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A dense monolithic SiC/(Hf0.25Ta0.25Zr0.25Nb0.25)C/C high-entropy ceramic nanocomposite was prepared using a polymer-derived ceramic (PDC) method combined with spark plasma sintering (SPS). The microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of the obtained nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning-electron microscope (SEM), and nanoindentation. The results indicate that the phase composition of SiC/(Hf0.25Ta0.25Zr0.25Nb0.25)C/C can be adjusted by modifying the metal content of the single-source precursor (SSP) through molecular design. The resulting precursor exhibits an exceptionally high ceramic yield, with mass retention of over 90% at 1100 °C, which guarantees the densification of the final SiC/(Hf0.25Ta0.25Zr0.25Nb0.25)C/C composites. The PDC route facilitates the in situ formation of a high-entropy phase within the ceramic matrix under low temperature pyrolysis conditions. Combined with SPS, a dense monolithic SiC/(Hf0.25Ta0.25Zr0.25Nb0.25)C/C nanocomposite was obtained, exhibiting an open porosity of 0.41 vol%, nano-hardness of 27.47 ± 0.46 GPa, elastic modulus of 324.00 ± 13.60 GPa, and fracture toughness of 3.59 ± 0.24 MPa·m0.5, demonstrating excellent mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the effect of air leakage on the risk of spontaneous combustion of close coal seam clusters, the heat release characteristics and microstructural evolution of coal samples during primary and secondary oxidation at different air volumes were compared with the help of a high precision calorimeter and an X-ray diffractometer. The Arrhenius formula was applied to calculate the effect of different air volumes on the activation energy. The results show that: The effect of air volume on coal spontaneous combustion is found to have stage adaptation, low airflow is more conducive to coal self-ignition in the pre-heat storage, and the effect of high air volume on coal spontaneous combustion becomes increasingly significant after the temperature rises to a certain degree. The effect of air volume on secondary oxidation and primary oxidation has high affinity. The risk of spontaneous combustion of secondary versus primary oxidation is not absolute, but there is a critical temperature, and secondary oxidation has a higher risk of spontaneous combustion only when the temperature is higher than the critical temperature. The effect of wind volume on the morphological characteristics of the aromatic layer structural unit is achieved mainly by changing the side chain structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report the possibility of using the X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) technique to detect gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in the form of its sodium salt in different beverages, but because it is not possible to freely buy GHB, beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB) and its sodium salt (NaBHB) were used as a model to fine-tune an X-ray diffraction method for the qualitative analysis of the sodium salt of GHB. The method requires only a small quantity of beverage and an easy sample preparation that consists only of the addition of NaOH to the drink and a subsequent drying step. The dry residue obtained can be easily analyzed with XRPD using a single-crystal X-ray diffractometer, which exploits its high sensitivity and allows for very fast pattern collection. Several beverages with different NaBHB:NaOH molar ratios were tested, and the results showed that NaBHB was detected in all drinks analyzed when the NaBHB:NaOH molar ratio was 1:50, using a characteristic peak at very low 2θ values, which also permitted the detection of its presence in complex beverage matrices. Moreover, depending on the amount of NaOH added, shifting and/or splitting of the characteristic NaBHB salt peak was observed, and the origin of this behavior was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stannides Sr3Rh4Sn4 and Sr2.43Eu0.57Ir4Sn4 (Na3Pt4Ge4-type, space group I 4 ‾ 3m) were synthesized by induction-melting of the elements in sealed tantalum tubes followed by an annealing sequence to increase the crystallinity. Their polycrystalline samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and the structures were refined from single crystal X-ray diffractometer data. The basic building units are [Rh4Sn4] respectively [Ir4Sn4] stellae quadrangulae which condense to rigid three-dimensional networks. A striking crystal chemical feature of the Na3Pt4Ge4-type phases are pronounced anisotropic displacements of the divalent cations. Additional structure refinements of Sr3Rh4Sn4 and Sr2.43Eu0.57Ir4Sn4 and the previously reported stannide Sr3Ir4Sn4 at 90 K reveal less anisotropic behavior in going to lower temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stannides Sr3Rh4Sn4 and Sr2.43Eu0.57Ir4Sn4 (Na3Pt4Ge4-type, space group I 4 ‾ 3m) were synthesized by induction-melting of the elements in sealed tantalum tubes followed by an annealing sequence to increase the crystallinity. Their polycrystalline samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and the structures were refined from single crystal X-ray diffractometer data. The basic building units are [Rh4Sn4] respectively [Ir4Sn4] stellae quadrangulae which condense to rigid three-dimensional networks. A striking crystal chemical feature of the Na3Pt4Ge4-type phases are pronounced anisotropic displacements of the divalent cations. Additional structure refinements of Sr3Rh4Sn4 and Sr2.43Eu0.57Ir4Sn4 and the previously reported stannide Sr3Ir4Sn4 at 90 K reveal less anisotropic behavior in going to lower temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single crystals of Ca2Co5.66Zn11.34, Ca2Co4.62Zn12.38 and Ca2Co2.36Zn14.64 were obtained from reactions of the elements in sealed tantalum ampoules. The crystal structures were refined from single-crystal X-ray diffractometer data: Th2Zn17 type, R 3 ‾ m, a = 879.93(7), c = 1282.81(11) pm, wR = 0.0394, 432 F2 values, 25 variables for Ca2Co5.66Zn11.34, a = 886.0(4), c = 1293.1(6) pm, wR = 492 F2 values, 25 variables for Ca2Co4.62Zn12.38 and a = 894.62(16), c = 1307.2(3) pm, wR = 0.0463, 460 F2 values, 24 variables for Ca2Co2.36Zn14.64. The crystal chemistry of these phases is driven by different Co/Zn mixed occupied sites. The structures are explained as a rod packing of infinite strands that are built up from pairs of interpenetrating Ca@(Co/Zn)19 and Zn1@(Co/Zn)13Ca polyhedra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an anionic dye, Reactive Black 5 (RB5), was subjected to sonophotocatalytic treatment process with the aim of establishing the effectiveness of the prepared ZnO incorporated activated red mud (ZnO/ARM) as a viable sonophotocatalyst. ZnO/ARM was prepared by impregnation method at different weight ratios (0.25:1, 0.5:1, 0.75:1 and 1:1) with the ZnO/ARM at weight ratio of 0.75:1 proving to be the best sonophotocatalyst. The prepared sonophotocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffractometer for crystal phase studies, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller for surface area studies, Fourier transform infrared for surface functional groups studies, SEM–EDX for surface morphological and elemental studies, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and photoluminescence for sonophotocatalyst band-gap studies while parametric and kinetic studies of the removal of RB5 from the simulated wastewater were conducted to confirm its effectiveness under simultaneous application of a transducer bath-type sonicator (35 kHz) and a UV-C (254 nm) lamp. The influence of the solution pH, concentration and catalyst dosage were manipulated throughout this study to investigate the sonophotodegradation kinetics and synergistic effects on the RB5 degradation. Experimental results confirmed that the sonophotocatalytic degradation rate of 20 ppm RB5 was most effective under acidic medium (66.7%) as compared to alkaline medium (46.1%) due to an excess of positive charge in the ZnO/ARM surface which favours a strong electrostatic interaction with SO3− groups of the dye resulting in a higher degradation rate (0.0156 min−1). Under alkaline conditions, the catalytic activity of ZnO/ARM was attenuated by the higher negative charge which promoted the repulsion of the dye from ZnO/ARM surfaces leading to a lower degradation rate of 0.01 min−1. The accelerated photo induced electron–hole transfer and separation, decreased recombination rate and band energy matching, enhancing the photocatalytic performance of ZnO/ARM composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Ba0.6Sr0.4Ti1-xMnxO3 ceramics were fabricated by a novel ball milling technique followed by spin-coating to produce thin-film resistive memories. Measurements were made using field emission scanning electron microscopes, atomic force microscopes, X-ray diffractometers, and precision power meters to observe, analyze, and calculate surface microstructures, roughness, crystalline phases, half-height widths, and memory characteristics. Firstly, the effect of different sintering methods with different substitution ratios of Mn4+ for Ti4+ was studied. The surface microstructural changes of the films prepared by the one-time sintering method were compared with those of the solid-state reaction method, and the effects of substituting a small amount of Ti4+ with Mn4+ on the physical properties were analyzed. Finally, the optimal parameters obtained in the first part of the experiment were used for the fabrication of the thin-film resistive memory devices. The voltage and current characteristics, continuous operation times, conduction mechanisms, activation energies, and hopping distances of two types of thin-film resistive memory devices, BST and BSTM, were measured and studied under different compliance currents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The zinc-rich intermetallic phases CaRu2Zn10, SrRu2Zn10 and EuRu2Zn10 were synthesized by induction-melting of the elements in sealed tantalum ampoules followed by annealing to increase the crystallinity. The samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and the structures were refined from single crystal X-ray diffractometer data: new type, P42/nnm, a = 894.68(14), c = 518.44(9) pm, wR2 = 0.0830, 432 F2 values, 22 variables for CaRu2Zn10, a = 907.01(10), c = 516.35(6), wR2 = 0.0469, 445 F2 values, 22 variables for SrRu2Zn10 and a = 902.84(9), c = 515.91(5) pm, wR2 = 0.0469, 434 F2 values, 22 variables for EuRu2Zn10. The three structures are new ordering variants of the aristotype ThMn12. They are discussed on the basis of a group-subgroup scheme and compared to the known superstructures CaCr2Al10, ErNi10Si2 and ScFe6Ga6. The calcium atoms within the Ca@Ru4Zn16 polyhedra have flattened tetrahedral ruthenium coordination, reducing the calcium site symmetry to 4 ‾ 2m (instead of 4/mmm in the aristotype). Electronic structure calculations show a substantial charge transfer from calcium to ruthenium and an almost neutral zinc substructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The zinc-rich intermetallic phases CaRu2Zn10, SrRu2Zn10 and EuRu2Zn10 were synthesized by induction-melting of the elements in sealed tantalum ampoules followed by annealing to increase the crystallinity. The samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and the structures were refined from single crystal X-ray diffractometer data: new type, P42/nnm, a = 894.68(14), c = 518.44(9) pm, wR2 = 0.0830, 432 F2 values, 22 variables for CaRu2Zn10, a = 907.01(10), c = 516.35(6), wR2 = 0.0469, 445 F2 values, 22 variables for SrRu2Zn10 and a = 902.84(9), c = 515.91(5) pm, wR2 = 0.0469, 434 F2 values, 22 variables for EuRu2Zn10. The three structures are new ordering variants of the aristotype ThMn12. They are discussed on the basis of a group-subgroup scheme and compared to the known superstructures CaCr2Al10, ErNi10Si2 and ScFe6Ga6. The calcium atoms within the Ca@Ru4Zn16 polyhedra have flattened tetrahedral ruthenium coordination, reducing the calcium site symmetry to 4 ‾ 2m (instead of 4/mmm in the aristotype). Electronic structure calculations show a substantial charge transfer from calcium to ruthenium and an almost neutral zinc substructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The removal of congo red (CR) is a critical issue in contemporary textile industry wastewater treatment. The current study introduces a combined electrochemical process of electrocoagulation (EC) and electro-oxidation (EO) to address the elimination of this dye. Moreover, it discusses the formation of a triple composite of Co, Mn, and Ni oxides by depositing fixed salt ratios (1:1:1) of these oxides in an electrolysis cell at a constant current density of 25 mA/cm2. The deposition ended within 3 hours at room temperature. X-ray diffractometer (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) characterized the structural and surface morphology of the multi-oxide sediment. Marvelously, the deposition has simultaneously occurred on both anodic and cathodic graphite electrodes. These electrodes besides aluminum (Al) are employed as anodes in the EC-EO system, and the results were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum operating conditions were a current density of 6 mA/cm2, pH = 7, and NaCl of 0.26 g/L. The results showed that the combined system eliminated more than 99.91% of the congo red dye with a removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of around 97% with 1.64 kWh/kg of dye of the consumed energy. At low current density, the current delivered for the composite anode was more than for the Al anode with the same surface area. On top of this superiority, the EC-EO scenario is a practical hybrid process to remove CR in an environmentally friendly pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The KCaF3 perovskite catalyst was successfully synthesized by reacting limestone (natural-CaCO3) with potassium fluoride (KF). The synthesis of the KCaF3 catalyst was conducted with several variations in the mole ratio of CaCO3 to KF (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3). The research results showed that the addition of KF can affect the characteristics of the catalyst. The optimal catalyst is the KCaF3 catalyst with a mole ratio variation of 1:3. X-ray diffractometer analysis revealed that the highest KCaF3 phase composition reached 74.05%, while thermogravimetric analysis indicated a CaCO3 concentration of 34.50%. Surface Area Analyzer analysis shows that KCaF3 has the largest surface area, which is 187.1 m²/g. This catalyst efficiently facilitated the transesterification of palm oil, yielding 93.4% biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this work, we have successfully fabricated a calcium titanate perovskite compound. The resulting CaTiO3 compound was studied by preparing samples by compacting it in a powder state and using a Pousson device. The distance between the planes dhkl, Miller indices (hkl), degree of crystallinity and amorphism, structure and lattice parameters of the calcium titanate perovskite compound were determined using an X-ray diffractometer. Also, according to the results of FT-IR analysis, the formation of CaTiO3 perovskite is confirmed as a result of the study of molecular vibrations. The main broad peaks are observed in the range of 680÷400 cm-1, the absorption band at the wave number of 543,93 cm-1 corresponds to the specific stretching vibrations of Ti-O bonds and indicates the formation of the CaTiO3 perovskite type structure implies. Based on the results of these measurements, it will be possible to use semiconductor compounds in the future to create nanofilms by magnetron sputtering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Button- and thin strip-shaped Fe-Sn alloy were prepared by high-frequency induction heating and single-roll technology, respectively, and the phase separation organization and phase constitution of Fe60Sn40 and Fe40Sn60 alloys were comparatively analyzed by using metallurgical microscope, scanning electron microscope, energy spectrum analyzer, and X-ray diffractometer under the conventional solidification and rapid conditions. The results show that under conventional solidification the morphologies of Fe60Sn40 and Fe40Sn60 alloys are significantly different, but the phase constitutions are almost identical, containing five phases of α-Fe, (Sn), Fe3Sn2, FeSn and FeSn2. The Fe60Sn40 alloy shows an encapsulated structure with clear boundary, whereas the morphology of Fe40Sn60 alloy is divided into three regions as per the characterizations, which contains upper dendrites-middle small-sized particles-lower large-sized particles, and the boundaries of each other are vague. On the contrary, the microstructures of two alloy ribbons are similar, that is, the spherical minor-phase particles uniformly distribute in the matrix, and the phase constitution is composed of α-Fe, (Sn), FeSn and FeSn2. The difference in morphologies under conventional solidification is attributed to the different kinematics of minor-phase particle, and the absence of the Fe3Sn2 phase in the metallic ribbons may be due to the high cooling rate that inhibits the generation of the intermediate phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium phosphates are a major focus in the biomedical field. However, among the various types, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and their integration with polymers are not investigated widely in the literature. This study aims to produce calcium phosphate including calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and hydroxyapatite integrated with gelatin by a novel method using a spray dryer. The bioactivity of these samples in simulated body fluid is examined to assess their potential usage in the biomedical area. Spray-dried samples are analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Regarding the samples soaked in SBF, FTIR and SEM analyses are conducted. Additionally, the absorption and degradation of pellets in simulated body fluid, as well as the pH change, are determined. It is concluded that successful composites are synthesized and have potential applications in the biomedical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for powder X‐ray diffraction analysis continues to increase in a variety of scientific fields, as the excellent beam quality of high‐brightness synchrotron light sources enables the acquisition of high‐quality measurement data with high intensity and angular resolution. Synchrotron powder diffraction has enabled the rapid measurement of many samples and various in situ/operando experiments in nonambient sample environments. To meet the demands for even higher throughput measurements using high‐energy X‐rays at SPring‐8, a high‐throughput and high‐resolution powder diffraction system has been developed. This system is combined with six sets of two‐dimensional (2D) CdTe detectors for high‐energy X‐rays, and various automation systems, including a system for automatic switching among large sample environmental equipment, have been developed in the third experimental hutch of the insertion device beamline BL13XU at SPring‐8. In this diffractometer system, high‐brilliance and high‐energy X‐rays ranging from 16 to 72 keV are available. The powder diffraction data measured under ambient and various nonambient conditions can be analysed using Rietveld refinement and the pair distribution function. Using the 2D CdTe detectors with variable sample‐to‐detector distance, three types of scan modes have been established: standard, single‐step and high‐resolution. A major feature is the ability to measure a whole powder pattern with millisecond resolution. Equally important, this system can measure powder diffraction data with high Q exceeding 30 Å−1 within several tens of seconds. This capability is expected to contribute significantly to new research avenues using machine learning and artificial intelligence by utilizing the large amount of data obtained from high‐throughput measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For thermoelectric applications at high temperatures, perovskite SrTiO3 is a promising contender as an n‐type oxide thermoelectric (TE) material. In this work, SrxLa0.1TiO3−δ/TiO2−y composite ceramics were successfully synthesized by solid state reaction, using a combination of A‐site cation vacancy and composite fabrication. Through X‐ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscopy analysis, a complex microstructure composed of two kinds of titanium oxides was formed after reductive sintering and annealing. In addition, controlling the content of Sr vacancies in the SrxLa0.1TiO3−δ matrix increased the thermoelectric power factor (PF) by optimizing the weighted mobility in the composite, resulting in the highest PF of 425.8 μW m−1 K−2 and the maximum ZT of 0.16 for the Sr0.875La0.1TiO3−δ/TiO2−y composite through the synergistic optimization of electrical and thermal transport properties. The strategy proposed in this study of design A‐site‐deficient composites with nano‐sized metal paved a new way to fabricate high performance oxide thermoelectric materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samples of the solid solution Gd2–xYxCu2Mg (in steps of x = 0.2) were synthesized from the elements in sealed tantalum ampoules in a high-frequency furnace. The polycrystalline samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction. The structure of Gd0.988(6)Y1.012(6)Cu2Mg was refined from single-crystal X-ray diffractometer data: Mo2B2Fe type, P4/mbm, a = 762.83(4), c = 375.48(2) pm, wR2 = 0.0277, 285 F2 values and 13 variables. Single-crystal data gave no hint for Gd/Y ordering. All samples behave like Curie-Weiss paramagnets with stable trivalent gadolinium and ferromagnetic ordering at low temperature. Within the solid solution the Curie temperature drops almost linearly from TC = 113.5(1) K for Gd2Cu2Mg to 9.3(1) K for Gd0.2Y1.8Cu2Mg, allowing a precise adjustment of the magnetic ordering temperature through gadolinium spin dilution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The research purpose is to study the change in the qualitative composition of granite before and after blasting operations to determine its compliance with the criteria of marketable products.       Methods. X-ray phase and X-ray structural research methods are used to study changes in the mineral composition of granites before and after blasting operations. To separate magnetic and non-magnetic fractions of the selected granite samples, a three-roller RST magnetic separator is used. X-ray phase research is conducted using a DRON-3 diffractometer. Additionally, an analysis of the unit cell dimensions of the quartz crystal lattice was conducted, and the dislocation density along the corresponding crystallographic planes was studied.       Findings. It has been determined that after blasting operations, granite mass is redistributed from coarse fractions of 1-20 mm to small fractions of 0-1 mm with an increase in the latter by 4.2%. It has been found that the biotite content decrea-ses naturally and consistently, and the quartz content increases correspondingly in products in the following series: magnetic separator drum (90%, 2%) → lower roller (72%, 14%) → upper roller (55%, 31%) → non-magnetic product (48%, 34%) before blasting operations. Therefore, despite significant differences in the magnetic favorability of these two mineral phases, they are present in all magnetic separation products (with the exception of quartz in the non-magnetic product): magnetic separator drum → lower roller → upper roller.       Originality. It has been established that along the crystallographic directions 101 and 211, the maximum gradient of dislocation density increase in the quartz crystal lattice in granite samples before blasting operations is observed during the transition from the lower roller product to the upper roller product, amounting to 1.55·1010 and 6.63·1010 cm-2, respectively. After blasting operations, in granite samples along the same directions, the maximum gradient of dislocation density increase is observed between the upper roller product and the non-magnetic product, amounting to 3.01·1010 and 4.67·1010cm-2. As a result of the thermodynamic impact of blasting operations, the weighted average dislocation density value along crystallographic planes 101 and 211 in the quartz crystal lattice increases by 47.21 and 25.72%, respectively.       Practical implications. Understanding the quality characteristics of marketable products after blasting operations will contribute to optimizing the stages of further processing of non-metallic mineral raw materials (two-, three- or four-stage crushing) and expanding the scope of granite applications. This increases its competitiveness in the building materials market by reducing the costs for additional processing with a reduction in the labor intensity of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study was aimed to investigate the effect of cold plasma on chitosan powder properties at two different power levels (22 kV and 25 kV) and four different times (0, 4, 8, and 12 min). The treated and control chitosan powder were analyzed to determine any changes in their physicochemical, structural, functional, and thermal properties. The plasma treatment notably reduced the moisture content of the sample. Increasing the plasma voltage and exposure time resulted in an increase in solubility (2.42% and 5.02%, respectively) and water binding capacity (4.09% and 8.45%, respectively) of the samples. However, there was a decrease in fat binding capacity of approximately 5.41% and 5.09% (p < 0.05) under the same conditions. The plasma treatment markedly reduced the average molecular weight of chitosan samples, with the control having the highest molecular weight (1543.16 kDa) and the sample treated at 25 kV for 12 min showing the lowest (1511.21 kDa). Although there was no observed change in the functional group of the control and treated chitosan powder, the X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscopy analyses indicated an increase in crystallinity. Furthermore, the differential scanning calorimetry analysis of the control and treated chitosan showed that the treated samples exhibited lower melting and decomposition enthalpies. This study's results demonstrate that cold plasma can serve as an eco-friendly method, due to its reduced chemical usage, for effectively altering the functional properties of chitosan. This opens up possibilities for a wider range of applications in both the food and polymer industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We present a molecular dynamics simulation method including x‐ray diffractometer pattern calculation, mean square displacement (MSD), and nonbonding energy distribution (NED) to disclose the dependencies of condensed structure on its crystalline process of the poly(vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF‐TrFE)) films. For comparison, the P(VDF‐TrFE) solution is casted into the films, and followed that different thermal processes are performed to fabricate the crystalline states of the films. Simulation and experimental results have good consistency, indicating that high temperature annealing can effectively promote all‐trans β phase in the crystal region of P(VDF‐TrFE). As such, P(VDF‐TrFE) 80/20 mol% annealing at 140°C shows a higher MSD (~27.5 Å2) and a faster reducing rate of NED than that of other films, contributing to a large maximum polarization (Ps) of ~15.5 μC cm−2, high a remnant polarization (Pr) of ~11.8 μC cm−2, and an attractive piezoelectric strain coefficient (d33) of −27.1 pC N−1 under 200 MV m−1, respectively, and providing a reference for the applications of P(VDF‐TrFE) in flexible sensors, actuators, transducers, and so forth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

V6O13 with a nanosheet structure was employed as a cathode material for aqueous zinc metal batteries. V6O13 delivered a high specific capacity of 425 mA h g-1, outstanding rate performance and durable cycling with high capacity retention of 86% after 3000 cycles. Moreover, in situ X-ray diffractometer (XRD), ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) were employed to ascertain the reaction mechanism of Zn2+ storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/[(Ba0.85Ca0.15)0.995Sm0.005](Ti0.9Hf0.1)O3 (BCTH-0.005Sm3+) composite films with different BCTH-0.005Sm3+ filling amount were prepared via hydrothermal method and solution tape scraping process. The effects of BCTH:0.005Sm3+ filling amount were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) transmission spectrum and photoluminescence spectrum. XRD confirms appropriate amount filling of BCTH:0.005Sm3+ promoting formation of β-phase, and FTIR reveals coupling between PVDF matrix and BCTH:0.005Sm3+ filler in the composite films. BCTH:0.005Sm3+ nanopowder filling increases optical transmittance, widens visible light region, and induces redshift of maximum absorption of pure PVDF. Emission intensity and fluorescence lifetime increase first and then decrease with increasing BCTH:0.005Sm3+ filling amount, and one-photon assisted down-conversion process dominates fluorescence emission in the PVDF/BCTH:0.005Sm3+ composite films. Overall, filling 2 wt% BCTH:0.005Sm3+ nanopowder is more helpful to improve comprehensive performance of the composite films, broadening prospect application in electrical and optical multifunctional fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

:In this study, Ag3Sn nanoparticles were synthesized using the redox method and incorporated into SAC305 solder at varymg mass ratios (0, 0. 1 %,0.15%,0.2%)to investigate their impact on the microstructure, wettabihty, and rehabihty of the solder. The physical phase and morphology of the Ag3Sn nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffractometer and scanning e!ectron microscope, whUe the microstructure of the solder jonis was observed using a metallograplic microscope. Subsequently, the solder jonis were aged at 150 C for different durations(0, 50, 100, 150, 200 h), and the interfacaal intermetalic compound (IMC) layer thickness was measured usng Image J software to caiculate the growth coefticienr. Resuits indicate that the addition of an appropriate amount ofAg3Sn nanoparticles to SAC305 solder enhances wettabiiity, refines the microstructure, and inhibits IMC layer growth. As aging progresses, the Cu6Sn5 nntermetanic compound layer transitions from scalloped to pknar, accompaned by the appearance of the Cu3Sn nntermetanic compound aye. The optimal performance was observed with the addition of 0. 15 w. % Ag3Sn nanopartides to SAC305 solder, r esulting n improved wettabiity(spreading area of 167. 447 mm2), minimal growth coefficient(0. 04), and enhanced microstructural refinement [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For more than a decade, the CheMin X-ray diffraction instrument on the Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity, has been returning definitive and quantitative mineralogical and mineral–chemistry data from ~3.5-billion-year-old (Ga) sediments in Gale crater, Mars. To date, 40 drilled rock samples and three scooped soil samples have been analyzed during the rover's 30+ km transit. These samples document the mineralogy of over 800 m of flat-lying fluvial, lacustrine, and aeolian sedimentary rocks that comprise the lower strata of the central mound of Gale crater (Aeolis Mons, informally known as Mt. Sharp) and the surrounding plains (Aeolis Palus, informally known as the Bradbury Rise). The principal mineralogy of the sedimentary rocks is of basaltic composition, with evidence of post-depositional diagenetic overprinting. The rocks in many cases preserve much of their primary mineralogy and sedimentary features, suggesting that they were never strongly heated or deformed. Using aeolian soil composition as a proxy for the composition of the deposited and lithified sediment, it appears that, in many cases, the diagenetic changes observed are principally isochemical. Exceptions to this trend include secondary nodules, calcium sulfate veining, and rare Si-rich alteration halos. A surprising and yet poorly understood observation is that nearly all of the ~3.5 Ga sedimentary rocks analyzed to date contain 15–70 wt.% of X-ray amorphous material. Overall, this >800 m section of sedimentary rock explored in lower Mt. Sharp documents a perennial shallow lake environment grading upward into alternating lacustrine/fluvial and aeolian environments, many of which would have been habitable to microbial life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This research investigated the effect of Bi4Ti3O12 (BiT) template particles size on the structure and piezoelectric properties of 〈001〉‐textured (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 (BNT)‐based lead‐free piezoelectric ceramics. Results of X‐ray diffractometer analyses and scanning electron microscopy observations showed that high purity BiT template particles could be obtained with the KCl as the molten salt system. Highly 〈001〉‐textured (~87%) BNT‐based ceramics prepared with large size BiT templates (7.75 µm) exhibited a high inverse piezoelectric constant d33* (1100 pm/N), which was ∼3.38‐fold larger than that with 1.91 µm (325 pm/N). In addition, we have found that too small the template size can make it difficult to align the orientation of the template during the casting process, whereas too large the size can create problems such as too much hysteresis (∆S/Smax = 67%). This study has demonstrated that the use of high purity large size BiT template particles could provide a feasible route to fabricate BNT‐based textured ceramics with desired electro‐strain properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polybutylene-1 (PB-1) consisting of form II and I in different ratio was achieved by solvent vapor annealing pure form II polybutylene-1 for different time. X-ray diffractometer was used to observe the phase transition of the residue form II at room temperature after solvent vapor annealing. The results show that the phase transition speed is faster than that of the natural phase transition and changed from fast to slow. By FTIR, the volatilization process of n-hexane in PB-1 was observed. After PB-1 sample was treated with solvent vapor annealing for several minutes, n-hexane in PB-1 was saturated. In the following phase transition at room temperature, the time required for n-hexane to volatilize from PB-1 is the same which demonstrates that it is independent of the time of solvent vapor annealing. This phenomenon indicates that residue n-hexane still promoted the phase transition of the residue form II at room temperature. With the volatilization of n-hexane, the promotion gradually decreased until it disappeared. Therefore, it is not necessary to treat Form II PB-1 sample in solvent vapor annealing until completely phase transition to Form I in actual application because more than 75% transition is enough and the residue solvent will also accelerate phase transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Excessive levels of residual stresses (RS) in metallic components of flexible pipes can lead to failure by fatigue or stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) mechanisms. Accurate measurements of residual stresses are essential in order to support comprehensive integrity assessments of these structures. Objective: This paper aims at proposing a methodology for in-field evaluation of the residual stresses in the tensile armour of flexible pipes. This methodology is evaluated by comparing results from the contour method (CM), a portable (PXRD) and a benchtop (BXRD) X-ray diffractometer. Methods: A set of samples with a controlled RS state was used to evaluate PXRD depth-profiles by comparison with BXRD measurements. CM was used to investigate stress values elsewhere in the cross-section of the samples. PXRD was then used to measure the total stress on a full-scale flexible riser. Results: Strong texture was seen in XRD measurements due to the preferential orientation in the samples, but a method to overcome this is proposed. RS measurements with PXRD were in close agreement with BXRD values in all samples. Total stress profiles obtained by PXRD on a tensile armour of flexible pipe are given. CM did not provide reliable results in the near-surface region of shot-peened samples, but reasonable agreement was found with BXRD after manual adjustment of a smoothing parameter when depths from 0.3 mm to 1.5 mm were analyzed. Conclusion: A methodology has been established for non-destructive in-loco profiling of the total stress state in tensile armours of flexible pipes with PXRD; in a real application scenario it could provide valuable information that could help to understand damage initiation mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ternary auride Ba3Mg4Au4 was synthesized from the elements in a sealed tantalum ampoule. The Ba3Mg4Au4 structure was refined from single-crystal X-ray diffractometer data: Gd3Cu4Ge4 type, space group Immm, a = 447.95(10), b = 843.07(18), c = 1564.2(5) pm, wR2 = 0.0935, 680 F2 values, 23 variables. Ba3Mg4Au4 is a 1:2 intergrowth structure of BaAu2-(AlB2 type) and BaMg2Au-(MgCuAl2 type) related slabs. The two crystallographically independent gold atoms both have tricapped trigonal prismatic coordination, i.e. Au1@Mg6Ba3 and Au2@Mg2Ba6Au. The Au–Mg (284–303 pm) and Ba–Au (331–349 pm) distances cover small ranges that are close to the sums of the covalent radii. The magnesium atoms in the MgCuAl2-related slab show Mg–Mg distances of 320–332 pm. The different coloring variants of the Gd3Cu4Ge4 type are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corrosion features of 20# carbon steel, the base material of sour water stripper, in NH4Cl solution were examined in this research. The anatomical samples of the corroded parts were characterized by an X-ray diffractometer and other analytical tools. It was found to be a localized perforation caused by pitting, and the corrosion product was FeCl2. 20# steel was subjected to electrochemical testing using Tafel polarization and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The studies showed that the 20# steel's cathodic depolarization reaction rate speeds as density rises, and that the concentration polarization gets more marked as temperature rises. The corrosion rate of 20# steel is the fastest when temperature hits its highest point of 80°C, measuring 4.7142 mm/a. When density rose from 5 to 20%, corrosion rate grew from 1.6378 to 7.2430 mm/a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ca3Ru3Zn13 was synthesized from the elements in a tantalum tube in a muffle furnace. The sample was annealed to 1123 K followed by slow cooling to enhance crystal growth. Ca3Ru3Zn13 was characterized through a Guinier powder pattern. The structure was refined from single crystal X-ray diffractometer data: new type, Pbcn, a = 522.92(5), b = 1792.72(14), c = 2789.6(2) pm, wR2 = 0.0590, 3451 F2 values, 177 variables. One can describe the Ca3Ru3Zn13 structure by a stacking of closest packed layers of compositions Ca6Zn10, Ca6Zn12 and Ru6Zn15. The calcium atoms have high coordination numbers: Ca1@Zn13Ru3Ca2, Ca2@Zn15Ru4Ca, Ca3@Zn15Ru4Ca and Ca4@Zn15Ru4Ca. The shortest interatomic distances occur between the ruthenium and zinc atoms (255–273 pm). The Ru1@Zn8, Ru2@Zn10 and Ru3@Zn8 polyhedra condense via common edges to the [Ru3Zn13] substructure which hosts the calcium atoms. The zinc substructure consists of 15 crystallographically independent zinc sites with a broader range of Zn–Zn distances (255–307 pm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Al-induced electroless bi-layered Co/Sn coating was fabricated on a mild steel substrate by plating the Co layer as a primer and the Sn as an outer layer. This Co/Sn bi-layer coating was prepared by using a dual bath (chloride-based electroless Co and Sn bath) with varying single-layer thickness. The growth rate of the primer and outer layers was evaluated in a temperature range of 60° to 90°C. The morphology, composition, and phase structure of the coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD), respectively. The bi-layer coating showed a significant improvement in corrosion resistance in terms of a reduction in corrosion current and corrosion rate and an increase in polarization resistance compared to the single-layer coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fossilized wood is a key geoheritage feature found in many protected areas. Knowledge about its formation is also key to the understanding of such areas. This study investigates the mineralization processes of the world's longest petrified wood (Koompassioxylon elegans), BT1, located in Tak, Thailand, an extraordinary and rare specimen with significance for scientific, educational, geotourism, recreational, geopark, and geoheritage purposes. Multiple techniques including petrography, scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEMEDS), and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) were employed. Petrographically, the wood structures exhibit different types of quartz crystals, with microcrystalline quartz and spherulitic chalcedony being prominent. The vessels contain chalcedony and crypto-to micro- crystalline quartz, with vug-like precipitation occurring within them. Prismatic quartz crystals grow divergently around the vessels, while other cells such as tracheids, rays, and parenchyma (see Appendix for definition of these terms) are permineralized by polycrystalline quartz, chalcedony, and opal, indicating degradation of these cells. The cells outside the vessels also contain the larger polycrystalline quartz grains cross-cutting the wood cell boundaries. Red to reddish-brown Feoxides coat some fissures and cracks. XRD analysis reveals dominant peaks of quartz, followed by analcite, feldspar, montmorillonite, and goethite. SEM-EDS analysis identifies major and trace elements in the wood, showing incomplete permineralization with remnants of carbon in the wood cells. Mineral replacement and permineralization occur in the cell walls, tracheid lumen, vessels, intercellular spaces, and void spaces. The weathering in BT1 is identified by the presence of iron stains, goethite inclusions, a spongy appearance, lenticular features, and fungal growth on the perforated texture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important industrial requirements is to find the materials which have the tendency to withstand harsh environments, such as high pressure, high temperature, and radiation environments, so that they will maintain high efficiency in these conditions. Such materials are greatly required for aerospace, defense, and high-temperature molecular device fabrications. In the present context, we have chosen l-isoleucine samples to assess the crystallographic phase stability under dynamic shocked conditions. The stability result has been screened by a powder x-ray diffractometer (PXRD). Based on the observed diffraction results, it is well evidenced by the cleavage planes, such as (002) (003), (004), (005), and (006), that the applied shock waves do not induce any crystallographic phase transitions and lattice deformations even at 200 shocks. The unit cell dimensions of the l-isoleucine sample were a = 9.752 Å, b = 5.321 Å, c = 14.13 Å and V = 728 Å3 which were found to be the same under all numbers of shocked conditions. Hence, the l-isoleucine sample is strongly suggested for device fabrication, and previous static high-pressure experimental results also support this suggestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emplacement of Oligocene tonalitic, granodiorite, and quartz diorite suites into Cretaceous andesitic rocks causes the generation of an argillic alteration zone in the northeast of the Kharvana area. No detailed geochemical consideration of the argillic alteration zone has been carried out. In this research, factors controlling the mobility and concentration of rare earth elements (REE) in this alteration zone are determined by different geochemical techniques. The mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the argillic alteration zone were examined by X-ray diffractometer and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. Based on mineralogical analyses, quartz, kaolinite, alunite, pyrophyllite, muscovite-illite, rutile, chlorite, jarosite, hematite, goethite, and pyrite are the dominant mineral phases in the Kharvan argillic alteration zone. Chondritenormalized REE spider diagrams indicate fractionation and enrichment of LREE from HREE, along with Eu and Ce negative anomalies during the development of the argillic alteration zone. Taking into account Al as an immobile monitor element, argillization of andesite rocks was accompanied by leaching and fixation of REE. Whereas, among the lanthanides, Ce displays a decrease in the content of all the argillic samples. Combining the results obtained from mass change calculations and geochemical parameters, such as (SLREE/SHREE)N and (La/Yb)N ratios, shows that the distribution of lanthanides during the development of the argillic alteration zone is controlled by a number of factors, including changes in pH and redox potential of environment, the difference in the degree of destabilization of lanthanide complexes, adsorption, scavenging by metallic oxides and hydroxides, and isomorphic substitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most common methods for texture characterization require cutting a coupon to be inserted into an X‐ray texture goniometer or an electron microscope and are, therefore, destructive. However, there are many cases where texture characterization needs to be performed in a non‐destructive way, where the measurement can be made without damaging the object. Typical examples are archaeological artefacts or very expensive materials. Here we demonstrate the application of an X‐ray diffractometer mounted on a robotic arm designed for residual stress scanning for texture characterization, enabling the determination of the orientation distribution function for different locations on samples with complex geometries. The texture characterization method was benchmarked on a cold‐rolled aluminium sheet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

X‐ray diffractometer with Rietveld refinement and Raman spectroscopy were used for phase analysis. Ca doping results in decreased εr (24.09–21.52), Q × f (68 914–40 110 GHz), and τf (−50.0 ppm/°C to −60.2 ppm/°C) all decrease, which obviously does not conform to the mutual constraint relationship among the three parameters of microwave dielectric properties. The εr of Ce1−xCaxO2−x ceramics is affected by the ion polarizability and the Ce rattling and valence states, among which the rattling of Ce cations plays a dominant role. The presence of oxygen vacancies in Ce1−xCaxO2−x ceramics explains the decrease in Q × f. The τε, εr, and αL are responsible for the decrease in τf, especially for the ταm‐3αL values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concrete structures partially immersed in seawater will be subjected to severe chloride and sulfate erosion under the capillary and diffusion actions. Nevertheless, the present studies only discuss the capillary action in a static water level environment, without considering the capillary action in a water level fluctuating environment. In this paper, the mechanical properties and ions transmission law of concrete under the capillary and diffusion actions in water level fluctuating environment were investigated through a series of indoor exposure tests. Three erosion solutions were set to study the interaction effects of chloride, sulfate, and magnesium within concrete. Based on the compressive strength tests, the mechanical properties of concrete in a water level fluctuating environment were explored. The natural diffusion tests were carried out to research the sulfate and chloride transmission law within concrete above and in the water level fluctuating zone (WLFZ). Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and mercury injection porosimeter (MIP) measurements were conducted to analyze the microstructures at various zones of concrete under different erosion solutions. The results show that the concrete partially immersed in WLFZ suffers from severe sulfate attack on mechanical properties due to the dual influences of sulfate chemical and physical crystallization attack. The chloride concentration within concrete above WLFZ is significantly higher under the capillary action. The sulfate concentration within concrete above WLFZ is lower because of the chemical binding of sulfate within concrete. The higher porosity and more capillary pores exist in concrete above WLFZ due to the carbonization and water evaporation. By decreasing the porosity of concrete, sulfate will inhibit the chloride transmission and magnesium will restrain the sulfate and chloride transmission. The transmission mechanisms of erosion ions within concrete above WLFZ consist of vertical transmission under the capillary action and lateral transmission under the diffusion action and water evaporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lu3Co2In4-type stannides RE3Ir2Sn4 (RE = Y, Sm, Gd–Tm, Lu) were synthesized from the elements by arc-melting and subsequent annealing sequences in sealed silica ampoules. For a more comprehensive phase analytical study, the isotypic stannide Sm3Rh2Sn4 and the ZrNiAl-type stannides DyIrSn and LT-YIrSn were also obtained. The polycrystalline samples were characterized through their X-ray powder patterns. The structures of DyIrSn and Gd3Ir2.63(2)Sn3.37(2) (ZrNiAl type, space group P6‾2m), Sm3Ir2.52(2)Sn3.48(1), Gd3Ir2.49(1)Sn3.51(1) and Tm3Ir2.20(3)Sn3.80(3) (Lu3Co2In4 type, space group P6‾) were refined from single-crystal X-ray diffractometer data, revealing residual Ir/Sn disorder in the low-symmetry variants. The RE3Ir2Sn4 stannides are derived from the equiatomic stannides REIrSn (≍RE3Rh3Sn3) by partial Ir/Sn substitution. The symmetry reduction from space group P6‾2m to P6‾ is forced by the Ir/Sn ordering within the RE6 trigonal prisms. The new Sn2 position shows the rare motif of a trigonal planar tin coordination with 289 pm Sn2–Sn1 distances (data for Gd3Ir2.49(1)Sn3.51(1)). 119Sn Mössbauer spectra confirm the two crystallographically independent tin sites in Tm3Ir2Sn4 and the structural disorder in Gd3Ir2Sn4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CdTe films, Ag nanoparticles, and Ag/CdTe composites are successfully fabricated on substrates by means of the physical vapor deposition process. The morphological structure, crystal growth and bandgap of the samples are specifically characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffractometer, and UV–vis spectrophotometer. Picosecond (ps) Z‐scan technology is used to investigate the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of the composites under 532 nm. The results indicate that all samples exhibit saturated absorption nonlinear absorption properties and self‐dispersion nonlinear refraction properties. In addition, Ag nanoparticles can improve the NLO properties of Ag/CdTe composites, and this improvement is more obvious with the increase of Ag power. The results show that the excellent properties of the Ag/CdTe composites are expected to make them an ideal material for use in the photoelectric field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

X‐ray diffractometer with Rietveld refinement and Raman spectroscopy were used for phase analysis. Ca doping results in decreased εr (24.09–21.52), Q × f (68 914–40 110 GHz), and τf (−50.0 ppm/°C to −60.2 ppm/°C) all decrease, which obviously does not conform to the mutual constraint relationship among the three parameters of microwave dielectric properties. The εr of Ce1−xCaxO2−x ceramics is affected by the ion polarizability and the Ce rattling and valence states, among which the rattling of Ce cations plays a dominant role. The presence of oxygen vacancies in Ce1−xCaxO2−x ceramics explains the decrease in Q × f. The τε, εr, and αL are responsible for the decrease in τf, especially for the ταm‐3αL values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the hydrothermal synthesis of Na-A zeolite synthesized from Angren kaolin and γ-Al2O3 mixtures is considered. Crystal sizes of Linde Na-A and synthesized Na-A zeolite were compared using X-ray phase analysis. Zeolite Linde Na-A has a lattice strain between crystals from 0.019 to 0.23, and a lattice strain between synthesized Na-A zeolite crystals from 0.019 to 0.24. The dislocation density of the samples was found to be between 1014 m-2 and 1017 m-2. Using IR Spectrometric analysis was determined to be compatible with data presented in the literature. In this study, Angren kaolin was selected as the source of aluminosilicate available in Uzbekistan. Today, the use of zeolites for technological purposes is widely introduced worldwide, they are used in the production industry for purification of various gases, and in the oil and gas industry as an adsorbent and catalyst, for the separation of hydrocarbons, and for the deep purification of gases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ti3C2Tx/TiO2 composite materials were successfully prepared by hydrothermal reaction method. The phase structure and morphology of the samples were analyzed by X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscope. The results show that TiO2 particles are evenly distributed between the layers and on the surface of Ti3C2Tx nanosheets. The prepared composite materials were added to PAO6 base oil, and the MDW-02 friction and wear testing machine was used to study the effects of material addition concentration, working load and working speed on the tribological properties of lubricating oil. The friction test results show that the introduction of Ti3C2Tx/TiO2 composite material can reduce friction, and the maximum reduction of friction and wear was achieved under additive concentration of 1.0 wt%. By scanning electron microscopy analysis of the wear scars, it was confirmed that the prepared nanocomposites repaired the scratched surface and formed a uniform lubricating film, which helped to improve the tribological properties of the base oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]