nanoparticles Pt/Co(OH)(2) were prepared by microwave assistance and hydrothermal method, and the prepared samples were composed of Pt nanoparticles with an average size of 1.8 nm coated uniformly in the thin Co(OH)(2) leaves based on the results of X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The Pt/Co(OH)(2) presented excellent catalytic performance in the chemoselective hydrogenation of halonitrobenzenes such as chloronitrobenzenes, bromonitrobenzene and iodonitrobenzene, and above 99.6% selectivity to haloanilines was achieved at complete conversion irrespective of the substrates used, even for iodonitrobenzene to which the dehalogenation is more easily to occur. Co(OH)(2) was confirmed to prohibit the dehalogenation effectively, and the Pt/Co(OH)(2) catalyst could be recycled for several times. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The present work has studied the influence of CO2 pressurization on the hydrogenation of nitrostyrene (NS) using Pt/TiO2. With CO2 pressurization up to 12 MPa (CO2-dissolved expanded liquid (CXL) phase), the over-all reaction rate and the selectivity to aminostyrene (AS) increased. At higher CO2 pressures where all NS dissolved in scCO2 (scCO2-homogeneous phase), both of them decreased with increasing the CO2 pressure. The phase behavior was an important factor for the present reaction system. It was also found that the presence of pressurized CO2 gave higher selectivity to AS than in its absence at any conversion level. This was ascribed to retardation effects of dense phase CO2 on the hydrogenation of AS to ethylaniline. Competitive adsorption of nitro and vinyl groups was suggested to determine the product selectivity. FTIR measurements showed that the pressurized CO2 lowers the reactivity of the nitro group, and this effect is stronger in scCO2-homogeneous phase than in CXL phase, resulting in the lower AS selectivity in the former phase. Lower Pt loadings and higher catalyst reduction temperatures gave Pt/TiO2 catalysts more selective for the AS formation. FTIR measurements of adsorbed CO over the catalysts suggested that the presence of less-coordinated Pt atoms on edge, corner and kink sites was significant for the selective hydrogenation of NS to AS.