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Morphinan antagonists, which block opioid effects at mu-opioid receptors, have been studied for their analgesic potential. Previous studies have suggested that these antagonists elicit analgesia with fewer adverse effects in the presence of the mutant mu-opioid receptor (MOR; S196A). However, introducing a mutant receptor for medical applications represents significant challenges. We hypothesize that binding a chemical compound to the MOR may elicit a comparable effect to the S196A mutation. Through high-throughput screening and structure-activity relationship studies, we identified a modulator, 4-(2-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxothiazolidin-3-yl)-3-methylbenzoic acid (BPRMU191), which confers agonistic properties to small-molecule morphinan antagonists, which induce G protein-dependent MOR activation. Co-application of BPRMU191 and morphinan antagonists resulted in MOR-dependent analgesia with diminished side effects, including gastrointestinal dysfunction, antinociceptive tolerance, and physical and psychological dependence. Combining BPRMU191 and morphinan antagonists could serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for severe pain with reduced adverse effects and provide an avenue for studying G protein-coupled receptor modulation., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests S.-H.U., S.-H.Y., S.-Y.L., H.H.L., and C.S. have a granted patent (no. US10544113 B2) covering BPRMU191., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The development of opioid analgesics with reduced adverse effects is an unmet need. In a previous study, we discovered a unique combination of BPRMU191 and morphinan antagonists that produced potent antinociception with reduced adverse effects after central administration (intrathecal or intracerebroventricular). BPRMU191/naltrexone exhibits notable in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties. However, the poor blood-brain barrier penetrative ability of BPRMU191 restricts its clinical application. In this study, we utilized a prodrug strategy to deliver sufficient brain concentrations of BPRMU191 and selected compound 2 (DBPR116) with the best physicochemical and pharmacological properties among other in vivo active prodrugs. The in vivo pharmacological studies of compound 2 /naltrexone, including thermally stimulated pain, cancer pain, constipation, sedation, psychological dependence, heart rate, and respiratory frequency measurements, demonstrated that it was a safer opioid analgesic than morphine in pain control.

Piperine, a natural amide isolated from the genus of Piper , serves as a pharmacophore in medicinal chemistry. In this study, we synthesised and evaluated 18 novel piperine-acylhydrazone hybrids ( 4a - 4r ) for their antiproliferative activities in vitro . The structures of these hybrids were validated using 1 H, 13 C NMR, and HR-ESI-MS data. Furthermore, we screened all synthesised compounds for their antiproliferative activities against three human cancer cell lines: FaDu (laryngeal carcinoma cells), HepG2 (hepatoblastoma carcinoma cells), and MGC803 (gastric carcinoma cells). Among them, compound 4o exhibited significantly inhibitory activities against FaDu, HepG2, and MGC803 with IC 50 values of 13.85 ± 0.19, 11.02 ± 1.45, and 13.47 ± 3.43  μ M, respectively, which was approximately two-fold lower than the positive control cisplatin. These findings suggest that compound 4o has the potential to be promising leads for the design of anti-cancer drugs.

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (LNS) is a congenital defect disease that results in defective purine metabolism. It is caused by pathogenic variants of the HPRT gene. Its clinical symptoms mainly include high uric acid levels, gout, and kidney stones and damage. The mechanism of LNS has not been fully elucidated, and no cure exists. Animal models have always played an important role in exploring causative mechanisms and new therapies. This study combined CRISPR/Cas9 and microinjection to knock out the HPRT gene to create an LNS rabbit model. A sgRNA targeting exon 3 of HPRT gene was designed. Subsequently, Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA were injected into rabbit zygotes, and injected embryos were transferred to the uterus. The genotype and phenotype of rabbits were analyzed after birth. Four infant rabbits (named R1, R2, R3 and R4), which showed varying levels of gene modification, were born. The gene-editing efficiency was 100%. No wild-type sequences at the target HPRT gene were detected in R4 rabbit. Next, 6-thioguanine drug testing confirmed that HPRT enzymatic activity was deficient in R4 infant rabbit. HE staining revealed kidney abnormalities in all infant rabbits. Overall, an sgRNA capable of knocking out the HPRT gene in rabbits was successfully designed, and HPRT gene-modified rabbits were successfully constructed by using CRISPR/Cas9 technology and microinjection. This study provides a new nonrodent animal model for studying LNS syndrome.

Plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the key distress signals involved in tritrophic interactions, by which plants recruit predators to protect themselves from herbivores. However, the effect of nitrogen fertilization on VOCs that mediate tritrophic interactions remains largely unidentified. In this study, a maize ( Zea mays )-aphid ( Rhopalosiphum padi) -ladybird ( Harmonia axyridis) tritrophic interaction model was constructed under high-nitrogen (HN) and low-nitrogen (LN) regimens. H. axyridis had a stronger tendency to be attracted by aphid-infested maize under HN conditions. Then, volatiles were collected and identified from maize leaves on which aphids had fed. All of the HN-induced volatiles (HNIVs) elicited an electroantennogram (EAG) response from H. axyridis . Of these HNIVs, 1-nonene was attractive to H. axyridis under simulated natural volatilization. Furthermore, our regression showed that the release of 1-nonene was positively correlated with H. axyridis visitation rates. Supplying 1-nonene to maize on which aphids had fed under LN enhanced attractiveness to H. axyridis. These results supported the conclusion that 1-nonene was the active compound that mediated the response to nitrogen in the tritrophic interaction. In addition, the 1-nonene synthesis pathway was hypothesized, and we found that the release of 1-nonene might be related to the presence of salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA). This research contributes to the development of novel environmentally friendly strategies to optimize nitrogen fertilizer application and to improve pest control in maize crops., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Zhao, Pan, Wang, Wang, Wang and Xi.)

Imidazole-based compounds are a series of heterocyclic compounds that exhibit a wide range of biological and pharmaceutical activities. However, those extant syntheses using conventional protocols can be time-costly, require harsh conditions, and result in low yields. As a novel and green technique, sonochemistry has emerged as a promising method for organic synthesis with several advantages over conventional methods, including enhancing reaction rates, improving yields, and reducing the use of hazardous solvents. Contemporarily, a growing body of ultrasound-assisted reactions have been applied in the preparation of imidazole derivatives, which demonstrated greater benefits and provided a new strategy. Herein, we introduce the brief history of sonochemistry and focus on the discussion of the multifarious approaches for the synthesis of imidazole-based compounds under ultrasonic irradiation and its advantages in comparison with conventional protocols, including typical name-reactions and various sorts of catalysts in those reactions.

Odorant-degrading enzymes in insects play a vital role in maintaining olfactory sensitivity. However, the role and molecular mechanism of glutathione S -transferases (GSTs) in odorant inactivation has been rarely studied. In the present study, 31 GSTs were identified from the antennal transcriptome of Holotrichia parallela . HpGSTd1 possesses the highest transcriptome expression level. Recombinant HpGSTd1 showed degradation activity toward various unsaturated aldehyde volatiles. Furthermore, the metabolite of cinnamaldehyde was identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The molecular docking analysis and site-directed mutagenesis revealed the key residues of HpGSTd1 in degrading odorants. In addition, the unsaturated aldehyde volatiles elicited the behavioral and electrophysiological responses of H. parallela . Taken together, our findings suggest that HpGSTd1 may play an essential role in inactivating odorants in H. parallela , which provides new insights for identifying molecular targets and exploring effective olfactory regulators for this underground pest.

The reuterin system is a complex multi-component antimicrobial system produced by Limosilactobacillus reuteri by metabolizing glycerol. The system mainly includes 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3-HPA, reuterin), 3-HPA dimer, 3-HPA hydrate, acrolein and 3-hydroxypropionic acid, and has great potential to be applied in the food and medical industries due to its functional versatility. It has been reported that the reuterin system possesses regulation of intestinal flora and anti-infection, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. Typically, the reuterin system exerts strong broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. However, the antimicrobial mechanism of the reuterin system remains unclear, and its toxicity is still controversial. This paper presents an updated review on the biosynthesis, composition, biological production, antimicrobial mechanisms, stability, toxicity and potential applications of the reuterin system. Challenges and opportunities of the use of the reuterin system as a food preservative or health-promoting agent are also discussed. The present work will allow researchers to accelerate their studies toward solving critical challenges obstructing industrial applications of the reuterin system.

We identified, via high-throughput screening using a FLIPR® calcium assay, compound 1, which incorporated a dihydroquinolinyl-2-oxoethylsulfanyl-(1H,5H)-pyrimidinedione core and activated the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) in the presence of naloxone or naltrexone. A structure-activity relationship study of the analogs of 1 led to the design of compound 21, which activated MOR in the presence of naloxone with an EC 50 of 3.3 ± 0.2 μM. MOR activation by the compound 21-antagonist pair was antagonist-dependent. Compound 21 did not affect the potency of the orthosteric agonist, morphine, toward MOR, indicating that it affected the function of MOR antagonists rather than that of the agonists. Computer modeling of the compound 21-MOR-naloxone complex revealed major interactions between compound 21 and MOR, including hydrogen bonding with Ser196, π-π stacking with Tyr149, and sulfur-aromatic interaction with Trp192. This study may pave the way for developing agents capable of safe and effective MOR modulation., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To investigate the effects of Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR) on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) /exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac) signaling pathway in the treatment of chronically infected cough mice with Yin deficiency syndrome., Methods: Mice were randomly divided into blank control group, model control group, positive control group and ASR group ( n =8). The chronic cough mouse model of hyperreactive and infected airway with Yin deficiency syndrome was established with fumigation (once a day, 30 days in total), lipopolysaccharide nasal drip (every 3 days 10 μl, 10 times in total), intragastric administration of thyroid gland (120 mg/kg, once a day, a total of 15 days) and inhalation of ammonia (3 min / time × 10 times). On the basis of observing eating and drinking water, body weight and autonomic activities, the effects of ASR on metabolic level, autonomous activities, antitussive effect, cell factor in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) brain tissue 5-HT and lung tissue related active factors(SP, PGP9.5, cAMP, Epac1) were detected., Results: ASR could significantly restrain cough, alleviate the pathological changes of bronchioles, reduce the contents of IL-4, IL-13, TNF-α in BALF and the levels of SP, PGP9.5, cAMP and Epac1 in lung tissues, increase the content of 5-HT in brain tissue ( P ＜0.05, 0.01)., Conclusion: ASR has some effects on restraining cough and one of its mechanisms is to down-regulate cAMP/Epac signaling pathway, to alleviate airway neurogenic inflammation and reduce sensitivity of cough neural pathway.

Background: Many herbivore-induced volatiles have been proven to act as signaling compounds to regulate nearby plant defense responses. However, the precise roles of key volatiles produced by maize roots after Holotrichia parallela larva feeding remain largely unknown., Results: We investigated changes in phytohormones and volatiles in maize roots after H. parallela larval infestation. Marked increases in the phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) and the volatiles jasmone and tetradecane were induced by herbivores, whereas the salicylic acid content decreased. In addition, pre-exposure to tetradecane markedly increased the levels of the stress hormone JA, its precursors and derivatives, and related gene expression. In addition, pre-exposure altered the production of defensive benzoxazinoid secondary metabolites, resulting in increased plant resistance to H. parallela larvae. Plants pre-exposed to jasmone did not differ from control plants. In addition, bioassays showed that H. parallela larval growth was suppressed by feeding maize roots after pre-exposure to tetradecane., Conclusion: These results demonstrate that tetradecane may function as a potent defense induction signal that prepares neighboring plants for incoming attacks. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Modulating the biological status of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), such as function and survival, is essential for therapeutic angiogenesis in ischemic vascular disease environments. This study aimed to explore the role and molecular mechanisms underlying Netrin‑1 in the viability and angiogenic function of EPCs. EPCs were isolated from the bone barrow of adult C57/BL6 mice. The apoptosis and various functions of EPCs were analyzed in vitro by manipulating the expression of Netrin‑1. The TUNEL assay was performed to detect apoptotic EPCs. Cell migration and tube formation assays were performed to detect EPC function. Trypan blue staining was performed to detect cell viability. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the protein expression levels of Netrin‑1, CD146 and apoptotic factors. Quantitative PCR analysis was performed to detect the expression levels of Netrin‑1 receptors. The results demonstrated that treatment with exogenous Netrin‑1 promoted EPC migration and tube formation, whereas transfection with small interfering (si)RNA targeting Netrin‑1 exhibited the opposite effects. Exogenous Netrin‑1 protected EPCs from hypoxia‑induced apoptosis, whereas the interruption of endogenous Netrin‑1 enhancement under hypoxia by Netrin‑1‑siRNA exacerbated the apoptosis of EPCs. Furthermore, CD146, one of the immunoglobulin receptors activated by Netrin‑1, was screened for in the present study. Results demonstrated that CD146 did not participate in Netrin‑1‑promoted EPC function, but mediated the anti‑apoptotic effects of Netrin‑1 in EPCs. In conclusion, Netrin‑1 enhanced the angiogenic function of EPCs and alleviated hypoxia‑induced apoptosis, which was mediated by CD146. This biological function of Netrin‑1 may provide a potential therapeutic option to promote EPCs for the treatment of ischemic vascular diseases.

Objective: To investigate the clinical indicators for preoperative prediction of impacted ureteral stones and analyze the predictive value of ureteral wall area(UWA). Methods: A total of 197 patients who underwent ureteroscopic lithotripsy due to ureteral stones at our institution from January to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Preoperative patient age, gender, body mass index (BMI), history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, side of stone, location of stone, maximum diameter of stone, CT value of stone, C-reactive protein (CRP), creatinine, renal pelvis diameter, ureteral wall thickness and UWA were collected. Patients were divided into impacted and non-impacted groups according to whether the stones were impacted intraoperatively. Univariate analysis was used to compare the differences in each clinical indicator between the two groups, and multivariate logistic regression was performed to analyze the independent predictors of impacted stones for those with differences. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the predictive power of each independent predictor, and the Delong test was used to analyze whether the difference in the area under the curve (AUC) of each independent predictor was statistically significant. Results: All 197 patients successfully completed the operation, aged 51 (36, 56) years; 137 males and 60 females. According to the results of ureteroscopy, they were divided into 82 cases of impacted ureteral stones and 115 cases of non-impacted ureteral stones. Univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences in maximum stone diameter, stone CT value, renal pelvis diameter, ureteral wall thickness and ureteral wall area between the two groups ( P <0.05); There was no significant difference in age, gender, BMI, history of hypertension, diabetes, stone side, location of stone, CRP and creatinine ( P >0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that stone CT value ( P <0.01), ureteral wall thickness ( P <0.001) and ureteral wall area were independent predictors of impacted ureteral stones ( P <0.001). The ROC curve was used to compare the predictive efficacy of independent predictors of stone CT value, ureteral wall thickness and ureteral wall area. The area under the ureteral wall area curve was the largest (AUC = 0.901, 95% CI : 0.859-0.943, P <0.001), followed by ureteral wall thickness (AUC = 0.799, 95% CI : 0.736-0.862, P <0.001) and stone CT value (AUC = 0.700, 95% CI : 0.626-0.775, P <0.001). By Delong test, there were significant differences in AUC between ureteral wall area and stone CT value ( Z =4.527, P <0.001) and ureteral wall thickness ( Z =3.407, P <0.001). The best predictive value of ureteral wall area was 79.6 mm 2 . The sensitivity and specificity of this critical value for predicting ureteral incarcerated calculi were 80.1% and 89.5%. Conclusions: The UWA, ureteral wall thickness as well as the CT value of stones were all independent predictors of impacted ureteral stones, and UWA had a better predictive value.

Objective: To investigate the effects of Butylphthalide (NBP) on airway mucus hypersecretion, interleukin-13 (IL-13) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in asthmatic mice. Methods: The mice were randomly divided into control group, asthma group, DEX group and high, medium and low doses of NBP (100, 50, 25 mg/kg) groups ( n =12). Ovalbumin (OVA) injection was sensitized on the 1st, 8th, and 15th day of the experiment, and OVA was inhaled on the 22nd day to stimulate for 5 weeks to replicate the asthma model, and 20 mg/kg of NBP was given for intervention before the challenge. Finally, the asthma behavior, the secretion of goblet cells and Mucin 5ac (Muc5ac)were observed, and meanwhile the viscosity of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and the levels of Muc5ac, IL-13 and TNF-α in BALF were measured by ELISA. Results: Compared with the control group, the degree of sneezing, nose scratching and asthma, the proliferation of airway epithelial goblet cells and secretion of Muc5ac in the asthma group were increased significantly ( P ＜0.01), meanwhile, the viscosity of BALF and the contents of Muc5ac, IL-13 and TNF-α were also increased significantly ( P ＜0.01). Compared with the asthma group, the above behavioral scores of asthma were decreased significantly ( P ＜0.01) after the intervention of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg NBP, as well as the proliferation of airway epithelial goblet cells, secretion of Muc5ac, the viscosity of BALF and the contents of Muc5ac, IL-13 and TNF-α were significantly lower than those of the asthma group ( P ＜0.05, 0.01). Conclusion: NBP has the effect of anti-asthma by inhibiting mucus hypersecretion, and one of its mechanisms is to alleviate the abnormal expressions of IL-13 and TNF-α.

Purpose: Through the method of network pharmacology, the active components and targets of Shenqi Wan (SQW) were excavated, the relationship with novel Coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) was discussed, and the possible mechanism of SQW in the treatment of COVID-19 was revealed from the aspects of multicomponents, multitargets, and multipathways., Methods: Firstly, the active components of SQW were screened from traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform and the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopeia, and the related targets of the components were obtained. Then the disease targets related to COVID-19 were screened from GeneCards and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Venny was used to map the relationship between component-target and disease-target, and String was used to analyze the interaction of common targets. The network was constructed and analyzed by Cytoscape, the function of Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) genes was enriched by Metascape, and the molecular docking was verified by CB-Dock., Results: Finally, 45 active components of SQW were obtained, and 72 potential targets were related to COVID-19, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), interleukin (IL)-6, nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) and, C-reactive protein (CRP),may be the key targets. GO enrichment of 1715 projects, such as lipopolysaccharide stress response, active oxygen metabolism, positive regulation of cell migration, and other GO enrichment. About 136 KEGG pathways, tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α signaling pathway were obtained. Molecular docking showed that kaempferol, quercetin, luteolin, astragaloside, calyx isoflavone glucoside, matrine, and other COVID-19-related targets such as ACE2, chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), papain-like protease (PLpro), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) have good binding ability., Conclusion: According to the above results, it is suggested that SQW may play a role in the treatment of COVID-19 by directly or indirectly combining kaempferol, quercetin, and luteolin with ACE2, 3CLpro, PLpro, and PTGS2 to regulate multiple biological functions and signaling pathways.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of real-time transrectal ultrasound-guided seminal vesiculoscopy (TRUS-SVS) in the treatment of azoospermia secondary to ejaculatory duct obstruction., Methods: This retrospective study included 40 cases of azoospermia secondary to bilateral ejaculatory ducts obstruction treated by TRUS-SVS from June 2016 to June 2018 after failure to enter the vesiculoscope through the ejaculatory duct or prostatic utricle. We analyzed the success rate of surgery, operation time, postoperative complications, treatment results, and application value of TRUS-SVS., Results: Real-time TRUS-SVS was successfully performed in 36 (90.0%) of the cases, 33 through bilateral and the other 3 through unilateral seminal vesicle, with a mean operation time of (32.8 ± 16.6) min. Thirty-seven of the cases were followed up for 6－15 (mean 9.3) months, of which sperm were found in 31 at 1－3 months and in 25 at 3－12 months, and pregnancies achieved in 9 cases within 12 months after surgery. No serious complications as retrograde ejaculation, urinary incontinence and rectal injury were observed postoperatively, except 2 cases of epididymitis and 2 cases of hematuria, which were all cured., Conclusions: For the patients who failed in seminal vesiculoscopy through the ejaculatory duct or prostatic utricle, real-time TRUS-SVS is a recommended procedure with the advantages of a high success rate, less damage to the prostate and rectum, and benefit to the improvement of semen quality.

The larvae of Holotrichia parallela , a destructive belowground herbivore, causes tremendous damages to maize plants. However, little is known if there are any defense mechanisms in maize roots to defend themselves against this herbivore. In the current research, we carried out RNA-sequencing to investigate the changes in gene transcription level in maize roots after H. parallela larvae infestation. A total of 644 up-regulated genes and 474 down-regulated genes was found. In addition, Gene ontology (GO) annotation analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were performed. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) indicated that peroxidase genes may be the hub genes that regulate maize defenses to H. parallela larvae attack. We also found 105 transcription factors, 44 hormone-related genes, and 62 secondary metabolism-related genes within differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Furthermore, the expression profiles of 12 DEGs from the transcriptome analysis were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR experiments. This transcriptome analysis provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of the underground defense in maize roots to H. parallela larvae attack and will help to select target genes of maize for defense against belowground herbivory.

Objective: To investigate the clinical therapeutic effects of sacral nerve magnetic stimulation (SNMS) combined with extracorporeal shockwave (ECSW) in the treatment of type-ⅢB chronic prostatitis., Methods: This study included 65 cases of type-ⅢB chronic prostatitis treated in Renji Hospital between March 2017 and August 2018. The patients were aged 34.56 + 7.47 years and had an average disease course of 12.95 + 10.73 months. We randomly assigned the patients to an experimental (n = 33) and a control group (n = 32) to be treated by SNMS+ECSW and biofeedback combined with electrical stimulation, respectively, qd alt, 40 minutes once, for a total of 24 times. Before and after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment, we obtained the NIH-CPSI scores, maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), average urinary flow rate (Qavg), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) scores and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) scores of the patients, recorded their adverse reactions and compared the clinical therapeutic effects between the two groups of patients., Results: After treatment, the experimental group showed significant improvement in the pain score, urination score, quality of life (QOL) score and NIH-CPSI total scores in comparison with the baseline (P < 0.05), even more significant after 8 than after 4 weeks of treatment (P < 0.05), and in all the indexes as compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Qmax and Qavg were remarkably improved at 8 weeks (P < 0.05) and so were SDS and SAS scores at 4 and 8 weeks (P < 0.05), even more significantly in the experimental than in the control group (P < 0.05). Among the 33 patients in the experimental group, 25 (75.8%) responded (14 ［42.4%］ cured or with excellent effect), with a significantly higher effectiveness rate than the control group (7［46.9%］， P < 0.01). No obvious adverse events were observed in any of the patients during the treatment., Conclusions: SNMS+ECSW can effectively improve the clinical symptoms and QOL of the patients with type-ⅢB chronic prostatitis, without causing obvious adverse reactions. Its long-term therapeutic effect, however, remains to be further studied.

Morphine is widely used for the treatment of severe pain. This analgesic effect is mediated principally by the activation of μ-opioid receptors (MOR). However, prolonged activation of MOR also results in tolerance, dependence, addiction, constipation, nausea, sedation, and respiratory depression. To address this problem, we sought alternative ways to activate MOR - either by use of novel ligands, or via a novel activation mechanism. To this end, a series of compounds were screened using a sensitive CHO-K1/MOR/Gα15 cell-based FLIPR ® calcium high-throughput screening (HTS) assay, and the bithiazole compound 5a was identified as being able activate MOR in combination with naloxone. Structural modifications of 5a resulted in the discovery of lead compound 5j, which could effectively activate MOR in combination with the MOR antagonist naloxone or naltrexone. In vivo, naloxone in combination with 100 mg/kg of compound 5j elicited antinociception in a mouse tail-flick model with an ED 50 of 17.5 ± 4 mg/kg. These results strongly suggest that the mechanism by which the 5j/naloxone combination activates MOR is worthy of further study, as its discovery has the potential to yield an entirely novel class of analgesics., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Olfaction and gustation play critical roles in the daily activities of insects by mediating important behaviors, such as locating host plants, mates and oviposition sites. These behaviors are mediated by a series of chemosensory receptor proteins, including odorant receptors (ORs), gustatory receptors (GRs) and ionotropic receptors (IRs). Holotrichia parallela is a worldwide pest on many crops and particularly on peanuts in China. In the present study, we produced Illumina-based transcriptomes from male and female antennae and ultimately identified 47 candidate ORs, 15 GRs and 27 IRs. Based on phylogenetic analyses, the relatedness with other species and possible functions of chemosensory genes were predicted and analyzed, such as the putative OR co-receptor (HparOR40), IR co-receptors (HparIR1 and HparIR27), carbon dioxide receptors (HparGR5 and HparGR14) and sugar receptors (HparGR8, HparGR11 and HparGR13). The differences in expression between genes and between sexes were analyzed using FPKM values and visualized in heat maps. Furthermore, the qRT-PCR results of 26 candidate genes were assessed to validate the differential expression analyses between sexes and between olfactory and non-olfactory tissues. Thirteen genes were more highly expressed in female than in male antennae, whereas four genes had higher expression in male than in female antennae. Twelve genes were predominantly expressed in the antennae as olfactory organs compared with expression in non-olfactory tissues. Our study was the first to annotate the chemosensory receptors of H. parallela, and it will provide a strong foundation for future work on physiology and ecology at the molecular level., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

It is difficult to control Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky with chemical insecticides due to the larvae's soil-living habit, thus the pest has caused great economic losses in agriculture. In addition, uridine diphosphate-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze the glycosylation process of a variety of small lipophilic molecules with sugars to produce water-soluble glycosides, and play multiple roles in detoxification, endobiotic modulation, and sequestration in an insect. Some UGTs were found specifically expressed in antennae of Drosophila melanogaster and Spodoptera littoralis, and glucurono-conjugated odorants could not elicit any olfactory signals, suggesting that the UGTs may play roles in odorant inactivation by biotransformation. In the current study, we performed a genome-wide analysis of the candidate UGT family in the dark black chafer, H. parallela. Based on a UGT gene signature and the similarity of these genes to UGT homologs from other organisms, 20 putative H. parallela UGT genes were identified. Bioinformatics analysis was used to predict sequence and structural features of H. parallela UGT proteins, and revealed important domains and residues involved in sugar donor binding and catalysis by comparison with human UGT2B7. Phylogenetic analysis of these 20 UGT protein sequences revealed eight major groups, including both order-specific and conserved groups, which are common to more than one order. Of these 20 UGT genes, HparUGT1265-1, HparUGT3119, and HparUGT8312 were highly (>100-fold change) expressed in antennae, suggesting a possible role in olfactory tissue, and most likely in odorant inactivation and olfactory processing. The remaining UGT genes were expressed in all tissues (head, thorax, abdomen, leg, and wing), indicating that these UGTs likely have different biological functions. This study provides the fundamental basis for determining the function of UGTs in a highly specialized olfactory organ, the H. parallela antenna.

Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanomaterials (UCNMs) have promoted extensive interest for its biological research and biomedical applications, benefiting from low autofluorescence background, deep light penetration depth, and minimal photo-damage to biological tissues. However, owing to the 980 nm laser-induced overheating issue and the attenuation effect associated with conventional multi-peak emissions, the usage of UCNMs as fluorescent bioprobes is still limited. To address these issues, an effective strategy has been proposed to tune both the excitation and emission peaks of UCNMs into the first biological window (650 ∼ 900 nm), where the light absorption by water and hemoglobin in biological tissues is minimal. Based on the Nd 3+ /Yb 3+ cascade-sensitized upconversion process and efficient exchange-energy transfer between Mn 2+ and Er 3+ in conjunction with the active-core@active-shell nanostructured design, we have developed a new class of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) that exhibit strong single-band red emission upon excitation of an 808 nm near-infrared laser. Hopefully, the well-designed KMnF 3 :Yb/Er/Nd@ KMnF 3 :Yb/Nd core-shell nanocrystals will be considered a promising alternative to conventionally used UCNPs for biolabeling applications without the concern of the overheating issue and the attenuation constraints.

Noninvasive imaging plays a pivotal role in assessing the brain structural and functional changes in presurgical mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) patients. Our goal was to study the relationship between the changes of cerebral white matter (WM) and cognitive functions in MTLE patients.Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) MRI were performed on 24 right-handed MTLE patients (12 with left MTLE and 12 with right MTLE) and 12 matching healthy controls. Gray matter (GM), WM, and whole brain (WB) volumes were measured with VBM while fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) were measured with TBSS. All patients and controls also underwent Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) before MRI.WM volume and the ratio of WM volume versus WB volume were significantly lower in MTLE patients compared with controls. WM volume in MTLE patients had a positive correlation with MoCA score (r = 0.71, P < .001) and a negative correlation with the duration of epilepsy (r = -0.693, P < .001). Volumetric differences were mainly located in the corpus callosum, uncinate fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, and superior longitudinal fasciculus. FA of both left MTLE and right MTLE groups was significantly decreased, while MD, AD, and RD were significantly increased. Most left MTLE patients showed bilateral WM fiber tract changes versus ipsilateral changes for right MTLE patients.Changes in DTI parameters and WM volume were found in MTLE patients and more ipsilateral changes were seen with right-sided MTLE. Cognitive changes of MTLE patients were found to be correlated with the changes in WM structure. These findings not only provide useful information for lateralization of the seizure focus but can also be used to explain functional connectivity disorders which may be an important physiological basis for cognitive changes in patients with MTLE.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that play posttranscriptional, regulatory roles in various biological processes. However, there has been limited investigation into the potential function of miRNAs in olfaction. The coleopteran Holotrichia parallela is an economically important pest, and miRNAs have been identified in only one coleopteran (Tribolium castaneum). Therefore, this study was conducted to identify miRNAs expressed in the antennae of H. parallela and obtain insights into their possible roles in olfaction. By combining deep sequencing and miRDeep2 software, a total of 99 miRNAs, including 76 conserved miRNAs and 23 novel miRNAs, were identified from H. parallela antennae. The 76 conserved miRNAs belong to 63 families and the other 23 may be species specific or tissue specific. The identified miRNAs have many conserved features of miRNAs. Evaluation of the conservation of the identified miRNA families across different species revealed that most of the families are insect specific. The prediction and annotation of targets suggested that 13 of the identified miRNAs participate in olfactory regulation. Gender differences in antennal expression of nine of the olfactory-related miRNAs were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR., (© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

To understand the olfactory mechanisms of Holotrichia parallela antennae in detecting volatile compounds in the environment, protein profiles of H. parallela antennae were analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry and bioinformatics analyses. Approximately 1,100 protein spots in silver staining gel were detected. Quantitative image analysis revealed that in total 47 protein spots showed significant changes in different genders of adult antennae. Thirty-five differentially expressed proteins were identified by Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF) tandem mass spectrometer, among which 65.7% are involved in carbohydrate and energy metabolism, antioxidant system, transport, and amino acid/nucleotide metabolism. Some proteins identified here have not been reported previously in insect antennae. Identified male-biased proteins included odorant-binding protein 4, pheromone-binding protein-related protein 2, odorant-binding protein 14, prophenoloxidase-I, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, aldo-keto reductase-like, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, etc. whereas some proteins are female biased, such as antennae-rich cytochrome P450, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and putative glutamine synthetase. Alterations in the levels of some proteins were further confirmed by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The proteomic resources displayed here are valuable for the discovery of proteins from H. parallela antennae., (© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Traumatic brain injury survivors often experience cognitive deficits and neuropsychiatric symptoms. However, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying specific impairments are not fully understood. Advances in neuroimaging techniques (such as diffusion tensor imaging and functional MRI) have given us new insights on structural and functional connectivity patterns of the human brain in both health and disease. The connectome derived from connectivity maps reflects the entire constellation of distributed brain networks. Using these powerful neuroimaging approaches, changes at the microstructural level can be detected through regional and global properties of neuronal networks. Here we will review recent developments in the study of brain network abnormalities in traumatic brain injury, mainly focusing on structural and functional connectivity. Some connectomic studies have provided interesting insights into the neurological dysfunction that occurs following traumatic brain injury. These techniques could eventually be helpful in developing imaging biomarkers of cognitive and neurobehavioral sequelae, as well as predicting outcome and prognosis.

Extubation response can lead to cardiovascular and respiratory complications. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effect of ropivacaine injected via the trans-cricothyroid membrane on the extubation response. This prospective, double-blind, randomized study included 70 patients classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists status I-II, who required general anesthesia with nasotracheal intubation for maxillary and mandibular fracture surgery; patients were divided into the ropivacaine (20 mg) and dicaine (20 mg) groups. Both groups were injected via the trans-cricothyroid membrane. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and incidence and severity of cough were recorded during intubation and extubation. During intubation, there was no significant intergroup difference in MAP or HR and no occurrence of coughing (P > 0.05). During extubation, MAP and HR were significantly lower in the ropivacaine group than the dicaine group (P < 0.05). The proportion of patients with no reports of cough was significantly higher in the ropivacaine group than in dicaine group (P < 0.05). The number of patients with grade 1 or 2 cough was significantly higher in the dicaine group than that in the ropivacaine group (P < 0.05). There was no significant intergroup difference in the rate of postoperative complications (P > 0.05). These results suggest that the administration of ropivacaine via trans-cricothyroid membrane injection can effectively inhibit the extubation response.

alphaA-crystallin (Cryaa/HSPB4) is a small heat shock protein and molecular chaperone that prevents nonspecific aggregation of denaturing proteins. Several point mutations in the alphaA-crystallin gene cause congenital human cataracts by unknown mechanisms. We took a novel approach to investigate the molecular mechanism of cataract formation in vivo by creating gene knock-in mice expressing the arginine 49 to cysteine mutation (R49C) in alphaA-crystallin (alphaA-R49C). This mutation has been linked with autosomal dominant hereditary cataracts in a four-generation Caucasian family. Homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells was performed using a plasmid containing the C to T transition in exon 1 of the cryaa gene. alphaA-R49C heterozygosity led to early cataracts characterized by nuclear opacities. Unexpectedly, alphaA-R49C homozygosity led to small eye phenotype and severe cataracts at birth. Wild type littermates did not show these abnormalities. Lens fiber cells of alphaA-R49C homozygous mice displayed an increase in cell death by apoptosis mediated by a 5-fold decrease in phosphorylated Bad, an anti-apoptotic protein, but an increase in Bcl-2 expression. However, proliferation measured by in vivo bromodeoxyuridine labeling did not decline. The alphaA-R49C heterozygous and homozygous knock-in lenses demonstrated an increase in insoluble alphaA-crystallin and alphaB-crystallin and a surprising increase in expression of cytoplasmic gamma-crystallin, whereas no changes in beta-crystallin were observed. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis showed increased interaction between alphaA-crystallin and lens substrate proteins in the heterozygous knock-in lenses. To our knowledge this is the first knock-in mouse model for a crystallin mutation causing hereditary human cataract and establishes that alphaA-R49C promotes protein insolubility and cell death in vivo.

Objective: To explore the effect of Shenmai injection the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in rabbits with reperfusion injury after pulmonary ischemia., Method: Single lung ischemia/reperfusion injury animal model was used in vivo. Twenty rabbits were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10, in each), pulmonary ischemia and reperfusion injury (PIRI) group and I-R + Shenmai injection group. The tissue slides were stained by in situ hybridization (ISH) for HO-1 to detect the expression of HO-1 in lung and to analyze the absorbance. Wet to dry ratio of lung tissue weight (W/D) and the injured alveoli rate (IAR) were measured at 180 minutes after lung reperfusion. Meanwhile the lung tissue slide was prepared for electron microscopic observation at 180 minutes after reperfusion., Result: HO-1 expression was upregulated in two groups in the pulmonary endothelial cells, part of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells, extima of vessels and epithelial cells of airway, the absorbance was 0.148 +/- 0.013, 0.158 +/- 0.012, respectively. The Shenmai injection group showed higher absorbance than those of the IRI group (P < 0.01), lower W/D and IAR values than those of the IRI group (P < 0.01) significantly and lighter abnormal changes of the lung tissue in morphologically than those of the PIRI group., Conclusion: Shenmai injection possesses notable protective effects on PIRI in rabbits by increasing the expression of HO-1 in lung.

Purpose: Alpha-crystallin is expressed at high levels in the lens in a complex of alphaA- and alphaB-crystallin subunits in 3:1 molar ratios, and is known to maintain the solubility of unpolymerized tubulin and enhance the resistance of microtubules to depolymerization, but its effect on proteins classically associated with microtubule stability (microtubule associated proteins) in the lens is unknown. In the present study we examined the expression of the brain microtubule associated protein tau in lenses of alpha-crystallin gene knockout mice., Methods: Quantitative RT-PCR, immunoblotting, cryo-immunoelectron microscopic and immunohistochemical methods were used to characterize the expression of tau in the lenses of alphaA(-/-)-, alphaB(-/-)-, and alphaA/B(-/-)-crystallin mice., Results: Immunoreactivity to tau, a 45-66 kDa brain microtubule associated protein that has been best characterized in neurons and neuronal pathologies, was uniquely upregulated in lens cortical fiber cells with aging and was associated with the microtubule fraction of alphaA(-/-)-, alphaB(-/-)-, and alphaA/B(-/-)-crystallin mouse lenses, but was undetectable in wild type lenses. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis further showed an upregulation of tau transcripts in alphaA(-/-)- and alphaA/B(-/-)-crystallin lenses. Brain microtubule fractions served as a positive control for tau in these experiments. An increase in phosphorylation of tau was detected in alphaA(-/-)- and alphaB(-/-)-crystallin brain proteins., Conclusions: Although tau aggregation and alphaB-crystallin expression have been shown to increase in neurodegenerative diseases, surprisingly tau expression increases in the alpha-crystallin knockout lenses, suggesting that alphaA- and alphaB-crystallins are potentially important regulators of tau expression in lens.

The molecular chaperones alphaA- and alphaB-crystallins are important for cell survival and genomic stability and associate with the tubulin cytoskeleton. The mitotic spindle is abnormally assembled in a number of alphaA-/- and alphaB-/- lens epithelial cells. However, no report to date has studied the effect of alpha-crystallin expression on tubulin/microtubule assembly in lens epithelial cells. In the current work we tested the hypothesis that the absence of alphaA- and alphaB-crystallins alters microtubule assembly. Microtubules were reconstituted from freshly dissected explants of wild-type, alphaA-/-, alphaB-/-, and alpha(A/B) -/- (DKO) mouse lens epithelia and examined by electron microscopic and biochemical analyses. The wild-type microtubules were 4 mum long and approximately 25 nm wide and had a characteristic protofilament structure, but alphaB-/- microtubules were 2.5-fold longer. Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) extracted from microtubules by washing with salt included transketolase, alpha-enolase, and betaB2-crystallin. In DKO lens epithelial microtubules but not in wild-type, alphaA-/- or alphaB-/- microtubules, extraction of the MAPs gave very long (14-20 microm) "polyfilament" assemblies that were tightly bundled. Addition of exogenous alpha-crystallin (alphaA+ alphaB) was ineffective in preventing polyfilament formation. However, normal microtubule structure could be restored by including MAPs derived from wild-type lens epithelial cells during microtubule reconstitution. Intriguingly, these data suggest that alpha-crystallin may interact with MAPs to inhibit aggregation of microtubules in lens epithelial cells. Sedimentation analysis and 90 degrees light scattering measurements showed that alpha-crystallin suppressed tubulin assembly in vitro. Alpha-crystallin did not have a strong effect on the GTPase activity of purified tubulin. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that alpha-crystallin prevented heat-induced aggregation of tubulin, suggesting that alpha-crystallin may affect microtubule assembly by maintaining the pool of unassembled tubulin.

UV-A radiation produces cataract in animals, enhances photoaging of the lens and skin and increases the phototoxicity of drugs. However, the nature of genes that are activated or repressed after cellular exposure to UV-A radiation remains enigmatic. Because lens epithelial cells exposed to UV-A radiation undergo apoptosis 4 h after exposure to the stress, we sought to establish the change in gene expression in cells by UV-A radiation using gene expression profiling using complementary DNA microarrays containing about 12 000 genes. We identified 78 genes abnormally expressed in UV-A-irradiated cells (showing >2.5-fold change at P < 0.05). These genes are implicated in various biological processes, including signal transduction and nucleic acid binding, and genes encoding enzymes. A majority of the genes were downregulated. Our analysis revealed that the expression of genes for the transcription factors ATF-3 and Pilot increased four-fold, whereas the gene for the apoptosis regulator NAPOR-1 decreased five-fold. These changes were confirmed by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The calpain large polypeptide 3 (CANP3) gene also increased nine-fold after UV-A radiation. In addition, peroxisomal biogenesis factor 7, glucocorticoid receptor-alpha and tumor-associated calcium signal transducer genes decreased three- to eight-fold. Western blot analysis further confirmed the increase in protein expression of ATF-3 and CANP3 and decreased expression of glucocorticoid receptor-alpha in the irradiated cells. Surprisingly, most of these genes had not been previously shown to be modulated by UV-A radiation. Our results show that human lens epithelial cells respond to a single dose of UV-A radiation by enhancing or suppressing functionally similar sets of genes, some of which have opposing functions, around the time at which apoptosis occurs. These studies support the intriguing concept that activation of competing pathways favoring either cell survival or death is a means to coordinate the response of cells to UV-A stress.

alphaB-Crystallin, a major protein of lens fiber cells, is a stress-induced chaperone expressed at low levels in the lens epithelium and numerous other tissues, and its expression is enhanced in certain pathological conditions. However, the function of alphaB in these tissues is not known. Lenses of alphaB-/- mice develop degeneration of specific skeletal muscles but do not develop cataracts. Recent work in our laboratory indicates that primary cultures of alphaB-/- lens epithelial cells demonstrate genomic instability and undergo hyperproliferation at a frequency 4 orders of magnitude greater than that predicted by spontaneous immortalization of rodent cells. We now demonstrate that the hyperproliferative alphaB-/- lens epithelial cells undergo phenotypic changes that include the appearance of the p53 protein as shown by immunoblot analysis. Sequence analysis showed a lack of mutations in the p53 coding region of hyperproliferative alphaB-/- cells. However, the reentry of hyperproliferative alphaB-/- cells into S phase and mitosis after DNA damage by gamma-irradiation were consistent with impaired p53 checkpoint function in these cells. The results demonstrate that expression of functionally impaired p53 is one of the factors that promote immortalization of lens epithelial cells derived from alphaB-/- mice. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using probes prepared from centromere-specific mouse P1 clones of chromosomes 1 and 9 demonstrated that the hyperproliferative alphaB-/- cells were 30% diploid and 70% tetraploid, whereas wild type cells were 83% diploid. Further evidence of genomic instability was obtained when the hyperproliferative alphaB-/- cells were labeled with anti-beta-tubulin antibodies. Examination of the hyperproliferative alphaB-/- mitotic profiles revealed the presence of cells that failed to round up for mitosis, or arrested in cytokinesis, and binucleated cells in which nuclear division had occurred without cell division. These results suggest that the stress protein and molecular chaperone alphaB-crystallin protects cells from acquiring impaired p53 protein and genomic instability.

alphaA-Crystallin (alphaA) is a molecular chaperone expressed preferentially in the lens. alphaA transcripts are first detected during the early stages of lens development and its synthesis continues as the lens grows throughout life. alphaA(-/-) mouse lenses are smaller than controls, and lens epithelial cells derived from these mice have diminished growth in culture. In the current work, we tested the hypothesis thatalphaA prevents cell death at a specific stage of the cell cycle in vivo. Seven-day-old 129Sv (wild-type) and alphaA(-/-) mice were injected with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to label newly synthesized DNA in proliferating cells. To follow the fate of the labeled cells, wholemounts of the capsule epithelial explants were made at successive times after the BrdU pulse, and the labeling index was determined. Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy showed that both wild-type and alphaA(-/-) cells had a 3-hour labeling index of 4.5% in the central region of the wholemount, indicating that the number of cells in S phase was the same. Twenty-four hours after the pulse, individual cells labeled with BrdU had divided and BrdU-labeled cells were detected in pairs. The 24-hour labeling index in the wild-type lens was 8.6%, but in the alphaA(-/-) lens it was significantly lower, suggesting that some of the cells failed to divide and/or that the daughter cells died during mitosis. TUNEL labeling was rarely detected in the wild-type lens, but was significant and always detected in pairs in the alphaA(-/-) wholemounts. Dual labeling with TUNEL and BrdU also suggested that the labeled cells were dying in pairs in the alphaA(-/-) lens epithelium. Immunolabeling of wholemounts with beta-tubulin antibodies indicated that the anaphase spindle in a significant proportion of alphaA(-/-) cells was not well organized. Examination of the cellular distribution of alphaA in cultured lens epithelial cells showed that it was concentrated in the intercellular microtubules of cells undergoing cytokinesis. These data suggest that alphaA expression in vivo protects against cell death during mitosis in the lens epithelium, and the smaller size of the alphaA(-/-) lens may be due to a decrease in the net production of epithelial cells.

alphaA-crystallin is a small heat-shock protein expressed preferentially in the lens and is detected during the early stages of lens development. Recent work indicates that the expression of alphaA-crystallin enhances lens epithelial cell growth and resistance to stress conditions. Mutation of the arginine 116 residue to cysteine (R116C) in alphaA-crystallin has been associated with congenital cataracts in humans. However, the physiological consequences of this mutation have not been analyzed in lens epithelial cells. In the present study, we expressed wild type or R116C alphaA-crystallin in the human lens epithelial cell line HLE B-3. Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy indicated that both wild type and R116C alphaA-crystallin were distributed mainly in the cytoplasm of lens epithelial cells. Size-exclusion chromatography indicated that the size of the alphaA-crystallin aggregate in lens epithelial cells increased from 500 to 600 kDa for the wild type protein to >2 MDa in the R116C mutant. When cells were exposed to physiological levels of UVA radiation, wild type alphaA-crystallin protected cells from apoptotic death as shown by annexin labeling and flow cytometric analysis, whereas the R116C mutant had a 4- to 10-fold lower protective ability. UVA-irradiated cells expressing the wild type protein had very low TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling) staining, whereas cells expressing R116C mutant had a high level of TUNEL staining. F-actin was protected in UVA-treated cells expressing the wild type alphaA-crystallin but was either clumped around the apoptotic cells or was absent in apoptotic cells in cultures expressing the R116C mutant. Structural changes caused by the R116C mutation could be responsible for the reduced ability of the mutant to protect cells from stress. Our study shows that comparing the stress-induced apoptotic cell death is an effective way to compare the protective abilities of wild type and mutant alphaA-crystallin. We propose that the diminished protective ability of the R116C mutant in lens epithelial cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of cataract.

Tissue tolerance to pelvic intraarterial chemoembolization with cisplatin-lipiodol suspension was studied in rabbits. Cisplatin (3 mg/kg) was used with different doses of lipiodol (0.0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 ml/kg). Cisplatin-lipiodol suspension was injected into the umbilical artery through a long polyethylene catheter. Local tissue concentration of platinum was increased with lipiodol, while that in the liver, heart, and kidneys was reduced. Tissue retention of platinum was linearly related to the dosage of lipiodol. With a single dose of 0.2 ml/kg lipiodol, only slight degeneration and sparse hemorrhage were observed without necrosis.