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5. Tracking of marine predators to protect Southern Ocean ecosystems

Author

Hindell, Mark A, Reisinger, Ryan R, Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Hückstädt, Luis A, Trathan, Philip N, Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Chown, Steven L, Costa, Daniel P, Danis, Bruno, Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G, Van de Putte, Anton P, Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N, Blix, Arnoldus Schytte, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Corney, Stuart, Crawford, Robert JM, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, de Bruyn, PJ Nico, Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Michael E, Goetz, Kimberly T, Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D, Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T, Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R, Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L, Kovacs, Kit M, Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D, Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O’B, Makhado, Azwianewi B, Márquez, Maria EI, McDonald, Birgitte I, McMahon, Clive R, Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W, Nordøy, Erling S, Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A, Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G, Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, José C, Wotherspoon, Simon, Jonsen, Ian D, and Raymond, Ben

Subjects
Life Below Water, Climate Action, Animal Identification Systems, Animals, Antarctic Regions, Aquatic Organisms, Biodiversity, Birds, Climate Change, Conservation of Natural Resources, Ecosystem, Fishes, Food Chain, Ice Cover, Mammals, Oceans and Seas, Population Dynamics, Predatory Behavior, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Southern Ocean ecosystems are under pressure from resource exploitation and climate change1,2. Mitigation requires the identification and protection of Areas of Ecological Significance (AESs), which have so far not been determined at the ocean-basin scale. Here, using assemblage-level tracking of marine predators, we identify AESs for this globally important region and assess current threats and protection levels. Integration of more than 4,000 tracks from 17 bird and mammal species reveals AESs around sub-Antarctic islands in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and over the Antarctic continental shelf. Fishing pressure is disproportionately concentrated inside AESs, and climate change over the next century is predicted to impose pressure on these areas, particularly around the Antarctic continent. At present, 7.1% of the ocean south of 40°S is under formal protection, including 29% of the total AESs. The establishment and regular revision of networks of protection that encompass AESs are needed to provide long-term mitigation of growing pressures on Southern Ocean ecosystems.

Published
2020

6. The retrospective analysis of Antarctic tracking data project.

Author

Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Van de Putte, Anton P, Reisinger, Ryan R, Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Costa, Daniel P, Danis, Bruno, Hückstädt, Luis A, Jonsen, Ian D, Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G, Trathan, Philip N, Wotherspoon, Simon, Ainley, David G, Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N, Blix, Arnoldus Schytte, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Crawford, Robert JM, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Nico de Bruyn, PJ, Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Mike, Goetz, Kimberly T, Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D, Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T, Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R, Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L, Kovacs, Kit M, Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D, Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O'B, Makhado, Azwianewi B, Márquez, Maria EI, McDonald, Birgitte I, McMahon, Clive R, Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W, Nordøy, Erling S, Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A, Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G, Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, José C, Raymond, Ben, and Hindell, Mark A

Abstract

The Retrospective Analysis of Antarctic Tracking Data (RAATD) is a Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research project led jointly by the Expert Groups on Birds and Marine Mammals and Antarctic Biodiversity Informatics, and endorsed by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. RAATD consolidated tracking data for multiple species of Antarctic meso- and top-predators to identify Areas of Ecological Significance. These datasets and accompanying syntheses provide a greater understanding of fundamental ecosystem processes in the Southern Ocean, support modelling of predator distributions under future climate scenarios and create inputs that can be incorporated into decision making processes by management authorities. In this data paper, we present the compiled tracking data from research groups that have worked in the Antarctic since the 1990s. The data are publicly available through biodiversity.aq and the Ocean Biogeographic Information System. The archive includes tracking data from over 70 contributors across 12 national Antarctic programs, and includes data from 17 predator species, 4060 individual animals, and over 2.9 million observed locations.

Published
2020

7. Quantifying annual spatial consistency in chick-rearing seabirds to inform important site identification

Author

Beal, Martin, Catry, Paulo, Phillips, Richard A., Oppel, Steffen, Arnould, John P.Y., Bogdanova, Maria I., Bolton, Mark, Carneiro, Ana P.B., Clatterbuck, Corey, Conners, Melinda, Daunt, Francis, Delord, Karine, Elliott, Kyle, Fromant, Aymeric, Granadeiro, José Pedro, Green, Jonathan A., Halsey, Lewis, Hamer, Keith C., Ito, Motohiro, Jeavons, Ruth, Kim, Jeong-Hoon, Kokubun, Nobuo, Koyama, Shiho, Lane, Jude V., Lee, Won Young, Matsumoto, Sakiko, Orben, Rachael A., Owen, Ellie, Paiva, Vitor H., Patterson, Allison, Pollock, Christopher J., Ramos, Jaime A., Sagar, Paul, Sato, Katsufumi, Shaffer, Scott A., Soanes, Louise, Takahashi, Akinori, Thompson, David R., Thorne, Lesley, Torres, Leigh, Watanuki, Yutaka, Waugh, Susan M., Weimerskirch, Henri, Whelan, Shannon, Yoda, Ken, Xavier, José C., and Dias, Maria P.

Published
2023
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17. Observing change in pelagic animals as sampling methods shift: the case of Antarctic krill

Author

Hill, Simeon L, Atkinson, Angus, Arata, Javier, Belcher, Anna, Bengtson-Nash, Susan, Bernard, Kim S., Cleary, Alison, Conroy, John, Driscoll, Ryan, Fielding, Sophie, Flores, Hauke, Forcada, Jaume, Halfter, Svenja, Hinke, Jefferson, Hückstädt, Luis, Johnston, Nadine M., Kane, Mary, Kawaguchi, So, Krafft, Bjørn A., Krüger, Lucas, La, Hyoung Sul, Liszka, Cecilia, Meyer, Bettina, Murphy, Eugene, Pakhomov, Evgeny, Perry, Frances, Piñones, Andrea, Polito, Michael J., Reid, Keith, Reiss, Christian, Rombola, Emilce, Saunders, Ryan A., Schmidt, Katrin, Sylvester, Zephryr, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarling, Geraint A., Trathan, Philip N., Veytia, Devi, Watters, George, Xavier, José C., Yang, Guang, Hill, Simeon L, Atkinson, Angus, Arata, Javier, Belcher, Anna, Bengtson-Nash, Susan, Bernard, Kim S., Cleary, Alison, Conroy, John, Driscoll, Ryan, Fielding, Sophie, Flores, Hauke, Forcada, Jaume, Halfter, Svenja, Hinke, Jefferson, Hückstädt, Luis, Johnston, Nadine M., Kane, Mary, Kawaguchi, So, Krafft, Bjørn A., Krüger, Lucas, La, Hyoung Sul, Liszka, Cecilia, Meyer, Bettina, Murphy, Eugene, Pakhomov, Evgeny, Perry, Frances, Piñones, Andrea, Polito, Michael J., Reid, Keith, Reiss, Christian, Rombola, Emilce, Saunders, Ryan A., Schmidt, Katrin, Sylvester, Zephryr, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarling, Geraint A., Trathan, Philip N., Veytia, Devi, Watters, George, Xavier, José C., and Yang, Guang

Abstract

Understanding and managing the response of marine ecosystems to human pressures including climate change requires reliable large-scale and multi-decadal information on the state of key populations. These populations include the pelagic animals that support ecosystem services including carbon export and fisheries. The use of research vessels to collect information using scientific nets and acoustics is being replaced with technologies such as autonomous moorings, gliders, and meta-genetics. Paradoxically, these newer methods sample pelagic populations at ever-smaller spatial scales, and ecological change might go undetected in the time needed to build up large-scale, long time series. These global-scale issues are epitomised by Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), which is concentrated in rapidly warming areas, exports substantial quantities of carbon and supports an expanding fishery, but opinion is divided on how resilient their stocks are to climatic change. Based on a workshop of 137 krill experts we identify the challenges of observing climate change impacts with shifting sampling methods and suggest three tractable solutions. These are to: improve overlap and calibration of new with traditional methods; improve communication to harmonise, link and scale up the capacity of new but localised sampling programs; and expand opportunities from other research platforms and data sources, including the fishing industry. Contrasting evidence for both change and stability in krill stocks illustrates how the risks of false negative and false positive diagnoses of change are related to the temporal and spatial scale of sampling. Given the uncertainty about how krill are responding to rapid warming we recommend a shift towards a fishery management approach that prioritises monitoring of stock status and can adapt to variability and change.

Published
2024

18. Observing change in pelagic animals as sampling methods shift: the case of Antarctic krill

Author

World Wildlife Fund, Natural Environment Research Council (UK), National Science Foundation (US), European Commission, Instituto Antártico Chileno, Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía (Chile), Korea Polar Research Institute, Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (South Korea), Helmholtz Association, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (Chile), Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (Chile), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, University of Tasmania, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Hill, Simeon L., Atkinson, Angus, Arata, Javier A., Belcher, Anna, Bengtson Nash, Susan, Bernard, Kim S., Cleary, Alison, Conroy, John A., Driscoll, Ryan, Fielding, Sophie, Flores, Hauke, Forcada, Jaume, Halfter, Svenja, Hinke, Jefferson T., Hückstädt, Luis, Johnston, Nadine M., Kane, Mary, Kawaguchi, So, Krafft, Bjørn A., Krüger, Lucas, La, Hyoung Sul, Liszka, Cecilia M., Meyer, Bettina, Murphy, Eugene J., Pakhomov, Evgeny A., Perry, Frances, Piñones, Andrea, Polito, Michael J., Reid, Keith, Reiss, Christian, Rombola, Emilce, Saunders, Ryan A., Schmidt, Katrin, Sylvester, Zephyr T., Takahashi, Akinori, Tarling, Geraint A., Trathan, Phil N., Veytia, Devi, Watters, George M., Xavier, José C., Yang, Guang, World Wildlife Fund, Natural Environment Research Council (UK), National Science Foundation (US), European Commission, Instituto Antártico Chileno, Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía (Chile), Korea Polar Research Institute, Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (South Korea), Helmholtz Association, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (Chile), Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (Chile), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, University of Tasmania, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Hill, Simeon L., Atkinson, Angus, Arata, Javier A., Belcher, Anna, Bengtson Nash, Susan, Bernard, Kim S., Cleary, Alison, Conroy, John A., Driscoll, Ryan, Fielding, Sophie, Flores, Hauke, Forcada, Jaume, Halfter, Svenja, Hinke, Jefferson T., Hückstädt, Luis, Johnston, Nadine M., Kane, Mary, Kawaguchi, So, Krafft, Bjørn A., Krüger, Lucas, La, Hyoung Sul, Liszka, Cecilia M., Meyer, Bettina, Murphy, Eugene J., Pakhomov, Evgeny A., Perry, Frances, Piñones, Andrea, Polito, Michael J., Reid, Keith, Reiss, Christian, Rombola, Emilce, Saunders, Ryan A., Schmidt, Katrin, Sylvester, Zephyr T., Takahashi, Akinori, Tarling, Geraint A., Trathan, Phil N., Veytia, Devi, Watters, George M., Xavier, José C., and Yang, Guang

Abstract

Understanding and managing the response of marine ecosystems to human pressures including climate change requires reliable large-scale and multi-decadal information on the state of key populations. These populations include the pelagic animals that support ecosystem services including carbon export and fisheries. The use of research vessels to collect information using scientific nets and acoustics is being replaced with technologies such as autonomous moorings, gliders, and meta-genetics. Paradoxically, these newer methods sample pelagic populations at ever-smaller spatial scales, and ecological change might go undetected in the time needed to build up large-scale, long time series. These global-scale issues are epitomised by Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), which is concentrated in rapidly warming areas, exports substantial quantities of carbon and supports an expanding fishery, but opinion is divided on how resilient their stocks are to climatic change. Based on a workshop of 137 krill experts we identify the challenges of observing climate change impacts with shifting sampling methods and suggest three tractable solutions. These are to: improve overlap and calibration of new with traditional methods; improve communication to harmonise, link and scale up the capacity of new but localised sampling programs; and expand opportunities from other research platforms and data sources, including the fishing industry. Contrasting evidence for both change and stability in krill stocks illustrates how the risks of false negative and false positive diagnoses of change are related to the temporal and spatial scale of sampling. Given the uncertainty about how krill are responding to rapid warming we recommend a shift towards a fishery management approach that prioritises monitoring of stock status and can adapt to variability and change.

Published
2024

19. Taking climate-smart governance to the high seas

Author

Santos, Catarina Frazão, Agardy, Tundi, Brooks, Cassandra, Gjerde, Kristina M., Payne, Cymie, Wedding, Lisa M., Xavier, José C., Crowder, Larry B., Santos, Catarina Frazão, Agardy, Tundi, Brooks, Cassandra, Gjerde, Kristina M., Payne, Cymie, Wedding, Lisa M., Xavier, José C., and Crowder, Larry B.

Abstract

Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the Agreement on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ)—the BBNJ Agreement—was adopted in 2023 and subsequently signed by nearly 90 nations (1). This agreement calls for integrated approaches to high seas governance (2) and tools to sustain ocean ecosystems, such as marine protected areas (MPAs) and strategic environmental assessments (3). Although highly protected areas can be effective in conserving marine biodiversity in specific locales, in the face of a changing climate, comprehensive climate-smart marine spatial planning (MSP) (4, 5) must be pioneered in the high seas to deliver long-term resilience of all marine ecosystems and species. At their May 2024 meeting, Parties to the Antarctic Treaty can consider climate-smart MSP and seize an opportunity to demonstrate a collaborative approach to ocean management in ABNJ.

Published
2024

25. A Taste for Squid: Red-Billed Tropicbird (Phaethon aethereus) Diet in the South Atlantic.

Author

Beard, Annalea, Thomas, Robert J., Xavier, José C., Clingham, Elizabeth, Henry, Leeann, Mirra, Renata Medeiros, and Hailer, Frank

Subjects
FISHERY management, BYCATCHES, SQUIDS, OCTOPUSES, DEMOGRAPHIC change
Abstract

Examining prey choice is important for understanding the drivers of survival, breeding success and population change of tropical seabirds. We analysed spontaneous regurgitations from Red-billed Tropicbirds (Phaethon aethereus), at St Helena, South Atlantic between 2013 to 2018. Squid from four families, eight fish families, and one octopus species were identified. Dietary composition and diversity revealed Red-billed Tropicbirds fed predominantly on epipelagic juvenile squid, especially neon flying squid (Ommastrephes cylindraceus). Commercially exploited fish and species commonly used as bait and/or discarded, had a low frequency of occurrence (8.8%) and by number (3.5%) in regurgitations, indicating tropicbirds may have a low risk of mortality by bycatch. The consumption and size of squid varied among years; 2017 had significantly smaller squid consumed in greater proportions than in the other years observed. Chicks had larger meals (by ∼41 g ± 39 g SD) and higher diversity of prey compared to adults, suggesting adults favoured selecting higher quality, heavier prey as a provisioning strategy for their chicks. The high frequency of occurrence of juvenile squid, and reliance on neon flying squid, suggests future dietary measures may provide valuable information about juvenile squid abundance and development, before they are mature and become commercially important to fisheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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35. Education on Biodiversity in the Polar Regions

Author

Xavier, José C., Fugmann, Gerlis, Beck, Inga, Huffman, Louise, Jensen, Eric, Leal Filho, Walter, Series editor, Castro, Paula, editor, Azeiteiro, Ulisses M., editor, Bacelar-Nicolau, Paula, editor, and Azul, Anabela Marisa, editor

Published
2016
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42. Bioluminescence in cephalopods: biodiversity, biogeography and research trends

Author

Otjacques, Eve, Pissarra, Vasco, Bolstad, Kathrin, Xavier, José C., McFall-Ngai, Margaret, and Rosa, Rui

Abstract

Numerous terrestrial and marine organisms, including cephalopods, are capable of light emission. In addition to communication, bioluminescence is used for attraction and defense mechanisms. The present review aims to: (i) present updated information on the taxonomic diversity of luminous cephalopods and morphological features, (ii) describe large-scale biogeographic patterns, and (iii) show the research trends over the last 50 years on cephalopod bioluminescence. According to our database (834 species), 32% of all known cephalopod species can emit light, including oegopsid and myopsid squids, sepiolids, octopuses, and representatives of several other smaller orders (bathyteuthids, and the monotypic vampire “squid”, Vampyroteuthis infernalis and ram’s horn “squid”, Spirula spirula). Most species have a combination of photophores present in different locations, of which light organs on the head region are dominant, followed by photophores associated with the arms and tentacles and internal photophores. Regarding the biogeographic patterns of cephalopod species with light organs, the most diverse ocean is the Pacific Ocean, followed by the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The least diverse are the Southern and the Arctic Oceans. Regarding publication trends, our systematic review revealed that, between 1971 and 2020, 277 peer-reviewed studies were published on bioluminescent cephalopods. Most research has been done on a single species, the Hawaiian bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes. The interest in this species is mostly due to its species-specific symbiotic relationship with the bacterium Vibrio fischeri, which is used as a model for the study of Eukaryote–Prokaryote symbiosis. Because there are many knowledge gaps about the biology and biogeography of light-producing cephalopods, new state-of-the-art techniques (e.g., eDNA for diversity research and monitoring) can help achieve a finer resolution on species’ distributions. Moreover, knowledge on the effects of climate change stressors on the bioluminescent processes is nonexistent. Future studies are needed to assess such impacts at different levels of biological organization, to describe the potential broad-scale biogeographic changes, and understand the implications for food web dynamics.

Published
2023

46. Corrigendum to “Quantifying annual spatial consistency in chick-rearing seabirds to inform important site identification” [Biol. Conserv. 281 (2023) 109994]

Author

Beal, Martin, primary, Catry, Paulo, additional, Phillips, Richard A., additional, Oppel, Steffen, additional, Arnould, John P.Y., additional, Bogdanova, Maria I., additional, Bolton, Mark, additional, Carneiro, Ana P.B., additional, Clatterbuck, Corey, additional, Conners, Melinda, additional, Daunt, Francis, additional, Delord, Karine, additional, Elliott, Kyle, additional, Fromant, Aymeric, additional, Granadeiro, José Pedro, additional, Green, Jonathan A., additional, Halsey, Lewis G., additional, Hamer, Keith C., additional, Ito, Motohiro, additional, Jeavons, Ruth, additional, Kim, Jeong-Hoon, additional, Kokubun, Nobuo, additional, Koyama, Shiho, additional, Lane, Jude V., additional, Lee, Won Young, additional, Matsumoto, Sakiko, additional, Orben, Rachael A., additional, Owen, Ellie, additional, Paiva, Vitor H., additional, Patterson, Allison, additional, Pollock, Christopher J., additional, Ramos, Jaime A., additional, Sagar, Paul, additional, Sato, Katsufumi, additional, Shaffer, Scott A., additional, Soanes, Louise, additional, Takahashi, Akinori, additional, Thompson, David R., additional, Thorne, Lesley, additional, Torres, Leigh, additional, Watanuki, Yutaka, additional, Waugh, Susan M., additional, Weimerskirch, Henri, additional, Whelan, Shannon, additional, Yoda, Ken, additional, Xavier, José C., additional, and Dias, Maria P., additional

Published
2023
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48. Antarctic toothfish Dissostichus mawsoni as a bioindicator of trace and rare earth elements in the Southern Ocean

Author

Queiros, José P., Machado, João F., Pereira, Eduarda, Bustamante, Paco, Carvalho, Lina, Soares, Eugénio, Stevens, Darren W., Xavier, José C., Queiros, José P., Machado, João F., Pereira, Eduarda, Bustamante, Paco, Carvalho, Lina, Soares, Eugénio, Stevens, Darren W., and Xavier, José C.

Abstract

The Antarctic toothfish Dissostichus mawsoni is a Southern Ocean long-lived top predator which is regularly captured on an annual fishery operating in the region. By its biological and ecological characteristics, it is a potential bioindicator for the concentrations of trace and rare earth elements in the Antarctic. As these elements are mainly transferred through the diet and a deficiency or excess of these elements can lead to diverse health problems, it is important to measure their concentrations on the organisms. This study provides, for the first time, the concentration of 27 trace (major essential, minor essential and non-essential) and rare earth elements in the muscle of D. mawsoni captured in three areas of the Amundsen and Dumont D'Urville Seas (Antarctica). Major essential elements had the highest concentrations, with potassium (K) as the most concentrated, and rare earth elements the lowest. Significant differences between areas were found for most of the studied elements. No bioaccumulation nor biomagnification potential was found for the studied elements, with several elements decreasing concentrations towards larger individuals. Decreasing trends are related with the different habitats occupied by D. mawsoni through their life, suggesting that elements' concentrations in the water is determinant for the concentrations in this top predator, and/or there is a dilution effect as the fish grows. Our results also support that Se presents a detoxification potential for Hg in D. mawsoni, but only when Hg concentrations are higher to unhealthy levels. This study supports D. mawsoni as a potential bioindicator for the concentrations of the different trace and rare earth elements in the Southern Ocean, though only when comparing individuals of similar size/age, but also to evaluate annual changes on their concentrations. Furthermore, D. mawsoni can be a good source of major essential elements to humans with concentrations of major essential elements above some

Published
2023

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