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The critical exponents of continuous phase transitions of a Hermitian system depend on and only on its dimensionality and symmetries. This is the celebrated notion of the universality of continuous phase transitions. Here we report the superuniversality notion of Anderson localization transitions in non-Hermitian two-dimensional (2D) systems with exceptional points in which the critical exponents do not depend on the symmetries. The Anderson localization transitions are numerically studied by using the finite-size scaling analysis of the participation ratios. At the exceptional points of either second-order or fourth-order, two non-Hermitian systems with different symmetries have the same critical exponent $\nu\simeq 2$ of correlation lengths. This value differs from all known 2D disordered Hermitian and non-Hermitian systems. In the symmetry-preserved and symmetry-broken phases, the non-Hermitian models with time-reversal symmetry and without spin-rotational symmetry (without time-reversal and spin-rotational symmetries) are in the same universality class of 2D Hermitian electron systems of Gaussian symplectic (unitary) ensemble, where $\nu\simeq 2.7$ ($\nu\simeq 2.3$). The universality of the transition is further confirmed by showing that the critical exponent $\nu$ does not depend on the form of disorders and boundary conditions. Our results suggest that non-Hermitian systems of different symmetries around their exceptional points form a superuniversality class., Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures

Acacia melanoxylon R. Br. native to Australia, is a high-quality timber tree with wide genetic and phenotypic diversity. In recent years, A. melanoxylon has been extensively cultivated in some provinces in southern China. In December 2019, anthracnose-like symptoms were observed on twigs of A. melanoxylon in China. In certain valleys in south China, the disease incidence on plants and shoots was 60-75% and 80-90%, respectively. The wither rate of disease branches was 30-40% in dry seasons from September to November. The appearance of symptoms occurred in a humid and warm valley. Symptoms were initially observed on the young branches as brown spindle shaped sunken spots. At later stages, the disease spots girdled the whole branch, which became wilted and its leaves turned reddish-brown. For pathogen isolation, diseased branches were sampled and 55 pieces (5× 5 mm) of these branches section were surface-sterilized in 75% ethanol for 30 seconds, followed by 0.5% NaClO for 5 min and then were rinsed three times in distilled water. After drying with sterilized filter paper, the surface-sterilized sections were transferred to potato dextrose agar medium (PDA) and incubated at 25 °C for 7 days in the dark. Three isolates were obtained as representatives for morphological characterization and were labeled as 1A912, 1B912, and 1C912. These specimens were deposited in the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control at the South China Agricultural University (China). Purified isolates were initially white, cottony and with dense aerial mycelium on PDA at 25 ℃, ten days later their colonies turned grayish white with orange conidial masses. Conidia were one-celled, hyaline, straight, cylindrical, with round obtuse ends, and measured 11.0 to16.3× 4.0 to 6.0 μm (n= 100), appressoria were 5.86 to 9.07 × 3.55 to 6.96 μm (n= 100). Morphological characteristics of selected isolates matched the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex (Weir et al. 2012). For further identification, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, and partial sequences of the actin (ACT), beta-tubulin (TUB2), and glycerol dehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) genes were amplified by PCR, and sequenced, using primer pairs ITS1/ ITS4 (White et al. 1990), Bt2a/ Bt2b (Donaldson and Glass 1995), ACT512F/ ACT783R, GDF1/ GDR1(Weir et al. 2012). The sequences were deposited in GenBank (ITS: MW228101-MW228103; TUB2: MW250346, MW320707, MW320708; ACT: MW250347, MW320703, MW320704; GAPDH: MW250348, MW320705, MW320706). The multilocus phylogenetic analysis distinguished the isolates 1A912, 1B912, and 1C912 as C. siamense. Pathogenicity of those three isolates of C. siamense was tested on healthy twigs of the one clone of A. melanoxylon. 27 young twigs of nine 1-year-old plants were inoculated with the mycelium of the 7 days-old isolates 1A912, 1B912, and 1C912(Each isolate infected three plants and each infected three young twigs) through an artificial wound. The same nine plants were inoculated with PDA medium alone (each infected three young twigs) as a negative control. Five days after inoculation, brown spindle spots similar to the field disease symptoms were observed on the twigs. No symptoms were observed on the control plants. The experiment was repeated twice. The fungus was successfully reisolated from the symptomatic plants, and had identical morphological and molecular characteristics to the initial isolates, fulfilling Koch´s postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of anthracnose caused by C. siamense on A. melanoxylon in China. Twig anthracnose can reduce the growth of A. melanoxylon. Further research on management options for this disease is required.

The observation of magnetoresistance (MR) varying with the rotation of magnetization in the plane perpendicular to the electric current is an important discovery in spintronics in recent years. The famous conventional anisotropic MR (AMR) says that the resistance of a polycrystalline magnetic material must depend on magnetization component along the current direction only, thus cannot account for this newly observed unusual AMR (UAMR). This UAMR leads to the notion of the spin-Hall MR (SMR) in the famous SMR theory. However, the SMR theory may only explain UAMR observed in heavy-metal/magnetic-insulator bilayers, not other types of bilayers. Here, we present a two-vector theory that can explain not only all existing experiments on the unusual angular dependence of longitudinal and transverse resistivity when the magnetization rotates in three mutually perpendicular planes, but also how three amplitudes of MR angular oscillation are related to each other. The theory is very general and its correctness depends only on the assumption that the magnetization and interfacial field are the only vectors affecting electron transport besides of other scalar variables such as the temperatures and impurities. Experiments that can test this theory against the SMR theory are also proposed.

Purpose This papers aims to provide a fixed cutter axis control (F-CAC) industrial robot (IR) milling for NURBS surfaces with large fluctuation, which can avoid over-cut and interference during IR milling in contrast to variable cutter axis control (V-CAC) IR milling. Design/methodology/approach After the design of a target surface, the IR reciprocating milling trajectory can be obtained using NURBS mapping projection method. A set of interpolation points of the reciprocating trajectory can be calculated using the equi-chord interpolation method. Combining with F-CAC method and curvature estimation, the IR reciprocating trajectory of the tool center point (TCP) without over-cut can be obtained. The programs corresponding to posture control using F-CAC can be generated by IR kinematics. Findings In contrast to the V-CAC milling method, the F-CAC method can machine successfully the NURBS surfaces with large fluctuation. The simulation and machining proves that F-CAC is feasible and effective to machine NURBS surface with large fluctuation without over-cut phenomenon. The F-CAC has wide application in carving and woodworking industry at present. Originality/value The F-CAC method is very practical and effective for IR milling of complex NURBS surfaces with large fluctuation without over-cut and interference phenomenon.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The ability of the ivy sign on contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR imaging (CEMR) to reflect cerebral perfusion and postoperative revascularization in Moyamoya disease remains largely unknown. We aimed to compare the capabilities of CEMR and FLAIR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CEMR, FLAIR, arterial spin-labeling, and DSA were performed in 44 patients with Moyamoya disease. The ivy sign was scored separately on CEMR and FLAIR using the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score. The status of leptomeningeal collaterals was scored on DSA. The postoperative Matsushima grade was evaluated at least 3 months after surgical revascularization. RESULTS: Scoring of the ivy sign on CEMR showed excellent interrater reliability, and FLAIR vascular hyperintensity showed moderate interrater reliability. Correlation analyses revealed that DSA scores were more consistent with the CEMR-based ivy sign score (r = 0.25, P = .03) than with FLAIR vascular hyperintensity (r = 0.05, P = .65). The CEMR-based ivy sign score was significantly correlated with CBF in late-Suzuki stage Moyamoya disease (t = −2.64, P = .02). The CEMR-based ivy sign score at baseline was significantly correlated with the postoperative Matsushima grade (r = 0.48, P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, CEMR outperformed FLAIR in capturing the ivy sign in Moyamoya disease. In addition, the CEMR-based ivy sign score provided adequate information on hemodynamic status and postoperative neovascularization. The current study suggested that CEMR could be considered as an alternative to FLAIR in future studies investigating leptomeningeal collaterals in Moyamoya disease.

The generalized bulk-boundary correspondence predicts the existence of the chiral hinge states in three-dimensional second-order topological insulators (3DSOTIs), resulting in a quantized Hall effect in three dimensions. Chiral hinge states in Hermitian 3DSOTIs are characterized by the quantized transmission coefficients with zero fluctuations, even in the presence of disorders. Here, we show that chiral hinge transport in disordered non-Hermitian systems deviates from the paradigm of the Hermitian case. Our numerical calculations prove the robustness of hinge states of disordered non-Hermitian 3DSOTIs. The mean transmission coefficients may or may not equal the number of chiral hinge channels, depending on the Hermiticity of chiral hinge states, while the fluctuations of transmission coefficients are always non-zero. Such fluctuations are not due to the broken chirality of hinge states but the incoherent scatterings of non-Hermitian potentials. The physics revealed here should also be true for one-dimensional chiral channels in topological materials that support chiral boundary states, such as Chern insulators, three-dimensional anomalous Hall insulators, and Weyl semimetals., Comment: 12 pages and 11 figures

Infertility is a serious social and public health problem, and the causes of infertility are also the focus of many researchers in recent years. Since the invention of the electric light, people's exposure to night light has increased rapidly, and the adverse effects on human health have also begun to enter the vision of researchers. Studies have shown that artificial lighting at night can affect the circadian rhythm of organisms and the secretion of melatonin (melatonin), and regular circadian rhythms and sufficient melatonin are conducive to successful reproduction. This article reviews the current research status of the effects of artificial lighting at night on infertility in recent years, which provides a new direction for researchers to study the influencing factors of infertility.不孕不育是一个严重的社会和公共卫生问题，导致不孕不育的原因也是诸多研究者近些年来研究的重点。从电灯发明以来，人们接触夜间光照的机会迅速增加，由此产生的对人类健康的不良影响也开始进入研究者的视野。研究表明夜间人工照明会影响生物体的昼夜节律以及松果腺素（褪黑素）的分泌，而规律的昼夜节律和充足的松果腺素都有利于成功的生殖。本文综述了近年来关于夜间人工照明对不孕不育的影响的研究现状，为研究者提供了研究不孕不育影响因素的新方向。.

Aims The aim of this study was to determine the effects of unsaturated fatty acids on clinical plasmids. Methods and results Two unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) at final concentration 0, 0·03, 0·3 and 3 mmol l-1 , respectively, were used to assess the effects on conjugative transfer of a mcr-1-harbouring plasmid pCSZ4 (IncX4) in conjugation experiment. The inhibitory mechanisms were analysed by molecular docking and the gene expression of virB11 was quantitated by qRT-PCR. Target plasmid diversity was carried out by TrwD/VirB11 homology protein sequence prediction analysis. Our results showed that LA and ALA inhibit plasmid pCSZ4 transfer by binding to the amino acid residues (Phe124 and Thr125) of VirB11 with dose-dependent effects. The expression levels of virB11 gene were also significantly inhibited by LA and ALA treatment. Protein homology analysis revealed a wide distribution of TrwD/VirB11-like genes among over 37 classes of plasmids originated from both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Conclusions This study demonstrates representing a diversity of plasmids that may be potentially inhibited by unsaturated fatty acids. Significance and impact of the study Our work reported here provides additional support for application of curbing the spread of multiple plasmids by unsaturated fatty acids.

A generic theory about skyrmion crystal (SkX) formation in chiral magnetic thin films and its fascinating thermodynamic behaviours is presented. A chiral magnetic film can have many metastable states with an arbitrary skyrmion density up to a maximal value when a parameter $\kappa$, which measures the relative Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) strength, is large enough. The lowest energy state of an infinite film is a long zig-zagged ramified stripe skyrmion occupied the whole film in the absence of a magnetic field. Under an intermediate field perpendicular to the film, the lowest energy state has a finite skyrmion density. This is why a chiral magnetic film is often in a stripy state at a low field and a SkX only around an optimal field when $\kappa$ is above a critical value. The lowest energy state is still a stripy helical state no matter with or without a field when $\kappa$ is below the critical value. The multi-metastable states explains the thermodynamic path dependences of various metastable states of a film. Decrease of $\kappa$ value with the temperature explains why SkXs become metastable at low temperature in many skyrmion systems. These findings open a new avenue for SkX manipulation and skyrmion-based applications., Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures

患儿 男，11岁，因“急性髂骨骨髓炎”于2020年1月入住山东第一医科大学附属省立医院小儿骨科，手术后出现呼吸困难急转入小儿重症医学科，因体循环高压行超声心动图检查发现肺动脉高压，进一步行心脏大血管CT造影（CTA）发现右下肺动脉栓塞，给予积极抗感染，依诺肝素皮下注射及口服利伐沙班序贯抗凝治疗，1个月后复查CTA示肺栓塞消失，随访1年患儿恢复良好。儿童急性骨髓炎合并肺栓塞临床特征不典型，临床上极易误诊，临床医师亟需提高对该病的认知和诊疗水平。.

High precision skyrmion pinning by an intentionally created magnetic structure is important in skyrmion manipulation. Here, we consider skyrmion pinning by various types of disks. Among other findings, we clarify that, in terms of pinning position and pinning potential landscape, one needs to distinguish thin-wall skyrmions from thick-wall skyrmions because of fundamental differences. A skyrmion wall prefers areas with a weaker exchange stiffness, a larger DMI constant, or a smaller magnetic anisotropy while a skyrmion core experiences only the magnetic anisotropy, not exchange stiffness and DMI. Depending on disk type, skyrmion type, and the relative size of the disk (to skyrmion), a skyrmion can be pinned at the symmetric (center) or asymmetric (off-center) point of a disk. In case a skyrmion is pinned by a local energy minimum, thermal agitation can depin the skyrmion, and the pinning lifetime follows an Arrhenius law. Interestingly, when the disk size is comparable to the skyrmion size, the skyrmion deforms greatly such that the skyrmion will shrink or expand to fill the whole disk. These findings should be important for skyrmion manipulations.

We study the thermal gradient (TG) induced domain wall (DW) dynamics in a uniaxial nanowire in the framework of the Stochastic-Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation. TG drives the DW in a certain direction, and DW (linear and rotational) velocities increase with TG linearly, which can be explained by the magnonic angular momentum transfer to the DW. Interestingly, from Gilbert damping dependence of DW dynamics for fixed TG, we find that the DW velocity is significantly smaller even for lower damping, and DW velocity increases with damping (for a certain range of damping) and reaches a maximal value for critical damping which is contrary to our usual desire. This can be attributed to the formation of standing spin wave (SSW) modes (from the superposition of the spin waves and their reflection) together with travelling spin wave (TSW) modes. SSW does not carry any net energy/momentum to the DW, while TSW does. Damping α compels the spin current polarization to align with the local spin, which reduces the magnon propagation length and thus α hinders to generate SSWs, and contrarily the number of TSWs increases, which leads to the increment of DW speed with damping. For a similar reason, we observe that DW velocity increases with nanowire length and becomes saturated to maximal value for a certain length. Therefore, these findings may enhance the fundamental understanding as well as provide a way of utilizing the Joule heat in the spintronics (e.g. racetrack memory) devices.

Serine protease inhibitor, a protein superfamily that inhibits the serine protease activity, protects hosts from parasitic infections. This review describes the spatial structure and classification of serine protease inhibitor, mechanisms underlying the interplay between serine protease inhibitor and host immune responses and current advances in serine protease inhibitor of zoonotic cestode family Taeniidae, so as to provide insights into the diagnosis of zoonotic tapeworm infections, discovery of therapeutic targets and screening of vaccine candidates.

The nearest-neighbor level-spacing distributions are a fundamental quantity of disordered systems and universal. It is well-known that extended and localized states of random Hermitian systems follow the Wigner-Dyson and the Poison distributions, respectively, while the Ginibre distributions describe random non-Hermitian systems with complex eigenvalues. However, the level distribution of systems of neither Hermitian nor non-Hermitian with full complex eigenvalues is still unknown. Here we show a new class of universal level distributions in the vicinity of exceptional points of non-Hermitian Hamiltonians. Two universal distribution functions, $P_{\text{SP}}(s)$ for the symmetry-preserved phase and $P_{\text{SB}}(s)$ for the symmetry-broken phase, are needed to describe the nearest-neighbor level-spacing distributions near exceptional points. Surprisingly, both $P_{\text{SP}}(s)$ and $P_{\text{SB}}(s)$ are proportional to $s$ for small $s$, or a linear level repulsion, in contrast to the cubic level repulsions of the Ginibre ensembles. For non-Hermitian disordered tight-binding Hamiltonians, $P_{\text{SP}}(s)$ and $P_{\text{SB}}(s)$ can be well described by $P_{\text{SP(SB)}}(s)=\tilde{c}_1s\exp[-\tilde{c}_2s^{\tilde{\alpha}}]$ in the thermodynamic limit (of infinite systems) with a constant $\tilde{\alpha}$ that depends on the localization nature of states at exceptional points., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

It is a conventional wisdom that the helical edge states of quantum spin Hall (QSH) insulator are particularly stable due to the topological protection of time-reversal symmetry. Here, we report the first experimental observation of an edge-dependent quantum (pseudo-)spin Hall effect by employing two Kekule electric circuits with molecule-zigzag and partially-bearded edges, where the chirality of the circulating current in the unit cell mimics the electron spin. We observe a helicity flipping of the topological in-gap modes emerging in opposite parameter regions for the two edge geometries. Experimental findings are interpreted in terms of the mirror winding number defined in the unit cell, the choice of which exclusively depends on the edge shape. Our work offers a deeper understanding of the boundary effect on the QSH phase, and pave the way for studying the spin-dependent topological physics in electric circuits.

COVID-19, caused by SARS-COV-2, has the characteristics of world epidemic, highly infectious and large base of death. In China, transmission route of SARS-COV-2 has been contained so effectively that COVID-19 has been well controlled due to the proactive national prevention and control strategy. However, not only does it bring a huge impact on the existing medical structure model, but also an objective impact on the treatment of patients with chronic diseases such as malignant tumors. Based on the progress reported in the domestic and international literatures and the actual management experience of our team, this paper reflects on the treatment strategies for patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) during the epidemic period of COVID-19. We focus on risk stratification for primary GIST and forming treatment strategies accordingly. Major considerations include the impact of delayed operation, the burden of medical resources, the waiting time for elective operation, and the principle of emergency operation. In addition, we focus on the level of evidence for non-surgical approaches with a view to developing a holistic strategy of "priority management principles" to guide clinical treatment in the context of limited resources and different GIST priorities.新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）引起的新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19，以下简称新冠肺炎）具有全球性流行、传染性极强、死亡基数极大的特点。在我国，由于采取了积极主动的全民防控策略，有效遏制了病毒传播的途径，使新冠肺炎得到了很好的控制；但同时，这也对现有条件下的医疗结构模式带来了巨大的冲击，对于恶性肿瘤等慢性疾病患者的治疗产生了客观影响。本文基于国内外文献进展及笔者团队实际处理经验，就胃肠间质瘤（GIST）患者在疫情期间的治疗策略进行思考，重点对原发性GIST进行风险分层，并根据不同分层制定相应的治疗策略，包括延迟手术的影响、医疗资源的利用负担、手术时间等待的紧迫感和急诊手术处理原则等几方面。此外，我们着重探讨了非手术方法的证据级别，以期在资源有限的情况下，针对不同GIST的优先级，建立"优先级处理原则"的整体治疗策略来指导临床治疗。.

With the advent of the 5G era of digital smart city, “UAV + Application” is booming, and there is more and more demand for UAV remote sensing technology. How to cultivate high-tech application talents of UAV has become the primary problem to be solved in the development process of UAV. Based on WebGL technology, this paper combines virtual reality and panoramic technology, and adopts lightweight B/S architecture to develop an open platform for virtual simulation teaching that integrates online display, teaching, practical training, assessment, communication and management of UAV. The platform realizes the “three-dimensional teaching material, teaching platform, virtual exhibition hall” of the trinity teaching mode. Students can log in through the account to carry out theoretical learning, flight control operation learning and other interfaces, which can meet the training needs of high-tech application talents of UAV and strengthen students' understanding of theory and practice, simulation training has the advantages of repeated practice, without being limited by the space and time, and solve the problems of low interest, poor scalability and high cost of traditional UAV training.

Eigenenergies of a non-Hermitian system without parity-time symmetry are complex in general. Here, we show that the chiral boundary states of higher-dimensional (two-dimensional and three-dimensional) non-Hermitian topological insulators without parity-time symmetry can be Hermitian with real eigenenergies under certain conditions. Our approach allows one to construct Hermitian chiral edge and hinge states from non-Hermitian two-dimensional Chern insulators and three-dimensional second-order topological insulators, respectively. Such Hermitian chiral boundary channels have perfect transmission coefficients (quantized values) and are robust against disorders. Furthermore, a non-Hermitian topological insulator can undergo the topological Anderson insulator transition from a topological trivial non-Hermitian metal or insulator to a topological Anderson insulator with quantized transmission coefficients at finite disorders., 10 pages, 6 figures (including Supplemental Materials)

The concept of total mesorectal resection provides a quality control standard that can be followed for radical resection of rectal cancer, but some anatomical problems are still controversial. Compared with traditional open surgery, laparoscopic radical rectal surgery has better surgical vision, better neurological protection, better operating space. However, if the surgeon has insufficient understanding of the anatomy, collateral damage may occur, such as uncontrollable bleeding during the operation, postoperative urination and defecation dysfunction and so on. Based on the interpretation of the researches at home and abroad, combined with the clinical experience, we elucidate some associated issues, including anatomic variation of inferior mesenteric vessels, the controversy of inferior mesenteric artery ligation plane, the controversy of lymph node dissection in No. 253, the anatomical variation of middle rectal artery, and the anatomical controversy of lateral lymph node dissection in rectal cancer, in order to provide better cognitive process for the clinical front-line surgeons.全直肠系膜切除的理念为直肠癌的根治手术提供了可以遵循的质量控制标准，但是尚有部分解剖学问题存在争议。腹腔镜直肠癌根治术虽然具有更好的手术视野、更佳的神经功能保护、更大的操作空间，但若术者对解剖结构或解剖变异认知不足，可能会出现术中不可控制的出血、术后排尿排粪功能障碍等副损伤。笔者通过对国内外研究的分析总结，并结合临床经验，针对直肠癌根治术涉及的几个解剖争议问题，包括肠系膜下血管解剖及变异、肠系膜下动脉离断平面的争议、第253组淋巴结清扫的争议、直肠中动脉的解剖学变异及直肠癌侧方淋巴结清扫的解剖学争议等进行阐述，旨在为临床外科医师提供一个更好的认知过程。.

Preeclampsia (PE) is one of common pregnancy diseases, which has seriously threatened the health of the gravidas. Although upregulated miR-269-3p has been found in the placentas of the patients with PE, the regulation mechanisms of miR-296-3p remain unclear.In this study, the placentas of the patients and normal gravidas were used to observe the difference in miR-296-3p expression level, and HTR-8/Svneo and JAR cells were used to investigate the role of miR296-3p in trophoblast cells. Besides, qRT-PCR, Western blot, CCK-8 assay, Dual-Luciferase reporter gene assay and transwell assay were used to explore the functions and regulation mechanisms of miR-296-3p on PE.The results showed that miR-296-3p was upregulated in the PE-placentas, and increased miR-296-3p could inhibit the proliferation, invasion and migration of HTR-8/Svneo and JAR cells. Besides, miR-296-3p could directly target the 3'-UTR of CEMIP, and the phenomena induced by increased miR-296-3p, including decreased β-catenin and p-AKT and weakened proliferation, invasion and migration abilities, could be reversed by upregulating the expression level of CEMIP.To summarize, this study suggests that miR-296-3p inactivates the Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/AKT pathways to promote the progression of PE via targeting the CEMIP.

The impressive absence of the skyrmion Hall effect of antiferromagnetic (AFM) skyrmions in clean systems has raised high expectations of AFM skyrmions as information carriers and the potential applications in data storage technology. Here, we report an undesired behavior of current-driven AFM skyrmion dynamics in granular thin films. Understanding the motion of AFM skyrmions in disordered systems is crucial because disorders are inevitable in all materials. Micromagnetic simulations show that AFM skyrmions deviate from their trajectory in the clean limit. Interestingly, the transverse (to the current direction) motion is diffusive, i.e., the mean square of transverse displacement is proportional to the traveling time. The longitudinal (along with the current direction) motion is always hindered by disorders. An effective theory based on the stochastic Thiele equation can account for the observed phenomena. At a very strong disorder above a critical value that depends on the current density, AFM skyrmions are pinned. Our findings should be important for future spintronic devices based on AFM skyrmions.

Studying spin-momentum correlations in hadronic collisions offers a glimpse into a three-dimensional picture of proton structure. The transverse single-spin asymmetry for midrapidity isolated direct photons in p^{↑}+p collisions at sqrt[s]=200 GeV is measured with the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Because direct photons in particular are produced from the hard scattering and do not interact via the strong force, this measurement is a clean probe of initial-state spin-momentum correlations inside the proton and is in particular sensitive to gluon interference effects within the proton. This is the first time direct photons have been used as a probe of spin-momentum correlations at RHIC. The uncertainties on the results are a 50-fold improvement with respect to those of the one prior measurement for the same observable, from the Fermilab E704 experiment. These results constrain gluon spin-momentum correlations in transversely polarized protons.