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Gyrotron devices are based on the principle of the relativistic electron cyclotron maser and capable of generating high-power coherent radiation in the millimeter-THz wave range, which are important in imaging, communication, biomedicine. However, traditional particle-in-cell software, simulating the beam-wave interaction of terahertz gyrotron devices, is of huge resource consumption due to massive particles and grid-size dependency of wavelength. Specialized theories need to be developed. In this paper, frequency-domain and time-domain nonlinear theories are introduced. Based on macro-particle assumption and 1-D analytic approximation, the resource consumption is dramatically reduced. The results of two theories coincide with each other. The accuracy of simulation result is demonstrated by comparison with particle-in-cell software. The investigation presented in this paper provides efficient and accurate method to analyze the terahertz gyrotron devices.

A study of electric contact surface treatment to ductile iron has been carried out. This technology was based on the application of the contact resistance heating between the electrode and workpiece. For comparison, the experiments of induction hardening to ductile iron were studied. The microstructure, microhardness, surface residual stress and wear properties were investigated using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, Vickers microhardness and rolling contact wear tests. Electric contact surface treatment resulted in the formation of fine ledeburite (white bright layer) and martensite in the ductile iron surface, in which the hardness in these areas was higher than that of induction hardened surface. The wear test results showed that the ductile iron surface after electric contact surface treatment had better wear resistance owing to the fine microstructure, high hardness and residual compressive stress.

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model based on Eulerian‐Eulerian approach coupled with granular kinetics theory was adopted to investigate the hydrodynamics and flow structures in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) riser column. A new approach to specify the inlet boundary conditions was proposed in this study to simulate gas‐solids flow in CFB risers more accurately. Simulation results were compared with the experimental data, and good agreement between the numerical results and experimental data was observed under different operating conditions, which indicates the effectiveness and accuracy of the CFD model with the proposed inlet boundary conditions. The results also illustrate a clear core annulus structure in the CFB riser under all operating conditions both experimentally and numerically.

Hybridization between yak Poephagus grunniens and taurine Bos taurus or indicine B. indicus cattle has been widely practiced throughout the yak geographical range, and gene flow is expected to have occurred between these species. To assess the impact of cattle admixture on domestic yak, we examined 1076 domestic yak from 29 populations collected in China, Bhutan, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia and Russia using mitochondrial DNA and 17 autosomal microsatellite loci. A cattle diagnostic marker-based analysis reveals cattle-specific mtDNA and/or autosomal microsatellite allele introgression in 127 yak individuals from 22 populations. The mean level of cattle admixture across the populations, calculated using allelic information at 17 autosomal microsatellite loci, remains relatively low (mY(cattle) = 2.66 +/- 0.53% and Q(cattle) = 0.69 +/- 2.58%), although it varies a lot across populations as well as among individuals within population. Although the level of cattle admixture shows a clear geographical structure, with higher levels of admixture in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and Mongolian and Russian regions, and lower levels in the Himalayan and Pamir Plateau region, our results indicate that the level of cattle admixture is not significantly correlated with the altitude across geographical regions as well as within geographical region. Although yak-cattle hybridization is primarily driven to produce F(1) hybrids, our results show that the subsequent gene flow between yak and cattle took place and has affected contemporary genetic make-up of domestic yak. To protect yak genetic integrity, hybridization between yak and cattle should be tightly controlled.

Background Tong Luo Hua Shi Capsule (TLHS) is a new drug modified from Wu-wei-gan-lu Decoction, which has been used as one of the basic prescriptions of the Tibetan Medicine for the treatments of different diseases, especially the Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), for hundreds of years in China. The previous clinical trials showed its anti-arthritis effect and the tolerance in healthy participants. However, there was no further clinical trial reported. Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy and safety of Tong Luo Hua Shi Capsule on the participants with RA. Methods This is a multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled, dose finding study, and reported following the recommendation of the CONSORT. In this randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled, dose finding study, 236 patients with active RA from five medical centers were administered 3 doses (1.6g, 1.2g or 0.8g t.i.d.) of TLHS or 4 pieces of placebo capsule t.i.d. peroral administration daily for 8 weeks. During the clinic visits, investigators obtained multiple blood samples, observed physical exams, and assessed swollen, tender, painful joints. The clinical manifestations and laboratory findings were examined every 2 weeks after starting treatment up to the 8th week. The trial registration number is ChiCTR-TRC-12003871. Results 236 participants from 5 centers were screened with written informed consent, 4 participants were excluded and 20 dropped out for the lost follow-up or empty treatment. there is no significant difference in the incidences of adverse event ( P =0.963) or adverse drug reactions ( P =0.878) among the groups. No serious adverse events occurred in the trial. After the 8-week-administration, the improvement rates of the ACR 20 in the TLHS 4.8g and 3.6g groups were significantly higher than the control group ( P P P Conclusions The outcomes show that TLHS can ameliorate the improvement in the ACR criteria and other endpoints, such as pain, tender, swollen, morning stiffness of joints, patients9 grip strength and physician9s assessment. Moreover, TLHS is safe for patients, besides of the occurrence of transitory adverse events. References Ximin Zhang, Xueyan Li, Yipei Zhang, et al. The quality standard for the Tong Luo Hua Shi Capsule[J]. Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae. 16(13): 75-76, 2010. Jieyun Jiang, Qiang Xu. Immunomodulatory activity of the aqueous extract from rhizome of Smilax glabra in the later phase of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats [J]. J Ethnopharmacol. 85(1): 53-59, 2003. Guangquan Li, Jianxin Guo, Ping Li, et al. The anti-inflammatory effect of Wu Wei Gan Lu medicated foam. Chinese Traditional Patent Medicine. 23(3): 224-225, 2001. Linzhaxi Zhuoma. Study on the Wu Wei Gan Lu medicated bath of Tibetan Medicine. Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy of Chinese Minorities. 19(5): 28-31, 2013. Disclosure of Interest : W. Liu: None declared, Y.-H. Wu: None declared, S.-Y. Hu: None declared, M.-L. Gao: None declared, H.-Y. Wang: None declared, Y.-J. Song: None declared, B.-Z.-X. Yang: None declared, H. Yao Grant/research support: drug supplier, X.-B. Qi: None declared, G. Li: None declared DOI 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.3132