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This study aimed to explore whether APOC1 expression has a function in the biological behavior of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) cells and its possible mechanism. Bioinformatics analysis of data TCGA and OnComine was conducted to explore the expression pattern and prognostic value of APOC1, as well as the relationship between APOC1 expression and clinical indicators. Loss‐ and gain‐ of APOC1 function assays were carried out to assess the biological functions of APOC1. Western blotting was applied to detect protein expression. We revealed that APOC1 was upregulated in ccRCC tissues. APOC1 expression was related to gender, grade, pathologic‐T, pathologic‐stage, and pathologic‐M in patients with ccRCC. Meanwhile, Kaplan–Meier analysis evidenced that the high APOC1 expression indicated unfavorable outcomes of ccRCC. Functional experiments in vitro revealed that upregulation of APOC1 in UT33A cells promoted cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, while downregulation of APOC1 in 786‐O cells had the opposite effect. Furthermore, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) was activated in cells with upregulated APOC1 but inhibited in cells with down‐regulated APOC1. Collectively, our data suggested that APOC1 was overexpressed in ccRCC cells and promoted the malignant biological behaviors and EMT of ccRCC cells.

To evaluate the safety of solifenacin and tolterodine in the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB).Studies on the solifenacin, tolterodine and OAB were searched and those fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected. RevMan 5.0 software was used to perform meta-analysis. Three studies were included with an overall sample size of 1013 cases. The experimental group of solifenacin contained 517 cases while the control group had 496 cases.The incidence rates of overall adverse event, dry mouth, constipation and blurred vision of the experimental group (solifenacin 5 mg once per day) was 26.69% (138/517), 10.64% (55/517), 5.42% (28/517) and 6.55% (26/397) while those of the control group (tolterodine 2 mg twice per day) 33.27% (165/496), 16.73% (83/496), 2.22% (11/496) and 4.20% (16/381) respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in overall adverse event (RR = 0.76, 95%CI: 0.52 - 1.12, P = 0.170) and blurred vision (RR = 1.59, 95%CI: 0.88 - 2.90, P = 0.130) between two groups. However, the incidence rate of key antimuscarinic adverse events such as dry mouth (RR = 0.63, 95%CI: 0.46 - 0.87, P = 0.005) and constipation (RR = 2.38, 95%CI: 1.21 - 4.66, P = 0.010) showed statistically significant difference.Dry mouth is the most common adverse event of solifenacin (5 mg once per day) and tolterodine (2 mg twice per day). Solifenacin has a lower incidence rate of dry mouth and a higher rate of constipation than tolterodine. A clinical physician should consider the incidence of adverse events during treating OAB, especially for those patients prone to constipation.

To analyze the influence of intravesical Pirarubicin (THP) instillation on the prediction results of European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) risk tables and to discuss the efficacy of EORTC risk tables in clinical application.We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of 389 patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer after TURBT treated with intravesical pirarubicin instillation. According to the EORTC Scoring System, all the cases were divided into low risk group, intermediate risk group and high risk group. The 1-year and 5-year recurrence and progression rates of each group were calculated and compared with the prediction results of the EORTC risk tables.The 1-year recurrence and progression rates of the low risk group were 8.0% and 0, those of the intermediate risk group were 31.0% and 2.8%, and those of the high risk group were 52.5% and 18.6%, respectively. The 5-year recurrence and progression rates of low risk group were 16.0% and 5.3%, those of the intermediate risk group were 42.6% and 10.7%, and those of the high risk group were 63.9% and 41.9%, respectively. The prediction results of progression rate were similar to that of the EORTC risk tables while the overall recurrence rate was lower.The EORTC risk tables can be effectively used to predict the recurrence rate and progression rate of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. However, the EORTC risk tables have a tendency to overestimate the recurrence rate. Intravesical pirarubicin instillation is helpful to reduce the recurrence rate, yet has no obvious influence on the tumor progression.

Bladder leiomyoma is an uncommon type of bladder neoplasms. Most publications are reports of isolated cases. The influence of tumor size on patients' early symptoms was seldom analyzed. We aim to investigate the clinical characteristics of bladder leiomyoma and the influence of tumor size on patients'symptoms in Chinese population.We reviewed the medical records of eight patients diagnosed with bladder leiomyoma at our department, collected 53 cases from Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wangfang data base, and Chinese Biological Medicine Disk, and performed a pooled analysis. The clinical characteristics of the patients were analyzed and then classified into symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. The association between tumor size and the occurrence of symptoms was evaluated. Furthermore, Logistic regression model was constructed to discriminate variables.Women comprised the majority of the patients (49/61, 80.3%). The mean age and tumor size were (42.3 ± 14.0) years and (45.0 ± 25.7) mm, respectively. Among all the symptoms, irritative symptoms occurred most frequently (37.7%, 23/61), followed by obstructive urinary symptoms (31.1%, 19/61), hematuria (24.6%, 15/61), and abdominal bulge or pain (14.8%, 9/61). In our study, patients who were 45 years old or younger tended to be asymptomatic compared with elder ones (14/36 vs. 3/25, P = 0.021). The histological, as well as anatomical, location of tumor, did not show significant differences between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients (P = 0.306 and 0.700). Tumors larger than 30 mm in the greatest diameter would cause clinical symptoms such as obstructive urinary symptoms (P = 0.048) and irritative symptoms (P = 0.037). Logistic regression confirmed the association between tumor size and the occurrence of symptoms, which was related with age.Bladder leiomyoma occurs mainly in women and most frequently with irritative symptoms. The occurrence of symptoms is related to tumor size rather than the location. In this setting, patients with endovesical tumors smaller than 30 mm in the greatest diameter tended to be asymptomatic, which were usually treated with transurethral resection of bladder tumor.

Primary premature ejaculation (PPE) is a prevalent sexual dysfunction among men while its precise pathologic mechanism has remained poorly understood. In current study the correlation between excitability of bulbocavernosus reflex (BCR) to stimulation of prostatic urethra and primary premature ejaculation was studied.Forty-two patients with PPE and 20 normal potent male volunteers were studied by inserting a specially designed Foley catheter with two electrodes mounted on its distal surface (intraurethral catheter electrode) into bladder to evoke the BCR to stimulation of prostatic urethra to record the sensory thresholds of BCR to stimulation of prostatic urethra, thresholds to evoke stable BCR and latencies of BCR. Also the sensitivity of glans penis to electrical stimulation was detected by two surface electrodes.The mean sensory thresholds of BCR to stimulation of prostatic urethra, thresholds to evoke stable BCR, latencies of BCR and sensory thresholds of glans penis were (18.2 +/- 2.7) mA (0.2 ms in duration, 1 Hz), (34.8 +/- 4.2) mA (0.2 ms, 1 Hz), (71.2 +/- 5.8) ms and (14.2 +/- 1.9) mA (0.04 ms in duration, 3 Hz) in normal potent men respectively and were (12.4 +/- 3.7) mA (0.2 ms, 1 Hz), (23.8 +/- 5.6) mA (0.2 ms, 1 Hz), (70.5 +/- 6.3) ms and (11.9 +/- 2.3) mA (0.04 ms, 3 Hz) in patients with PPE respectively. Statistically significant differences were seen regarding the sensory thresholds of BCR to stimulation of prostatic urethra, the thresholds to evoke stable BCR and the sensory thresholds of glans penis between two groups (all P0.01). No statistically differences were seen regarding the latencies of BCR between two groups (P0.05).Patients with PPE have hyperexcitable BCR to stimulation of prostatic urethra. It is probably one of the important etiological factors. Moreover the findings may provide new therapeutic modalities of PPE.

To establish a new rat model of neurogenic bladder dysfunction caused by lumbar intervertebral disk hernia, and to confirm the model by urodynamic examination.Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into two groups at random:experimental group (n = 15) and pseudo-operation group (n = 5). The rats underwent laparotomy to disclose the intervertebral disk of L(6)-S(1), and a 1.50 mm x 4.50 mm blunt screw with flat end was inserted into the intervertebral disk of L(6)-S(1) of the rats in the experimental group so as to establish the model of lumbar intervertebral disk hernia. Computed radiography (CR) was performed 3 days after the operation to conform the successful insertion of the screw. Combined behavioral score (CBS) was used 1 d, 3 d, 1 week, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks after the operation. Four weeks after the laparotomy a vesical fistula above the pubis was made in all of the rats, and then urodynamic examination was performed three days after this operation.CR after operation confirmed that the blunt screw had been inserted into the lumbar disk of L(6). The CBS scores of the 2 groups at different time points all decreased along with time, and basically remained unchanged 1 week after. The CBS scores of the experiment group were significantly higher than those of the pseudo-operation group (all P0.05). The spontaneous vesical contraction rate in the filling period of the experimental group was (4.37 +/- 2.13) times/min, significantly higher than that of the pseudo-operation group [(0.06 +/- 0.13) times/min, t = 4.425, P = 0.000], the maximum bladder capacity of the experimental group was (1.20 +/- 0.34) ml, significantly greater than that of the pseudo-operation group [(0.60 +/- 0.14) ml, t = 5.141, P = 0.002], and bladder compliance of the experimental group was (0.024 +/- 0.012) ml/cm H(2)O, significantly lower than that of the pseudo-operation group [(0.096 +/- 0.088) ml/cm H(2)O, t = 2.891, P = 0.011], and the leak point pressure of the experimental group was (75 +/- 27) cm H(2)O, not significantly different from that of the pseudo-operation group [(62 +/- 23) cm H(2)O]. The urodynamic examination on the conscious rats confirmed the successful establishment of the neurogenic bladder dysfunction caused by lumbar intervertebral disk hernia.A new model of neurogenic bladder dysfunction caused by lumbar intervertebral disk hernia has been established by insertion of a blunt screw into the lumbar intervertebral disk of L(6). The model is confirmed by urodynamic examination.

To investigate the diagnoses and treatment of interstitial cystitis (IC).The clinical data of 16 IC patients were analyzed respectively. The patients with urinary frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain and chronic pelvic pain. They were misdiagnosed as chronic cystitis, pelvic inflammation, endometriosis, cystophthisis and urethral syndrome, and were diagnosed finally by the means of pathology or cystoscopy. Among the 16 patients, 4 cases had the operation of ileal reservoir, Two cases had sigmoid-cysto-plasty, and 10 cases had drug treatment. The methods of IC diagnosis and treatment were discussed with the review of literature.The pelvic ache disappeared completely in 4 cases after the operation of ileal reservoir; Two cases after cystoplasty felt lightly discomfortable in perineum occasionally, and their bladder capacity was above 350 ml, no recurrence after operation having been found after follow-up for 24 months and 33 months; Ten cases treated with non-operative treatment improved obviously, with the O'Leary-Sant IC symptom index and IC problem index decreased from 15.4 +/- 4.1, 9.4 +/- 2.7 to 4.1 +/- 2.1 and 5.1 +/- 3.9, respectively.Sufficient attention should be paid to the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of IC; Early diagnosis and therapeutic alliance with manifold measures can relieve the patients' symptom and improve the quality of life.