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Objective To investigate the strategy of internal auditory canal (IAC) management in retrosigmoid approach for vestibular schwannoma after accurate implementation of preoperative individualized assessment. Methods The clinical data of 149 patients with vestibular schwannoma who underwent resection via retrosigmoid approach at The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University were retrospectively analyzed from January 2018 to January 2022. The tumors in IAC were conventionally treated by drilling open the posterior wall of the IAC in 95 patients (the drilling open IAC group), and treated by scraping method in 54 patients (the scraping group). Tumor resection rate and postoperative complication rate were recorded, and facial nerve function was evaluated by House⁃Brackmann (H⁃B) grade at 6 months after surgery. Results In the patients who were treated with drilling open the posterior wall of the IAC, gross total resection (GTR) was performed in 37 cases (38.95%), near total resection (NTR) in 30 cases (31.58%), subtotal resection (STR) and majority resection in 28 cases (29.47%). Forty⁃seven cases (49.47%) of H⁃B grade Ⅰ-Ⅱ, 22 cases (23.16%) of Ⅲ and 23 cases (24.21%) of Ⅳ-Ⅵ were classified at 6 months after surgery. Incidence of complications: cerebrospinal fluid (CBF) leakage in 5 cases (5.26%), intracranial infection in 9 cases (9.47%), pulmonary infection in 13 cases (13.68%), and intermuscular venous thrombosis in 6 cases (6.32%). In patients who were treated with scraping method, GTR was performed in 12 cases (22.22%), NTR in 22 cases (40.74%), while STR and majority resection in 20 cases (37.04%). Twenty⁃one cases (38.89%) of H⁃B grade Ⅰ-Ⅱ, 16 cases (29.63%) of Ⅲ and 17 cases (31.48%) of Ⅳ-Ⅵ were classified at 6 months after the surgery. Incidence of complications: CSF leakage in 0 cases, intracranial infection in 4 cases (7.41%), pulmonary infection in 7 cases (12.96%), and intermuscular venous thrombosis in 3 cases (5.56%). Tumor resection rate (χ2=0.902, P=0.342), facial nerve function at 6 months after surgery (χ2=0.282, P=0.594), intracranial infection (χ2=0.185, P=0.667), pulmonary infection (χ2=0.015, P=0.901) and lower limb intermuscular venous thrombosis (χ2=0.035, P=0.851) were not statistically significant in 2 groups. Conclusions Conventionally drilling open the posterior wall of the IAC is the preferred method to deal with the IAC, and scraping can be used as a selective supplement after strict preoperative evaluation.

This study aimed to observe the sociodemographic characteristics of Chinese senior officials who have committed duty crimes as well as the spatial-temporal heterogeneity of their work place and the social network between the offenders. Further, this study aimed to investigate the formation mechanism of Chinese duty crimes and suggest prevention and control measures. Thus, we conducted text analysis, mathematical statistics, and spatial analysis based on data from 321 officials who were at sub-provincial level or above and committed crimes in China from 1985 to 2020. The results showed that: (1) The number of male officials were significantly higher than their female counterparts, the majority of officials who first disciplined and violated laws were middle-aged, and most of them were middle-aged and older adults when they were disciplined. The criminal charges were mainly corruption and bribery, and crimes mainly occurred in the energy enterprise, government department, and central government-led enterprise. (2) In terms of time, the first time the officials disciplined and violated the laws were concentrated between 1988 and 2008, showing "high fluctuation with three peaks at 1994, 2000, and 2003." The number of offenders showed the trend of "four peaks" and can be divided in to two groups: 2001 and 2004, 2014 and 2017, first increased slightly and thereafter rapidly. After 2011, the number has increased approximately straight, indicating social and economic changes and anti-corruption efforts. (3) Regarding space, most officials resided in North China, East China, and Central China, with hotspots appearing in Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Tianjin, Beijing, and parts of Henan, Jilin, and Heilongjiang provinces. The officials' work places were concentrated in North China, East China, and Central China, with hotspots and clusters in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, and Shanxi provinces with a few clusters in Henan, Sichuan, Chongqing, and Guangdong provinces. Most of the officials who changed their places of employment moved to Beijing until they were disciplined, and 36.57% of them worked in their hometown until discipline. The radiation effect of the offenders' criminal behavior appeared to rely on geo-relationships and relatives and friends, take the officials themselves as the center, the members of the officials' social network relations are the key nodes to radiate outward, the criminal trajectories forming the "mobile criminal network" with characteristics of personal life trajectories. (4) Public choice theory can explain the emergence of duty crimes. Officials will take their own conditions and external environment into consideration, compare the costs and benefits of the crime and decide whether to commit duty crimes. These findings suggest that duty crimes can be comprehensively prevented and managed from various aspects.

With the rapid development of the economic and social situation and the improvement of public security defense and governance, the quantity of cases of child trafficking by means of theft, forcible robbery, and deception has decreased significantly, and the offense of selling offspring has shown an obvious increasing trend. Based on the case data of child trafficking crime on the website of Chinese Judicial Documents, this study examines the spatiotemporal pattern and criminal decision-making mechanism of offense of selling offspring. The results are as follows: (1) Sold children are characterized by "younger age," most of them are zero-year-old infants, and males are far more represented than females. Most sellers are young and middle-aged men or young women, mainly unemployed, farmers and workers. They sell their offspring to buyers with strong demand through social networks of acquaintances, special occupational groups, traffickers, network media, or persuasion by buyers/intermediaries. The reasons for selling include economic difficulties, out of wedlock birth, extra births, intermediary solicitation, debt repayment. (2) Temporally, the annual change of crime can be divided into three stages: stable sequence and low incidence, rapid growth and sustained high incidence, and steady decline, which are mainly affected by China's population policy, action on combating trafficking, and the development of the website of Chinese Judicial Documents. The monthly change presents a synchronous trend on the birth and betrayal time of the children, with spring and summer being more represented than autumn and winter. (3) Spatially, the origin region of selling presents the pattern of "three sources" with "Sichuan-Shandong-Fujian" as the core, and the destination region of selling presents the pattern of "North-South two sinks" with "Shandong-Fujian" as the core on the macro level. Microscopically, it occurs in closed spaces with a frequent flow of people, and residential buildings and open spaces with a frequent flow of people. The overall trafficking path is "inter-provincial flowing out from the southwest source area and intra-provincial flow of the South-North sink area." Inter-provincial migration is mostly driven by interests and is dominated by trafficking criminal groups, while intra-provincial migration is mostly formed by temporary one-time gang crimes to meet the needs of buying and selling. (4) Based on the theory of rational choice, this study constructs a decision-making framework for the offense of selling offspring, and finds that the crime is mainly affected by the comprehensive influence of background factors, previous experience, and situational induction, and the bounded rational choice made by potential criminals under the decision-making evaluation of "benefit-cost-risk." After deciding to sell their children, potential criminals will choose the appropriate time, place, and way to maximize interests.

The crime of trafficking has a long history of causing serious harm to the victims, their families, and social stability, which has aroused widespread concern from the public and academic circles. Studies have shown that the southwest region of China has the highest incidence of trafficking crimes; thus, this study examines the trial data of Chinese judgment documents of the southwestern regions (Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Chongqing) from 2008 to 2020. The study comprehensively uses text analysis, mathematical statistics, spatial analysis, and negative binomial regression test to explore spatial and temporal variation patterns and the factors influencing them. The study then proposes countermeasures for prevention, control, and management. The research shows that: (1) The overall high incidence of trafficking crimes occurred in the period 2009-2014, showing a wavy pattern of "three peaks and two valleys." The "three peaks" occurred in 2009, 2012, and 2014, whereas the "two valleys" occurred in 2010 and 2013. The highest incidence was in December, with the next highest incidences concentrated in May, June, July, and September for women, and May, July, August and September for children. On the whole, trafficking crimes occurred mostly in the summer months. The four provinces have had different degrees of inter-year and inter-month variations in the trafficking of women and children. (2) The overall spatial distribution is in the shape of a significant "southeast-northwest" axis, which is highly consistent with the boundary line between Sichuan and Chongqing, Yunnan, and Guizhou, and the inter-provincial border area is a hotspot for trafficking crimes. The provincial spatial distribution is the highest in Yunnan Province and the lowest in Chongqing. Trafficking mostly occurs at medical care institutions, stations, and rural residences with a large flow of people. (3) Negative binomial regression analysis of the random effects panel shows the incidence of trafficking crimes as influenced by the gender ratio of the population and the number of urban and rural residents' minimum living standards, while the per capita disposable income of rural residents, the registered urban unemployment rate, the child dependency ratio,and the volume of passenger transport have negative effects; whereas the population sex ratio, passenger traffic, and the number of urban and rural residents on the minimum subsistence allowance have a greater impact on the crime of trafficking of women. Finally, based on the analysis of the influencing factors, the three aspects of strengthening social construction, innovating prevention mechanisms, and strengthening combating mechanisms are proposed as the prevention and control countermeasures, with a view to dismantle the breeding ground for the crime of trafficking of women and children.

Light entrains the endogenous circadian clocks of organisms to synchronize their behavioral and physiological rhythms with the natural photoperiod. The presence of artificial light at night disrupts these photoperiodic cues and is currently considered to be a major threat to key fitness-related behaviors, including sleep disruption and physiological stress. Research on the ecological influence of forest pest and their natural enemies is lacking. The wood-boring insects significantly damage forest and urban forest ecosystem functions. The parasitic beetles, Dastarcus helophoroides is an important natural enemy of wood-boring insects, especially those in the Cerambycidae family. However, the effect of artificial light at night on the locomotor rhythms and oviposition capacity of D. helophoroides has received little attention. To address this gap, diel changes in the locomotor activity and number of eggs laid by female D. helophoroides was analyzed under different light-dark (LD) cycles and temperatures. The results showed that the 24-h rhythmic of locomotor activity in these beetles was elevated in darkness and reduced under illumination, indicating that they are nocturnal insects. This activity has two major peaks, the evening (1–8 h after lights off) and morning (3.5–12.5 h after lights off) components, reflecting that light mediate regular changes in locomotor activity. Moreover, the circadian rhythms and active percentage were influenced by the illumination duration and temperature, especially constant light and 40°C. Females laid more eggs under the 16 L: 8 D cycles at 30°C than under the other combinations of photoperiod (including constant light and darkness) and temperature. Finally, the potential influence of exposure to four ecologically relevant intensities of artificial light at night (0, 1, 10 or 100 lx) on oviposition capacity was studied. The results showed that lifetime exposure to bright artificial light (1–100 lx) at night decreased the number of eggs laid relative to those laid with no lighting at night. These results demonstrate that chronic exposure to bright artificial light at night may influence the locomotor activity and oviposition capacity of this parasitic beetle.

Abstract Background Suppressed mitochondrial biosynthesis has been reported to be the early signal of mitochondrial dysfunction which contributes to diabetic cardiomyopathy, but the mechanism of mitochondrial biosynthesis suppression is unclear. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is closely related to diabetic cardiovascular complications. This study was to determine whether endogenous ADMA accumulation was involved in the suppression of myocardial mitochondrial biogenesis in diabetic rats and to elucidate the potential mechanism in rat cardiomyocytes. Methods Type 2 diabetic rat model was induced by high-fat feeding plus single intraperitoneal injection of small dose streptozotocin (35 mg/kg). The copy number ratio of mitochondrial gene to nuclear gene was measured to reflect mitochondrial biogenesis. The promoter activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and its post-translational modifications were detected by dual-luciferase reporter assay and immunoprecipitation. Results Myocardial ADMA content was enhanced and associated with suppressions of myocardial mitochondrial biogenesis and cardiac function in parallel with PGC-1α downregulation and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) upregulation in the myocardium of diabetic rats compared with control rats. Similarly, ADMA and its homolog could inhibit myocardial mitochondrial biogenesis and PGC-1α expression, increase UCP2 expression and oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, ADMA also suppressed the promoter activity and PGC-1α expression but boosting its protein acetylation and phosphorylation in rat cardiomyocytes. Conclusions These results indicate that endogenous ADMA accumulation contributes to suppression of myocardial mitochondrial biogenesis in type 2 diabetic rats. The underlying mechanisms may be associated with reducing PGC-1α promoter activity and expression but boosting its protein acetylation and phosphorylation.

The effects of foliar application of spermidine (Spd) on the physiological aspects of salt-stressed oat seedlings were studied under greenhouse conditions. At the seedling stage, the salt-sensitive variety, namely, Caoyou 1 and the salt-tolerant variety, namely, Baiyan 2 were treated with 70 and 100 mM of salt, followed by the foliar application of 0.75 mM Spd or distilled water. Results showed that Spd application increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and reduced the rate of O2⋅– production and the accumulation of H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA). In addition, it increased the level of zeatin riboside (ZR) and the content of endogenous polyamines. The application of Spd increased the contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, and free proline and helped maintain the osmotic balance of oat leaves. At the same time, foliar Spd treatment helped in maintaining the ion nutrition balance. Specifically, it reduced the content of Na+ and thereby stabilized the ratio of Na+/K+, Na+/Ca2+, and Na+/Mg2+. The effects of Spd application were more obvious for the salt-sensitive cultivar Caoyou 1 and under the lighter 70 mM salt stress.