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非小细胞肺癌可以转移到身体的任何部位，大约2/3的非小细胞肺癌患者在诊断时发现转移。非小细胞肺癌的常见转移部位是胸膜、对侧肺、骨、肝、肾上腺和脑。但转移到胆囊者罕见。该文报道1例70岁男性患者，肺腺癌转移至胆囊，其临床表现为胆囊炎伴胆囊结石。.

Many problems arising from machine learning, compressive sensing, linear inverse problem, and statistical inference involve finding sparse solutions to under-determined or ill-conditioned equations...

胃肠胰神经内分泌肿瘤（GEP-NET）是一类可发生于全身各系统的异质性肿瘤，随着检查技术的提高，其检出率逐渐上升。GEP-NET生物学行为多样，大部分具有恶性潜能。本文总结了近年来有关GEP-NET诊断及预后的研究进展，涉及发病机制、诊断手段以及预后相关指标。.

Human blood groups are a significant resource for patients, leading to a fierce international competition in the screening of rare blood groups. Some rare blood group screening programs have been implemented in western countries and Japan, but not particularly in China. Recently, the genetic background of ABO and Rh blood groups for different ethnic groups or regions in China has been focused on increasingly. However, rare blood groups such as MN, Duffy, Kidd, MNS, and Diego are largely unexplored. No systematic reports exist concerning the polymorphisms and allele frequencies of rare blood groups in China's ethnic minorities such as Uygur and Kazak populations of Xinjiang, unlike those on the Han population. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the allele frequencies of rare blood groups, namely, MNS, Duffy, Kell, Dombrock, Diego, Kidd, Scianna, Colton, and Lutheran in the Uygur population of Xinjiang Single specific primer-polymerase chain reaction was performed for genotyping and statistical analysis of 9 rare blood groups in 158 Uygur individuals. Allele frequencies were compared with distribution among other ethnic groups. Observed and expected values of genotype frequencies were compared using the chi-square test. Genotype frequencies obeyed the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P > 0.5) and allele frequencies were stable. Of all subjects detected, 4 cases carried the rare phenotype S-s- of MNS blood group (frequency of 0.0253), and 1 case carried the phenotype Jka-b- (frequency of 0.0063). Frequencies of the four groups, MNS, Duffy, Dombrock, and Diego, in the Uygur population differed from those in other ethnic groups. Gene distribution of the Kell, Kidd, and Colton was similar to that in Tibetan and Han populations, though there were some discrepancies. Gene distribution of Scianna and Lutheran groups showed monomorphism similar to that in Tibetan and Han populations. These findings could contribute to the investigation of the origin, evolution, and hematology of Uygur population of Xinjiang and assist in screening of rare blood groups in ethnic minorities, meeting of clinical blood supply demands, and building of the national rare blood group library.

The objective of this investigation was to explore the association of OPCML with gastric cancer and its clinical significance. The expression of OPCML was detected by immunohistochemistry in 118 cases of gastric carcinoma. The OPCML expression in the normal tissues and 7 kinds of gastric cells was assessed by RT-PCR. The recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1-OPCML was constructed and transfected into AGS cells. CCK8 and colony formation assay were employed to analyze the effect of OPCML on AGS. Immunohistochemistry results showed that the expression of OPCML in gastric cancer was 68.6% and the expression of OPCML was negatively correlated with the depth of tumor invasion and tumor differentiation degree (P005); OPCML expression, depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis were important factors affecting the prognosis of the survival of the patients (P0.05). OPCML m-RNA expression in the gastric cancer cells was significantly lower than that in the normal gastric mucosa. RT-PCR showed that the expression of OPCML was aberrantly increased in the cells transfected with pcDNA3.1-OPCML. CCK8 and colony formation assay showed that OPCML significantly inhibited the growth, proliferation, and colony formation of the AGS cells. OPCML plays an important role in gastric cancer, and may be a new prognostic indicator of gastric cancer.

Studies measuring circulating irisin levels in patients with insulin resistance conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have achieved controversial results. Our systematic review and meta-analysis aim to assess the circulating irisin levels in patients with diabetes mellitus. Pubmed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, ISI Web of Science, and CNKI were searched to identify observational studies of circulating irisin levels in patients with diabetes mellitus. Two reviewers independently searched the databases and screened studies according to the inclusion criteria. Data were extracted using a standardized collection form. Meta-analysis was performed. A total of 23 studies (17 cross-sectional and 6 case control) involving 1 745 diabetic patients and 1 337 non-diabetic controls were selected. Compared with non-diabetic controls, circulating irisin concentrations were significantly lower in patients with T2DM (SMD -1.72, 95%CI -2.49, -0.96; p0.00001) and GDM (SMD -0.76, 95CI -1.31, -0.22; p=0.006), but 30 percent higher in patients with T1DM. Circulating irisin in Asian diabetic patients decreased more than European patients. The findings of our current review suggest that circulating irisin levels were decreased in patients with T2DM and GDM, but not in patients with T1DM.

To compare different methods on the identification of Cronobacter (C.) spp. species and to choose an optimum one.Biochemical test, 16S rRNA and fusA sequencing methods were carried out.When using the biochemical test, 105 strains showed six different conditions but C. turicensis and C. universalis could not be effectively identified. Under the 16S rRNA sequencing analysis, all the strains were divided into 5 groups but C. sakazakii and C. malonaticus were tangled. Finally, all the strains were identified into 58 C. sakazakii, 30 C. malonaticus, 11 C. dublinensis, 5 C. turicensis, 1 C. muytjensii, under the fusA sequencing analysis.Currently, fusA sequencing analysis seemed an effective method for identifying the species of Cronobacter. Since fusA sequencing analysis method was less intuitive, another method for rapid testing should be developed.

A novel high-speed photopolarimeter is presented in this paper, which is composed by the optical system, electronics system and PC. This instrument uses a metallic grating that can produce both reflective diffraction and transmission diffraction as a beam splitter to divide the incident light into many components, and the light fluxes of the four 1st order diffracted beams are converted linearly into four electrical signals by four photodiodes. After going through a signal conditioning circuit, these electrical signals are converted into digital values by high-speed A/D converters that can implement synchronous multi-channels sampling, and then the data sampled are high-speedily transmitted into the PC via a USB2.0 interface. The electrical signal vector I composed by the four electrical signals possesses the linear relationship with the incident light Stokes vector S. The nonsingular instrument matrix A of this instrument can be obtained by the calibration, and then the unknown Stokes vector S of the incidence light can be obtained from the equation S = A−1I. The testing results show that the mean deviations of the measured Stokes parameters compared with the predicted values are less than 1% at 632.8nm. It is compact and easy to be installed, and can be used as a polarization state detector in real-time polarimetry and ellipsometry.

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is an important grass species as turf and forage. The optimal combination of 2,4-D and BAP in the medium for callus induction and the optimal kinetin concentration in the medium for plant regeneration were investigated. Cultivar variation in the callus induction and plant regeneration of eleven perennial ryegrass was studied using the optimized culture medium. The results showed that the highest callus induction rate with the best callus quality assurance was obtained on MS medium containing 5 mg l−1 2,4-D and 0.05 mg l−1 BAP. MS medium containing 3 mg l−1 BAP, 1 mg l−1 NAA and 1 mg l−1 kinetin was most suitable for plant regeneration. Callus induction and plant regeneration of the eleven cultivars of perennial ryegrass were varied greatly, and higher overall plant regeneration rates were observed in cultivars Barlennium, Pace, Emerald and Premier.

Geo-grid reinforced retaining wall is a relative new flexible retaining structure. However, its dynamic behavior and seismic resistance mechanism under earthquakes have not been clear at present. A laminar shear container was used to install the test model of geogrid reinforced retaining wall, its seismic response was investigated by a large-scale shaking table test. The similarity criterion of the model was confirmed by the Froude constant of Bockingham theorem in dimensional analysis theory. A series of variables were measured such as acceleration, horizontal displacement of the wall, seismic subsidence of reinforced zone and unreinforced zone under different waves. The measured results show that the reinforced wall model has different responses under different earthquake motions. Accelerations of the wall were amplified under earthquake wave caused by far field, while the distribution of spectrum is symmetric and the largest spectrum value was presented on the top of the wall. The displacement of wall top is the largest along the reinforced wall height, and the seismic subsidence of the reinforced zone is smaller than unreinforced zone, which indicates the geogrid effect on the reinforced soil retaining wall.

Hydraulic simulation of earthquake damaged water distribution system (WDS) is essential to evaluate seismic service capacity of WDS. This paper first deduces outflow models of the damages (leaks and breaks) induced by earthquake with the help of flow pattern analysis, then presents comparisons on outflow models of pipeline damages and topology models of damaged-pipeline networks. The transformations between leakage outflow and breakage outflow is obtained by conversions of minor head loss at the leak and the frictional head loss along the disconnected pipelines of the break. Model comparisons and application results shown that the outflow of the pipe leakage and breakage can be deduced from the minor head loss at the leak and the frictional head loss along the disconnected pipe respectively.

Since the existing model boxes cannot meet requirements in shaking table model tests of complex underground structures’ seismic response under two-dimensional horizontal earthquake shaking. A suspended laminar multidirectional shear model box has been developed. Shaking table tests were carried out to verify the performance of the box and the test result showed that shear deformation without torsion occurred in the sand specimen under the shear wave action induced by the shaking table. The suspended laminar multidirectional shear box is very satisfactory in simulating lateral boundary conditions of the horizontal prototype soil layers and can be used in the shaking table model tests to be developed.

To investigate the seismic performance of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) jacketing constrained reinforcement concrete (RC) hollow section bridge piers under multi-dimensional earthquake action, cyclic tests of five RC rectangular hollow section benchmark and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) jacketing confined piers specimens were carried out under unidirectional and bidirectional lateral horizontal repeated loading. The failure characteristics, lateral force-deformation curves, effective loading stiffness, ductility and energy dissipation of specimens were analyzed. The experimental and analytical results show that: the damage is more severe; the failure process is accelerated; and bearing capacity, ductility, rigidity and energy dissipation are decreased under bidirectional earthquake action. The CFRP constraints may: change the failure location and mode of bridge piers; improve the deformation ductility, plastic deformation and energy dissipation, but have less contribution to horizontal force.

Complex flexural, shear and torsion failure of reinforced concrete (RC) bridge columns for skewed and curved bridges will be taken place during seismic excitation. An experimental investigation on the seismic performance of RC bridge columns subjected to combined cyclic bending and torsional loading was carried out. Five test models of circular RC bridge columns were tested under various loading conditions: cyclic uniaxial bending, cyclic torsion, and combined cyclic torsion and cyclic uniaxial bending. Several combinations of cyclic bending and cyclic torsion were applied to evaluate the interaction between torsion and flexural capacity of columns. The results reveal that: (1) the flexural capacity in flexure decreases when the torsion increases; (2) the torsional capacity in torsion decreases when the bending moment increases under combined bending and torsion; and (3) the damage tends to occur upward outside the flexural plastic hinge region when the level of applied cyclic torsion increases.

In this paper, we assume the platform with visual observer is moved on flat ground and a constrained camera-platform configuration. The constrained camera-platform is used to simplify the camera motion model. Based on the assumption and simplified camera- platform configuration, the 3D camera motion can be separately estimated by planar region alignment between two frames. Firstly, a detected 2D motion between two frames is used to align corresponding planar regions, such an alignment or registration can removes the effects of camera rotation, and the resulting residual parallax displacement field between the two region-aligned images is an epipolar field centered at the FOE (Focus-of-Expansion). Then the camera translation can be recovered from the epipolar field. The camera rotation is recovered from the computed 3D translation and the detected 2D motion. The camera motion model is derived and represented by two parts, and a multistage ego-motion estimation process is introduced. Some experiments with real images demonstrate the robustness of the proposed motion estimation method.

Single‐phase rock‐salt MgZnO films with high Zn content were successfully fabricated on the templates of MgO (111)/α‐sapphire (0001) by radio‐frequency plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The influence of growth temperature on epitaxy of MgZnO alloy films was investigated by the combined studies of crystal structures, compositions, and optical properties. It is found that the incorporation of Zn atoms into the rock‐salt MgZnO films is greatly enhanced at low temperature, confirmed by in‐situ reflection high‐energy electron diffraction observations and ex‐situ X‐ray diffraction characterization. Zn fraction in the single‐phase rock‐salt Mg0.53Zn0.47O film was determined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. Optical properties of the films were investigated by transmittance spectroscopy and reflectance spectroscopy, both of which demonstrate the solar‐blind band gap and its dependence on Zn content.

The initial growth, interfacial reaction and Fermi level movement of Mn on the O‐terminated Zn (000 1) surface have been investigated by using synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy (SRPES) and X‐ray photoemission (XPS). Mn is found to be grown on the surface in the layer‐by‐layer (Frank‐van der Merwe) mode and be quite stable on the O‐terminated surface at room temperature. With increasing the coverage of Mn, a downward Fermi level movement in band structure measurement of SRPES is observed and the resultant Schottky Barrier Height (SBH) is calculated to be about 1.1eV. Annealing behavior of the interface is investigated and we find that annealing at 600 °C induces a pronounced Mn‐Zn atoms exchange reaction at the interface.

To study the pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of salbutamol aerosol in healthy volunteers.An HPLC method for the determination of salbutamol in human plasma was improved. Ten healthy male subjects were enrolled. A randomized, two-way crossover, open design was adopted. After the subjects inhaled or orally administered salbutamol, fourteen blood samples were taken at predetermined time. The concentrations of salbutamol in plasma were determined by HPLC, and then assessed with PCNONLIN software to obtain the pharmacokinetic parameters and relative bioavailability of aerosol versus water solution.The standard curve was linear over the range 0.2-20 ng.mL-1. The intra- and interassay RSDs were 7.01% and 2.10% at 0.4 ng.mL-1, 2.18% and 5.25% at 4.0 ng.mL-1 and 4.61% and 4.85% at 15.0 ng.mL-1. The recoveries were between 90% and 110%. The pharmacokinetics of salbutamol aersol was described well with a two-compartment model, and the parameters for salbutamol inhaled and orally administered were assessed as follows: Tmax were (0.22 +/- 0.07) h and (1.8 +/- 0.6) h, Cmax were (3.4 +/- 1.1) ng.mL-1 and (3.9 +/- 1.4) ng.mL-1, T1/2 beta were (4.5 +/- 1.5) h and (4.6 +/- 1.1) h, respectively. The AUC0-20 min (inhal) was 7.94 times as high as the AUC0-20 min (p.o.). There were significant differences between Tmax, AUC, K12, K21, alpha and T1/2 alpha (P0.05). The relative bioavailability of salbutamol aerosol was 57.23% compared with its oral solution.The assay was sensitive, specific, accurate and precise. The absorption process of salbutamol aerosol in human was significantly different from that of the oral solution. It was demonstrated that AUC0-20 min reflected the lung availability of salbutamol inhaler.

There is currently a high degree of interest in understanding the diverse mechanisms that determine the growth morphology of epitaxial films. To understand and control over these mechanisms, it is essential to know how the growth mechanisms are correlated with morphologies. In GaN MOVPE processes, growth temperature has a remarkable effect on the film morphologies and properties. In present work, the temperature dependency of surface morphology of GaN epilayers grown by low-pressure metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (LP-MOVPE) was studied using atomic force microscopy. It was demonstrated that dislocations strongly influence the growth mechanisms and the morphology of the films. Three growth modes were identified at different growth temperature ranged from 1030°C to 1100°C, which are, (1) spiral growth dominated by dislocation with screw type, (2) monolayer step flow, and (3) nucleation-assisted step flow growth. The significant effect of dislocation on the surface morphologies and growth mechanisms may be attributed to the high dislocation density and higher activation energy for a step overcoming the dislocation pinning in GaN. Because few dislocations will be introduced under monolayer step flow growth mode, we can infer the useful information about GaN initial growth.

Highly spatial resolved cross-sectional cathodoluminescence (CL) has been used to study the difference in the defect-formation and growth-mechanism between Ga-polar and N-polar GaN epitaxial layers. These epilayers were grown on sapphire substrates by low pressure MOCVD. Their polarities were controlled by the sapphire nitridation and the trimethylaluminum (TMAl) pre-flow just before the conventional two-step growth, and were confirmed with the coaxial impact collision ion scattering spectroscopy (CAICISS). For the Ga-polar GaN epilayers, cross-sectional CL images show distinct two layers, the upper layer with dark lines along c-direction and the layer close to the film-substrate interface with pyramidal dark regions. These two layers correspond to quasi 2D and 3D growth mode respectively. Whereas, the crosssectional CL image taken on the N-polar epilayers is predominated with small dark spots which were randomly distributed throughout the whole GaN epilayer, illustrating the predominant island growth mode in N-polar films.

Summary There is much evidence that diabetes and hyperglycaemia contribute to the impairment of endothelial function and induce severe changes in the proliferation, the adhesive and synthetic properties of endothelial cells. Induction of apoptosis could represent one mechanism to prevent the new accumulation of those vascular defects and to allow generation of vascular endothelium. In this study, we demonstrate that high concentrations of glucose or proinsulin induce apoptosis in human umbilical endothelial cells by three independent methods (DNA fragmentation, fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis, and morphology). The number of apoptotic cells was increased by glucose (30 mmol/l or proinsulin (100 nmol/l) from less than 10 % to about 30 %. Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) largely prevented the induction of apoptosis, whereas inhibition of PKC further increased the number of apoptotic cells. Similar changes as induced by glucose were also observed after incubation of the cells with the non-metabolisable 3-0-methylglucose. These findings indicate that hyperglycaemic conditions stimulate the induction of apoptosis in endothelial cells by a mechanism which is independent from the formation of diacylglycerol and the activation of PKC. The induction of apoptosis by the non-metabolisable glucose suggests that formation of oxygen derived radicals by autoxidative processes is involved and may lead to an activation of transcription factors such as nuclear transcription factor-kB (NF-kB) transferring the activation signal into the nucleus and leading to changes in gene expression necessary for induction of apoptosis. [Diabetologia (1998) 41: 249‐256]