Search

The fruit-based dietary supplement business is flourishing, and many plant bioactive compounds exhibit beneficial effects on health. Polyphenols, including anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, flavanols, phenolic acids and flavanols in bilberry, blueberry and chokeberry, are the bio-factors that determine the biological activities of the three berries. Many reports on phenolic compounds and their biological activities in berries have been published. Therefore, it is urgent to make a systematic comparison among them. We reviewed these scientific researches about phenolic substances including their compositions, contents and bioavailability from the bilberry, blueberry and chokeberry. On this basis, the phenolic compounds regarding monomer components and their contents in the three berries were systematically summarized. Variations of anthocyanidins within interspecies and different families were explained. Biological properties including biostability and bioavailability of anthocyanin and prospects for further study on berries were contained.

Startup companies solve many of today’s most complex and challenging scientific, technical and social problems, such as the decarbonisation of the economy, air pollution, and the development of novel life-saving vaccines. Startups are a vital source of social, scientific and economic innovation, yet the most innovative are also the least likely to survive. The probability of success of startups has been shown to relate to several firm-level factors such as industry, location and the economy of the day. Still, attention has increasingly considered internal factors relating to the firm’s founding team, including their previous experiences and failures, their centrality in a global network of other founders and investors as well as the team’s size. The effects of founders’ personalities on the success of new ventures are mainly unknown. Here we show that founder personality traits are a significant feature of a firm’s ultimate success. We draw upon detailed data about the success of a large-scale global sample of startups (n=26,781). We found that the Big 5 personality traits of startup founders across 30 dimensions significantly differed from that of the population at large. We can train a classifier to distinguish founders from employees with 82.5% accuracy. Key personality facets that distinguish successful entrepreneurs include a preference for variety, novelty and starting new things (openness to adventure), like being the centre of attention (lower levels of modesty) and being exuberant (higher activity levels). However, we do not find one “Founder-type” personality; instead, six different personality types appear, with startups founded by a “Hipster, Hacker and Hustler” being twice as likely to succeed. Our results also demonstrate the benefits of larger, personality-diverse teams in startups, which has the potential to be extended through further research into other team settings within business, government and research.

To observe the effect of moxibustion on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/UNC-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) signaling pathway in the synovial tissue of toes in rheumatoid arthritis rats, so as to explore the mechanism of mo-xibustion in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).A total of 45 SD rats were randomly divided into blank, model， moxibustion, methotrexate and rapamycin groups, with 9 rats in each group. RA rat model was established by injection of Freund's complete adjuvant. Moxibustion was applied to "Zusanli" (ST36) and "Guanyuan" (CV4) for 20 min, once a day for 3 weeks. Methotrexate group was given methotrexate (0.35 mg/kg) by gavage, twice a week for 3 weeks. Rapamycin group was intraperitoneally injected with rapamycin (1 mg/kg)，once every other day for 3 weeks. The toe volume of the left hind limb of rats was measured by the toe volume measuring instrument. The content of AMP in toe synovium was detected by ELISA. The expression of AMPK and VPS34 protein in toe synovium was detected by Western blot.The expression of ULK1 and Atg13 mRNA in toe synovium was detected by RT-PCR.Compared with the blank group, the volume of toe in the model group was increased (Moxibustion can improve joint swelling in RA rats, and the mechanism may be related to promoting the activity of AMPK/ULK1 signaling pathway.

The sex of honey bees is decided by a regulatory cascade comprising of csd, fem and Amdsx. In order to further identify other genes involved in sex determination and differentiation of honey bees in the early stages of embryo development, the CRISPR/Cas9 method was used to knock out fem gene in the embryonic stage of diploid western honey bees, and RNA-seq was used to analyze gene expression changes in the embryo after fem knockout. Finally, we found that the bees had undergone gender changes due to fem knockout. A total of 155 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained, with 48 up-regulated and 107 down-regulated DEGs in the mutant group compared to the control group. Of them, many genes are related to sex development or differentiation. In addition, 1502 differentially expressed alternative splicing events (DEASEs) related to 1011 genes, including the main honey bee sex-determining genes csd, tra2, fem, and Amdsx, were identified between the mutant group and control group, indicating that fem regulates alternative splicing of a large number of downstream genes. Our results provide valuable clues for further investigating the molecular mechanism of sex determination and differentiation in honey bees.

To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) of "Zusanli"(ST36) and "Guanyuan"(CV4) on the apoptosis rate of synoviocytes and protein expression of Fas, FasL and Caspase-3 in synovial tissue of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rats, so as to explore its mechanisms underlying improvement of rheumatoid arthritis （RA）.A total of 24 rats were randomly divided into normal, model, medication and EA groups, with 6 rats in each group. The AIA model was established by injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA, 0.1 mL) into the left hindlimb paw. The rats in the medication group received intraperitoneal injection of 0.35 mg/kg of methotrexate, twice a week for 4 weeks. The rats in the EA group received EA stimulation of ST36 and CV4 (20 Hz/50 Hz, 1 mA) for 20 min, 6 times a week for 4 weeks. The left hind paw volume was measured using a paw volume meter, and histopathological changes of synovial tissue were observed by light microscope after H.E. staining. The serum contents of tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α） and interleukin-1 （IL-1） were measured by ELISA. The apoptosis of synoviocytes was detected by terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL), and the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins Fas, FasL and Caspase-3 in synovium were detected by Western blot.Compared with the normal group, the left hind paw volume from day 3 to 24 after administration of CFA, serum IL-1 and TNF-α contents were significantly increased (EA of ST36 and CV4 can promote the apoptosis of synoviocytes and the expressions of Fas and FasL proteins in AIA rats, which may contribute to its role in relieving synovitis through activating Fas/FasL signaling.

Co-assembled foxtail millet (FP)-sodium casein (NaCas) nanocomplex and NaCas coated FP nanoparticles (NPs) were produced by using pH-cycle and anti-solvent methods, respectively. Subsequently, the effects of chitosan hydrochloride (CHC) coating on the particle size, surface charge and physicochemical stability of the two different FP/NaCas nanoparticles (NPs) were evaluated. With the addition of CHC, the particle size of NaCas coated FP NPs and co-assembled FP-NaCas nanocomplex significantly increased from 128.3 nm and 69.5 nm to 183.5 nm and 113.8 nm, respectively. The stability of the two kinds of CHC coated FP-based NPs to different pH values and varying ionic strengths was different due to their different NP structures. Using different fabrication formulations, co-assembled FP-NaCas NPs entrapped curcumin in relatively hydrophilic microenvironment and showed higher curcumin retention rate in comparison with NaCas coated FP NPs in terms of long-term storage stability. The results revealed that the produced CHC coated FP/NaCas nanocomplexes could be very beneficial in entrapping and delivering bioactive substances.

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes were developed for growing MgO and CaO on GaN substrates using a home-built ALD reactor with amidinate-based precursors. An optimal deposition condition was ...

Primary sarcomatoid carcinoma (SCA) is a type of rare tumor consisting of both malignant epithelial and mesenchymal components. Only 32 cases of SCA of the small bowel have been reported in the literature to date. Due to its rarity and complexity, this cancer has not been genetically studied and its diagnosis and treatment remain difficult. Here we report a 54-year-old male underwent emergency surgical resection in the small intestine due to severe obstruction and was diagnosed with multiple SCA based on postoperative pathological examination. Over 100 polypoid tumors scattered along his whole jejunum and proximal ileum. Chemotherapy (IFO+Epirubicin) was performed after surgery while the patient died two months after the surgery due to severe malnutrition. Whole-exome sequencing was performed for the tumor tissue with normal tissue as the control. Important cancer-related gene mutations, including KRAS (c.37G>T, p.G13C), TP53 (c.871A>T, p.K291*), EGFR (c.1351C>T, p.R451C), and CDKN2A (c.104_138del, p.G35fs), were found among 286 nonsynonymous somatic mutations (SNV and Indel). Copy-number amplified genes mainly gathered in chromosome 6, 7, 16 and 20. Mutation clustering analysis showed that main genetic abnormalities included DNA methylation, DNA alkylation, cellular homeostasis, and shared similarities with melanoma, glioma, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and pancreatic cancer. In summary, the genomic features of the small intestine SCA were explored at whole-exome level for the first time, and over 200 somatic mutations were identified in the tumor tissue. Key tumor driver gene mutations were revealed, as well as several aberrant functional pathways. These results contribute to further understanding of the pathogenesis and molecular mechanism of this rare tumor.

In this study, curcumin (Cur)-loaded chondroitin sulfate (CS)–sodium caseinate (NaCas)–stabilized foxtail millet prolamin (FP) composite nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated via a one-pot process.

BackgroundBrain metastasis (BM) frequently occurs in HER2-positive breast cancer (BC) patients, but the risk factors of BM in this type of patients are still unknown. Our study aims to assess the risk factors of BM and prognostic analysis in HER2-positive BC patients.MethodsUnivariate analysis used t-test, chi-square test, and Fisher’s exact test to find out the risk factors for BM, and multivariable analysis was done with stepwise logistic regression analysis. Prognostic data analysis was estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method.ResultsA total of 228 HER2-positive BC patients were included, of whom 214 patients were postoperative metastatic patients and 14 patients were de novo stage IV patients. Through comparing the stratified variables between 51 postoperative metastatic patients with BM and 163 postoperative metastatic patients without BM, the multivariate analysis showed that age ≤40 years (OR 2.321, 95% CI: 1.089 to 4.948) and first metastatic site with lung metastasis (OR 2.168, 95% CI: 1.099 to 4.274) were independent risk factors for BM in HER2-positive BC patients. Prognostic data of all 65 HER2-positive BC patients with BM showed that the time from the diagnosis of BC to the development of breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM) was 36.3 months (95% CI: 30.0 to 42.1 months). The time from the diagnosis of first recurrence and metastasis stage to the diagnosis of BCBM was 11.35 months (95% CI: 7.1 to 18.4 months). The time from the diagnosis of BCBM to the time of follow-up was 24.1 months (95% CI: 13.9 to 37.5 months). Up until the time of follow-up data, a total of 38 patients had died, and the time from the diagnosis of BM of these 38 patients to death was 11.0 months (95% CI: 9.0 to 20.4 months).ConclusionThe prognosis of HER2-positive BC patients with BM was poor due to the lack of effective treatments for BM. Age ≤40 years and first metastatic site with lung metastasis were the independent risk factors for BM in HER2-positive BC patients. Future research about pre-emptive medical interventions may help to improve the prognosis of HER2-positive BC patients with high risk to develop BM.

SiC and Ga2O3 are promising wide band gap semiconductors for applications in power electronics because of their high breakdown electric field and normally off operation. However, lack of a suitable dielectric material that can provide high interfacial quality remains a problem. This can potentially lead to high leakage current and conducting loss. In this work, we present a novel atomic layer deposition process to grow epitaxially MgxCa1−xO dielectric layers on 4H-SiC(0001) and β-Ga2O3 $\left( {\bar 201} \right)$ substrates. By tuning the composition of MgxCa1−xO toward the substrate lattice constant, better interfacial epitaxy can be achieved. The interfacial and epitaxy qualities were investigated and confirmed by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction studies. Mg0.72Ca0.28O film showed the highest epitaxy quality on 4H-SiC(0001) because of its closest lattice match with the substrate. Meanwhile, highly textured Mg0.25Ca0.75O films can be grown on β-Ga2O3 $\left( {\bar 201} \right)$ with a preferred orientation of (111).

In addition to its high nutritious value, sea cucumber has been recognized by folk medicine for a long time. This study investigated the structure and hyperglycemic activity of a neutral polysaccharide (NPsj) from sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus, whose molecular weight was determined as 301.75 kDa by HPGPC method. Monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that NPsj is a glucan. The structure of NPsj was obtained by combining the analysis of methylation analysis, FTIR, NMR, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation and ESI-MS, which is mainly composed of (1 → 4)-α-d-glucoses with β-d-glucose(1→) branches substituted at O-6 every 7-9 of 1,4 linked glucoses. An in vitro insulin resistance Hep G2 cells model and a 3 T3-L1 cells model were established, and the NPsj has significant effect to increase glucose consumption with no toxicity at 10-100 μg/mL. Furthermore, NPsj upregulates the phosphorylation of Akt1 and down-regulated GSK3β, and then reduces the phosphorylation of GS, indicating its mechanism of ameliorating insulin resistance via Akt/GSK3β/GS signaling pathway.

Until recently, sorafenib has been the only treatment approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Some patients, however, exhibit resistance to this treatment and subsequently experience cancer progression, recurrence, or death. Therefore, identifying a new alternative treatment for patients with little or no response to sorafenib treatment is vital. In this study, we explored the therapeutic potential and underlying molecular mechanism of antrocinol ((3aS,4R,6aS,10aR)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-7,7-dimethyldecahydro-1H-naphtho[1,8a-c]furan-1-one) in patients with HCC. The results indicated that antrocinol was more therapeutically effective than antrocin, Stivarga, and sorafenib against HCC cell lines. Antrocinol also substantially suppressed the expression of KRAS-GTP, p-MEK1/2, p-ERK1/2, and p-AKT in the Huh7 cell line. Additionally, antrocinol-induced apoptosis in the Huh7 cell line, inhibited the formation of tumorspheres, and suppressed the expression of cancer stem cell markers CD133, KLF4, CD44, OCT4, SOX2, and c-Myc. Animal studies revealed that antrocinol alone considerably suppressed tumor growth in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice inoculated with Huh7 tumorspheres. It also synergistically enhanced the anticancer effect of sorafenib, resulting in enhanced suppression of tumor growth (p 0.001) and tumorsphere formation (p 0.001). In tumor samples resected from mice treated with antrocinol alone or in combination with sorafenib, immunohistochemical analysis revealed an increase in BAX expression and a decrease in ERK and AKT protein expression. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the anti-HCC activity of antrocinol. With its higher therapeutic efficacy than that of sorafenib, antrocinol is a candidate drug for patients with HCC who demonstrate little or no response to sorafenib treatment.

The association between oxidative protein damage in early pregnant women and ambient fine particulate matter (PM

To observe the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on autophagosomes, unc-51-like autophage activating kinase 1 (ULK1), Beclin1, and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) expression, and synoviocyte ultrastructure in the synovial tissues of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) rats, and to explore the mechanism of EA in regulating the proliferation of synoviocytes via the autophagy pathway.The SD rats were randomly divided into a normal group, a model group, a methotrexate (MTX) group, and an EA group, with 6 rats in each group. Following RA modeling with Freund's complete adjuvant, rats in the MTX group were treated with intragastric administration of 0.35 mg/kg MTX, twice a week, for 4 weeks, while those in the EA group received 20-min EA stimulation at "Zusanli" (ST36) and "Guanyuan" (CV4), once per day, for 4 weeks, with an interval of one day between weeks. The rat left hind toe volume was measured using the toe volume measuring instrument. HE staining was conducted for detecting the morphology of rat synovial tissues, followed by the observation of autophagosomes under the transmission electron microscope. The levels of serum interleukin (IL)-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were assayed by ELISA, and the protein expression levels of ULK1, Beclin1, and LC3 were detected by Western blot.Compared with the normal group, the left hind toe volume of the model group increased significantly (EA alleviates the joint swelling and synoviocyte injury of RA rats possibly by regulating the expression of ULK1, LC3, and Beclin1 and inhibiting the synoviocyte autophagy and proliferation.

The association between ambient fine particulate matter (PM

The effect of fine particulate matter (PM

Foxtail millet nanoparticles with smaller mean size at ∼130 nm and narrower polydispersity index at ∼0.05 were prepared in citric acid-potassium phosphate buffer (pH 8.0). Through lecithin (Lec)/sodium alginate (Alg) coating, a hydrophobic FP core, a Lec monolayer, and a hydrophilic Alg shell were formed spontaneously. Dissociation experiment revealed that electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding were main driving forces for the formation and maintenance of stable FP-Lec/Alg NPs. In addition, Lec/Alg coated NPs exerted an important role in sustaining the controlled release of the encapsulated quercetin under simulated gastrointestinal tract conditions. Cellular uptake test exhibited that FP-Lec-Alg NPs cold enter epithelial cells in a time-dependent manner, showing the maximum uptake efficiency were 22% and 24%, respectively, after 2 h of incubation. About 220 nm NPs can be recovered by adding 10% (w/v) sucrose. FP-Lec-Alg NPs were found to be promising delivery materials to deliver quercetin and improve its bioavailability.

BACKGROUND: Accurate prognostic estimation for esophageal cancer (EC) patients plays an important role in the process of clinical decision-making. The objective of this study was to develop an effective model to predict the 5-year survival status of EC patients using machine learning (ML) algorithms. METHODS: We retrieved the information of patients diagnosed with EC between 2010 and 2015 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program, including 24 features. A total of 8 ML models were applied to the selected dataset to classify the EC patients in terms of 5-year survival status, including 3 newly developed gradient boosting models (GBM), XGBoost, CatBoost, and LightGBM, 2 commonly used tree-based models, gradient boosting decision trees (GBDT) and random forest (RF), and 3 other ML models, artificial neural networks (ANN), naive Bayes (NB), and support vector machines (SVM). A 5-fold cross-validation was used in model performance measurement. RESULTS: After excluding records with missing data, the final study population comprised 10,588 patients. Feature selection was conducted based on the χ(2) test, however, the experiment results showed that the complete dataset provided better prediction of outcomes than the dataset with removal of non-significant features. Among the 8 models, XGBoost had the best performance [area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC): 0.852 for XGBoost, 0.849 for CatBoost, 0.850 for LightGBM, 0.846 for GBDT, 0.838 for RF, 0.844 for ANN, 0.833 for NB, and 0.789 for SVM]. The accuracy and logistic loss of XGBoost were 0.875 and 0.301, respectively, which were also the best performances. In the XGBoost model, the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) value was calculated and the result indicated that the four features: reason no cancer-directed surgery, Surg Prim Site, age, and stage group had the greatest impact on predicting the outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The XGBoost model and the complete dataset can be used to construct an accurate prognostic model for patients diagnosed with EC which may be applicable in clinical practice in the future.

Bhutanitis thaidina is an endemic, rare, and protected swallowtail in China. Deforestation, habitat fragmentation, illegal commercialised capture, and exploitation of larval food plants are believed to be the four major causes of population decline of B. thaidina in the recent decade. However, little attention was paid to the impact of climate change. This study used ecological niche factor analysis and species distribution model to analyse the current suitable areas for B. thaidina with BioClim variables as well as its future suitable areas under four future climate scenarios (represented by four Representative Concentration Pathways: RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5). Statistical analysis was carried out to compare the possible area and altitude changes to the distribution of B. thaidina under changing climate. Our analyses showed that the suitable areas for B. thaidina are fragmented under the current climate, with four suitable centres in northwestern Yunnan, northeastern Yunnan and northwestern Guizhou, the western margin of Sichuan Basin, and Qinling mountains. Apart from further habitat fragmentation under climate change, slight range expansion (average 6.0–8.9%) was detected under the RCP2.6 and RCP4.5 scenarios, while more range contraction (average 1.3–26.9%) was detected under the RCP6.0 and RCP8.5 scenarios, with the two southern suitable centres suffering most. Also, a tendency of contraction (2,500–3,500 m) and upslope shift (~600 m) in suitable altitude range were detected. The findings of this study supported the climate-vulnerable hypothesis of B. thaidina, especially under future climate like the RCP6.0 and RCP8.5 scenarios, in terms of contraction in suitable areas and altitude ranges. Conservation priority should be given to northwestern Yunnan, northeastern Yunnan, and northwestern Guizhou to alleviate the stress of massive habitat loss and extinction. Refugial areas should be established in all four suitable centres to maintain genetic diversity of B. thaidina in China.

In this paper, we measured band offsets for La2O3 prepared by atomic layer deposition on GaAs(111), (110), and (100) surfaces. La2O3 grows epitaxially on GaAs(111) with very low interfacial defect ...

In this paper, an efficient and robust technique based on reaction headspace gas chromatographic analysis for the quantification of urea in milk is presented, which is realized by measuring formed carbon dioxide from the enzymatic hydrolysis of urea under the catalysis of enzyme urease. It was observed that the headspace equilibration was finished in 40 min at 35 °C. The new technique was proved to be accurate (relative errors ≤7.17%) and precise (relative standard deviations ≤2.93%). In addition, compared with the reference spectrophotometric technique, the new technique has a higher sample throughput. The proposed approach is simple, fast and has the potential to be a practical tool for the batch analysis of urea in milk production and processing.

Nanowires have found many applications over the past couple of decades, but existing fabrication methods can only make very short nanowires. We present a new method for making very strong, flexible...

In this paper, a fluorescent and antibacterial nanocomposite film based on Zinc sulphide (ZnS) quantum dots, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was successfully synthesized. CNCs were first decorated in situ with ZnS quantum dots, which were then introduced into a PVA matrix to prepare nanocomposite films with good fluorescent and antibacterial properties. The X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope analysis indicated that ZnS nanoparticles were well-dispersed and randomly coated on the CNCs with uniform particle size. The visible emission peak in the ZnS/CNCs nanocomposites was 473 nm with an excitation wavelength of 350 nm. The CNCs loaded with ZnS quantum dots exhibited bright blue fluorescence under the ultraviolet light. Additionally, CNCs/ZnS nanocomposite films also had good antibacterial properties (bacterial inhibition rate = 78.25%).

This paper introduces a convenient approach for determining iodate in iodized salt by headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC). The analytical technique can measure the generated carbon dioxide from the redox reaction between iodate and sodium oxalate in the presence of strong acid. The formed carbon dioxide from this reaction in a closed vial is measured by GC. It was observed that the redox reaction in the vial was completed in 40 min at 95 °C. The results indicated that this analytical technique is precise (RSD ≤ 2.69%) and accurate (relative errors ≤ 7.21%). The present approach is fast and simple, providing a robust avenue to the routine estimation of iodate in iodized salt in a wide variety of applications from processing to quality monitoring.

Axillary lymph node dissection is the standard surgical procedure for breast cancer patients with sentinel lymph node (SLN) positive. In clinical practice, axillary lymph node dissection may be an unnecessary treatment for some breast cancer patients with non-sentinel lymph node (NSLN) negative. The aim of this study was to analyze the risk factors of NSLN metastasis in breast cancer patients with SLN positive. Four hundred fifty-six clinical early stage breast cancer patients with SLN positive were collected and analyzed in the oncological surgery department of Fujian Provincial Hospital during 2013 to 2018. All these patients underwent surgical treatment. The average age and tumor size of 443 patients with SLN positive breast cancer were (49.8 ± 10.8) years and (2.42 ± 0.94) cm. Univariate analysis showed that the size of primary tumor, the number of positive SLN, the number of negative SLN, the ratio of positive SLNs, and the type of metastases in SLN were the influencing factors of NSLN metastasis. Multivariate regression analysis showed that primary tumor size T2 cm (P.001, OR = 2.609), the positive number of SLNs ≥3 (P = .002, OR = 5.435), the ratio of positive SLNs ≥ 50% (P = .017, OR = 1.770), and SLN macrometastases (P0.001, OR = 16.099) were independent risk factors for NSLN metastasis. Combined with the 4 independent risk factors, the area under the curve to predict NSLN metastasis was 0.7470.7. For clinical early breast cancer with positive SLN, primary tumor size T2 cm,the positive number of SLNs ≥ 3, the ratio of positive SLNs ≥ 50%, and SLN macrometastases could predict NSLN metastasis well, and guide surgery to avoid overtreatment.

Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate was obtained from the sea cucumber Holothuria fuscogilva (FCShf). The structure was elucidated by NMR and HILIC-FTMS analysis. FCShf contained a chondroitin core chain [→3)-β-D-GalNAc-(1 → 4)-β-D-GlcA-(1→]