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The sol-air temperature is a hypothetical parameter to reflect the outdoor multi-field coupled thermal environments of air temperature, solar radiation, and long-wave radiation. The simplified model was proposed in code for thermal design of China which ignores the influence of long-wave radiation of sky and surrounding environment. However, the climate is characterized by strong radiation, high temperature and high humidity in tropical islands, and the underlying surface types are mostly sea surface. This may affect the applicability of sol-air temperature models. To explore the above issues, the Davis weather station and Kipp & Zonen solar radiation observation system were used to gather the meteorological and radiation data around the building, which is a case study building near the coastline in Sanya. Also, the dynamic temperature of the external surface of envelope and sea surface was captured. Then, the weather types were classified by clearness index, and the influence of sky and sea surface radiation on the sol-air temperature calculation of each orientation in different sky conditions is analysed. The results show that the sol-air temperature decreased by 1.07-2.44 ℃ on average considering the long-wave radiation of the sky and sea surface, especially in clear sky, with an average decrease of 1.49-3.85 ℃.

The mature theory of safety assessment and system operation is crucial to ensure the safety and property of commuters under the tunnel fire condition, but the relationship between pollutants and the quality of the luminous environment is still the weakest link in this research area. To establish this close relation, this study adopted three different scaled experiments to investigate the pollutant-visibility model based on spectral analysis. The first scaled tunnel model fire experiment, conducted on a 20.5-m-long experimental platform, utilized three combustion sources to analyze the light attenuation of natural gas, PVC-insulated cables, and smoke cakes based on the APE index. Then the spectrum selective contrast experiment collected several typical spectral data from coloured transparent panels, and the compared results advocated that there is no much different impact on luminous environment with these combustion sources under smoky conditions. At last, the acrylic box pollutant experiment was conducted with different CO/NO2 concentrations, and the results provided quantitative relationship between the light average attenuation rate and CO/NO2 concentrations. The findings of this study could be able to further establish the connection between pollutants and safety evacuation, as well as ventilation and luminous environment by combining the relatively mature research of tunnel fire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant cause of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), posing a serious threat to healthcare workers (HCWs). All touching behavior data were from a clinical skills competition of a medical school in Hong Kong; more than 12,000 touches involving 3 patients (infusion, critically ill, and agitation) and 25 HCWs were collected. A fomite transmission model considering real touch behaviors was established to simulate the MRSA transmission in an emergency room, then the MRSA exposure risk of HCWs and effectiveness of interventions were analyzed. HCWs had a low touch frequency of facial mucous (doctors: 1.7 times/h; nurses: 1.1 times/h). The MRSA intake fractions for doctors were 2–4 times higher than those for nurses. Handwashing twice per hour could reduce the MRSA intake fraction by 7%. Effectiveness of disinfecting only the top 10 high-risk public surfaces was 83% to 98% of the efficiency when disinfecting all public surfaces. MRSA mainly transferred via hand contact contributed over 89% of pathogen transmission. Therefore, disinfecting public surfaces or replacing them with antimicrobial surfaces was not effective. The findings highlight the importance of prioritizing hand hygiene among HCWs and optimizing interventions to enhance infection-control protocols in emergency rooms. And this study provides scientific evidence for the development of precise interventions for MRSA prevention and control in hospital emergency rooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]