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There is a growing trend to both theoretically and empirically explain public punitiveness from a general social theory of late modernity. Yet, research which has tested the generalizability of this perspective regarding societies other than Western ones remains rare. Relying on a theoretical perspective and empirical findings, this study aimed to explore whether the hypothetical model, which assumes that abstract late modern anxieties (economic anxiety and identity anxiety) affect punitiveness via more tangible fears and negative attitudes toward others in terms of fear of crime, xenophobic attitudes, and social dominance orientation (SDO). The study considered whether this model can be applied to Japanese society, which is experiencing drastic social, economic, and political transformations. Accordingly, data from a nationwide Japanese sample was analyzed through structural equation modeling (SEM). The results revealed that all of the hypothesized paths had significant relations, except for a path between xenophobic attitudes and fear of crime, which generally supported the hypothetical model. Moreover, it was shown that all of the variables have a significant total effect on punitiveness. The results were discussed in light of the social circumstances of Japan and recommendations for further international comparative research were made. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11417-020-09338-9.

Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is an emerging pandemic with heightened concerns for people with compromised immune systems, including people living with HIV. Purpose In the absence of a vaccine, public health messaging to mitigate risks for COVID-19 primarily focuses on social distancing. Because people living with HIV commonly experience mistreatment associated with HIV, their response to social distancing may be complicated by psychosocial attitudes associated with COVID-19. Methods To evaluate these relationships, we conducted a rapid-response, cross-sectional survey with people living with HIV (N = 149) to assess social distancing practices, COVID-19 discriminatory attitudes, COVID-19 xenophobic attitudes, HIV microaggressions, and concern over contracting COVID-19. Data were collected from participants enrolled in a larger ongoing study between March 30, 2020 and April 17, 2020. Results Results indicated that choosing to socially distance to reduce COVID-19 exposure was associated with COVID-19 discriminatory attitudes, concerns of contracting COVID-19, and identifying as transgender. Likewise, social distancing imposed by others (e.g., cancelations and restrictions) was associated with concerns of contracting COVID-19. Conclusions Findings demonstrate that social distancing measures are related to concerns of contracting the virus and discriminatory attitudes toward those who are presumed to be living with COVID-19. These potentially negative psychosocial attitudes toward people perceived to have COVID-19 echo the discriminatory actions and attitudes that we continue to observe in HIV social sciences research., Differences in attitudes toward social distancing measures among people living with HIV are mitigated by choosing to socially distance as opposed to having social distancing imposed on them for SARS-CoV-2.

The article presents the results of foreign studies conducted over the past few years from 2015 to 2018 and devoted to the study of xenophobic behavior among adolescents. Psychological and other factors hindering and/or contributing to the formation of xenophobic behavior among adolescents are considered. These studies affect personal and individual psychological characteristics of adolescents and also their impact on behavior towards the members of groups of “others”. Among them such personal structures and individual psychological features as xenophobic attitudes, anxiety level, xenophobic and xenophilic orientations are considered.

The article presents the main results of domestic research for the years 2013– 2016. Research are dedicated to the study of xenophobia and extremism as a kind of adolescents’ deviant behavior. This research focuses on the study of pedagogical and psychological factors of formation of extremist behaviour in adolescents and youth. The results of studies by P.N. Kasberov, A. V. Novikov (2015; 2016), E.N. Skulkina (2015); M.G. Stadnikov, A.A. Shcheglov (2014); O.E Huhlaev, V.M Minasova, O.S. Pavlova, V.E Zykov (2015), etc., describe individual characteristics of perpetrators of offences of an extremist nature and/or being prone to xenophobic attitudes. The objective of the research is to identify factors impeding or contributing to the formation of extremist behavior in adolescents and youth in order to develop adequate preventive measures.

There are often racial, ethnic intolerance among adolescents, which, in our opinion, caused by the presence of xenophobic attitudes, some combination of personality structures and situational factors. We hypothesized that there is a specificity of the relationship of xenophobic attitudes and personality characteristics in the structure of the person of adolescents with deviating (including illegal) behavior and normative behavior. The study involved 254 female and a teenage male aged 14 - 18 years. The study used a questionnaire to identify the severity of xenophobic attitudes, as well as the methodology and questionnaires to identify the personality characteristics of adolescents and semantic constructs of personality. As a result, significant differences were found in the personal features (criterion U-Mann-Whitney test with p

Consumer cosmopolitanism is defined as world citizenship, open interaction with foreigners and the polar opposite of xenophobic attitudes. Although it is the opposite of consumer ethnocentrism, to date, cosmopolitanism has been primarily perceived as the virtue of not seeing foreigners as a threat, not being hateful towards foreigners, and embracing cultural diversity. Based on this conceptualization, our main objective is to develop and test an alternative pilot scale for consumer cosmopolitanism. Fifteen scale items were developed as a result of a literature review and consultation with academic experts. A survey was administered to 484 people in Turkey. Exploratory factor analysis showed that the scale items were grouped in three factors. To measure the validity of this consumer cosmopolitanism scale, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) indicated that second-order-factor-model was a more rational measurement configuration to determine consumer cosmopolitanism with three factors.

The influence of ingroup norms (pro-discrimination vs. anti-discrimination) has been examined in a sample of 222 Swiss university students (144 women) as a function of the initial ingroup bias (egalitarian vs. discriminatory participants), the perceived immigrants' ability to adapt themselves in Switzerland (moderate vs. high), and the threat immigrants introduce to the Swiss national identity (low vs. high). Ingroup norm and ingroup threat were experimentally manipulated, whereas initial ingroup bias and perceived immigrants' ability were assessed at the beginning of the study. The main dependent variable was the change in the ingroup bias. Significant effects were observed only among the initially discriminatory participants. The antidiscrimination norm was influential (i.e. decreased ingroup bias) when the threat was low and the immigrants were perceived as highly adaptable in Switzerland. On the other hand, the pro-discrimination norm was influential (i.e. increased ingroup bias) when the threat was high and immigrants were perceived as only moderately adaptable. These findings confirm the importance of factors, both contextual and dispositional, that legitimate the processes of normative influence.

Consumer cosmopolitanism is defined as world citizenship, open interaction with foreigners and the polar opposite of xenophobic attitudes. Although it is the opposite of consumer ethnocentrism, to date, cosmopolitanism has been primarily perceived as the virtue of not seeing foreigners as a threat, not being hateful towards foreigners, and embracing cultural diversity. Based on this conceptualization, our main objective is to develop and test an alternative pilot scale for consumer cosmopolitanism. Fifteen scale items were developed as a result of a literature review and consultation with academic experts. A survey was administered to 484 people in Turkey. Exploratory factor analysis showed that the scale items were grouped in three factors. To measure the validity of this consumer cosmopolitanism scale, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) indicated that second-order-factor-model was a more rational measurement configuration to determine consumer cosmopolitanism with three factors., Potrošački kozmopolitizam se definira kao svjetsko građanstvo, otvorena interakcija sa strancima i potpuna suprotnost od ksenofobičnih stavova. Iako je suprotno od etnocentrizma potrošača, do danas, kozmopolitizam se prvenstveno doživljava kao vrlina nedoživljavanja stranaca kao prijetnje, neimanja osjećaja mržnje prema strancima te obuhvaća kulturnu raznolikost. Temeljem navedene konceptualizacije, naš glavni cilj je razvoj i testiranje alternativne pilot skale za kozmopolitizam potrošača. Petnaest jedinica skale je razvijeno kao rezultat pregleda literature i konzultacija s akademskim stručnjacima. Istraživanje je obuhvaćalo 484 osobe u Turskoj. Eksploratorna faktorska analiza pokazala je da su jedinice skale grupirane u tri faktora. Za mjerenje valjanosti ove skale kozmopolitizma potrošača, potvrdna faktorska analiza (CFA) je pokazala da je faktorski model drugoga reda racionalnije konfiguracije za mjerenje s ciljem utvrđivanja kozmopolitizma potrošača s tri faktora.