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Objective: To evaluate the association between resting heart rate (HR) and all-cause death and coronary heart disease (CHD) events in the Chinese cohort., Methods: Data were obtained from the PRC-USA Cooperative Study on Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Epidemiology. Baseline screen surveys were conducted in 1983 and 1984 from people aged 35 to 59 years living in urban or rural areas of Beijing and Guangzhou. Follow-up visits were performed for end point events of all-cause death and first CHD events every two years till 2005. Resting HR was determined from 5 consecutive intervals between R waves on the 12-lead electrocardiogram., Results: A total of 9856 (4805 males) people were included in the study and the mean follow up duration was 16.2 years. There were 1523 deaths, including 200 CHD events during the follow up period. Mean resting HR was 67.9 beat per minute (bpm) in men and 71.6 bpm in women respectively which had a trend to increase with aging. Cox Proportional Hazards model indicated the relative risk of all-cause death increased constantly with the increase of HR percentile after control of age, fasting glucose, serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, body mass index, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. With HR 60-89 bpm as control group, the relative risk and 95% confidence interval in group HR < 50 bpm, 50 - 59 bpm, 90 - 99 bpm and > or = 100 bpm were 0.76 (0.49 - 1.17), 0.87 (0.75 - 1.02), 1.33 (1.06 - 1.68), 1.48 (1.03 - 2.14) respectively. However there was no significant correlation between HR and CHD events in studied population., Conclusion: The risk of total death increased significantly in people with HR > or = 90 bpm suggesting higher resting heart rate might be an independent risk factor for all-cause death in the Chinese population.

As part of the International Cooperative Cardiovascular Diseases and Alimentary Comparison (CAR-DIAC) Study surveys to determine the relationship of dietary factors to blood pressure were carried out in 1985 (pilot study) and 1989 (core study). Thirteen men and 16 women, and 102 men and 115 women aged 50-54 in the rural population of Panyu county in Guangzhou were randomly selected for the pilot and core studies, respectively. Blood pressure was measured by an automatic system and 24-h urine collection by aliquot cups. All urinary specimens were analyzed in the WHO Collaborating Center (Izumo, Japan). Seven hypertensive cases and 17 borderline cases of hypertension were found in 1989 but none in 1985. Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressures (DBP) were increased, and the intake of dietary sodium (Na), sodium chloride (NaCl), and the ratio of sodium to potassium (Na/K) were increased markedly. The intake of magnesium (Mg) was decreased in 1989. Correlation analyses showed that body mass index was positively related to SBP and DBP (p less than 0.05), Na and NaCl were positively related only to DBP (p less than 0.05), and Mg was inversely related to SBP but with no statistical significance. These results indicate that trends of rise of prevalence rate of hypertension and mean values of SBP and DBP in association with increased dietary Na and decreased Mg intake may be due to rapid changes in dietary habits, changes in lifestyle, and the differing socioeconomic status in the area and may highlight the importance of dietary factors in the prevention of hypertension.

Mortality data obtained from the Health Statistics Office of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China (PRC), were compared to data for other countries taken from the World Health Statistics Annual. The crude death rate for coronary heart disease (CHD) in China in 1984 is estimated to be about one-tenth of that for North America and Australia. However, a high stroke to CHD ratio of about 5.0 was observed in China. The age-standardized CHD mortality rates were significantly higher for Beijing in north China than for Shanghai and Guangzhou in the south, and for urban than rural populations in all years from 1976 to 1986. Data on hospital admissions and autopsy material provide evidence for an increase in CHD incidence and prevalence in the last three to four decades. A low mean serum total cholesterol, related to a low habitual dietary intake of fat and cholesterol, is considered to be the main cause underlying low CHD mortality rates in China.