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Solar flare is one of the severest solar activities on the sun, and it has many important impacts on the near-earth space. It has been found that flight arrival delays will increase during solar flare. However, the detailed intrinsic mechanism of how solar flares influence the delays is still unknown. Based on 5-years huge amount of flight data, here we comprehensively analyze the flight departure delays during 57 solar flares. It is found that the averaged flight departure delay time during solar flares increased by 20.68% (7.67 min) compared to those during quiet periods. It is also shown that solar flare related flight delays reveal apparent time and latitude dependencies. Flight delays during dayside solar flares are more serious than those during nightside flares, and the longer (shorter) delays tend to occur in the lower (higher) latitude airport. Further analyses suggest that flight delay time and delay rate would be directly modulated by the solar intensity (soft X-ray flux) and the Solar Zenith Angle. For the first time, these results indicate that the communication interferences caused by solar flares will directly affect flight departure delay time and delay rate. This work also expands our conventional understandings to the impacts of solar flares on human society, and it could also provide us with brand new views to help prevent or cope with flight delays., submitted to APJL

This paper discusses the promotion effect and mechanism of the parental socio-economic status (SES) on their offspring's participation in physical exercise and provides direction and guidance for the formulation of sports public policies.7,965 data were obtained from the 2017 Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) dataset. To investigate the effect and mechanism of parental SES in encouraging offspring to engage in physical activity, this paper used a binary logistic regression model and an ordinal logistic regression model. The moderating effects of urban-rural variables and birth cohorts were explored through hierarchical regression analysis and regression coefficient difference test. Robustness tests were performed by sample screening and model replacement.After controlling for related variables, the parental SES can improve the possibility of children's participation in physical exercise (OR = 1.134, p0.01). Part of this promotion effect is realized by improving their children's education level (19.87%) and social communication (2.56%), and the promotion effect increases gradually with the passage of time and social changes. The robustness test results show that the empirical research results are reliable.The parental SES can promote their children to participate in physical exercise.

The cohort study of lung cancer in high-risk population in communities in China was a part of Lung Cancer Cohort Study initiated in 2017 and funded by Precision Medicine Research of National Key Research and Development Program. Around 50 000 participants from the communities were enrolled from 7 cities in 7 regions in China. Information about the risk factors for lung cancer were collected and the populations at high risk for lung cancer were identified. Then, low-dose CT (LDCT) screening of lung cancer was conducted in the populations at high risk, and further information about the diagnosis of lung cancer cases and death cases were collected. Therefore, a community population-based cohort was established for lung cancer risk factor exposure survey, high risk population evaluation, LDCT screening and lung cancer case and death follow up. Meanwhile, biological samples were collected from all the participants in the cohort to support the future precision medicine research of lung cancer.肺癌社区高危人群队列是2017年启动的国家重点研发计划精准医学专项“肺癌专病队列研究”的一部分，其主要目标是在全国7个大区的7个城市，收集5万例以上社区人群肺癌危险因素暴露信息，识别肺癌高危人群，开展低剂量螺旋CT筛查，并进一步追踪肺癌确诊和死亡信息；同时采集生物样本，建立以社区人群为基础、涵盖危险因素暴露、人群危险评估、低剂量螺旋CT筛查、生物样本以及结局随访信息的肺癌社区高危人群队列，为后续开展肺癌精准医学研究提供数据和样本支持。.

Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancer. Studies have been conducted to evaluate the association between anthropometric indicators and gastric cancer, but the results were inconsistent. Therefore, a literature retrieval was conducted by using PubMed and Wanfang databases to summarize the latest research progress in the cohort study of the association between anthropometric indicators and the risk for gastric cancer. It was found that both general obesity and abdominal obesity might increase the risk for gastric cancer, while the association between underweight and gastric cancer needs further study. This paper summarizes the progress in the cohort study of association between anthropometric indicators for the risk for gastric cancer in order to provide evidence for the prevention and control of gastric cancer.胃癌是严重威胁人类健康的最重要恶性肿瘤之一。流行病学研究提示，身体测量指标与胃癌发病可能存在关联，目前研究结果尚不一致。本文通过查阅PubMed、万方数据知识服务平台等数据库文献，系统回顾了国内外关于身体测量指标与消化系统恶性肿瘤发病关系的前瞻性队列研究，并进行总结，结果显示，全身性肥胖和腹型肥胖可能与贲门癌发病风险相关，体重过轻与胃癌发病关联需进一步确证。本文从身体测量指标角度出发综述了胃癌发病的研究进展，以期为该领域未来研究方向提供思路，并为人群的胃癌防治提供科学依据。.

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a kind of pulmonary microvascular disease and occurs in 15%-30% cirrhosis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of pulmonary CX3CR1 on angiogenesis and associated mechanisms in HPS animal models.CX3CR1GFP/GFP mice were constructed by replacing CX3CR1 with GFP. Common bile duct ligation (CBDL) mouse model was established with surgery. Release of nitric oxide (NO) was evaluated. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was employed to examine the inflammation of lung tissues. CD31 expression was detected with immunohistochemistry assay. Western blotting was used to evaluate the expression of CX3CL1, CX3CR1, phosphorylated-AKT (p-AKT), phosphorylated-ERK (p-ERK). Quantitative Real Time-PCR (qRT-PCR) assay was used to examine VEGF, PDGF, iNOS, eNOS, and HO-1 expression.CX3CR1-deficiency (CX3CR1GFP/GFP-sham or CX3CR1GFP/GFP-CBDL mice) significantly reduced NO release compared to wide type (WT)-mice or WT-CBDL mice (p0.05). CX3CR1-deficiency significantly alleviated inflammation compared to wide type (WT)-mice or WT-CBDL mice (p0.05). CX3CR1-deficiency significantly reduced CD31 expression compared to WT-sham and WT-CBDL mice, respectively (p0.05). CX3CR1 also participated in anti-angiogenesis efficacy of Bevacizumab. CX3CR1-deficiency significantly down-regulated the ratio of p-AKT/AKT and p-ERK/ERK and inhibited the secretion of VEGF and PDGF compared to WT-mice (p0.05). CX3CR1-deficiency significantly reduced iNOS, eNOS, and HO-1 expression compared to WT-mice (p0.05).CX3CR1 deficiency reduced VEGF and PDGF production, inhibited p-AKT, and p-ERK activation and down-regulated iNOS, eNOS, and HO-1 expression. Therefore, CX3CR1 participates in pulmonary angiogenesis in the experimental HPS mice via inhibiting AKT/ERK signaling pathway and regulating NO/NOS release. These findings would provide a potential insight for clarifying the pathological mechanisms of HPS.

An improved method, based on the daily surface resistance, is proposed to extend satellite evapotranspiration (ET) on a clear day into ET for each and every day. Alternative climatic variables such as soil moisture, wind speed, and net radiation are explored for estimating daily surface resistance using a Penman–Monteith ( P–M ) formulation. The study was carried out for the Yingke (YK) oasis plains area (maize cropland) and the Arou (AR) alpine meadow area (grassland) located in the midstream and upstream, respectively, of the Heihe River Basin of northwestern China. Statistical results show that the proposed method performs well for estimating daily ET for both study areas, with results slightly superior in the midstream, cropland area where the coefficient of determination $(R^{2})$ was 0.9249 and the index of agreement $(d)$ was 0.978. In the upstream alpine meadow area, the coefficient of determination $(R^{2})$ was 0.9074, and the index of agreement $(d)$ was 0.961. The proposed method provides an enhanced approach for estimating daily ET in the ETWatch model. Future work will focus on scaling this improved method to the estimation of regional daily ET map.

In solar wind, dissipation of slow-mode magnetosonic waves may play a significant role in heating the solar wind, and these modes contribute essentially to the solar wind compressible turbulence. Most previous identifications of slow waves utilized the characteristic negative correlation between δ|B| and δρ. However, that criterion does not well identify quasi-parallel slow waves, for which δ|B| is negligible compared to δρ. Here we present a new method of identification, which will be used in 3-D compressible simulation. It is based on two criteria: (1) that VpB0 (phase speed projected along B0) is around ± cs, and that (2) there exists a clear correlation of δv|| and δρ. Our research demonstrates that if vA > cs, slow waves possess correlation between δv|| and δρ, with δρ / δv|| ≈ ± ρ0 / cs. This method helps us to distinguish slow-mode waves from fast and Alfvén waves, both of which do not have this polarity relation. The criteria are insensitive to the propagation angle θk B, defined as the angle between wave vector k and B0; they can be applied with a wide range of β if only vA > cs. In our numerical simulation, we have identified four cases of slow wave trains with this method. The slow wave trains seem to deform, probably caused by interaction with other waves; as a result, fast or Alfvén waves may be produced during the interaction and seem to propagate bidirectionally away. Our identification and analysis of the wave trains provide useful methods for investigations of compressible turbulence in the solar wind or in similar environments, and will thus deepen understandings of slow waves in the turbulence.

The global solar wind has been revealed via in situ observations to consist of two populations, i.e. the tenuous fast solar wind and the dense slow solar wind. Here, we present a self-consistent modeling of the global solar wind driven by the unified nonlinear Alfven wave. Considering polytropic closure of magnetohydrodynamics instead of isothermal assumption, the low-frequency Alfven waves with a broadband spectrum are globally injected at the base of the corona, with the amplitude independent of latitude. In our 2.5 dimensional model, the presence of the Alfven waves is identified overall in a region away from the equatorial plane, and the waves significantly accelerate the plasma therein to form the fast wind. Near the equatorial plane, a slow wind is generated, and the slowness can be attributed to the absence of Alfven waves owing to the strong damping at lower altitude. The velocity ratio of both modes, if extrapolated to 1 AU, conforms to the measurements. Far from the Sun, however, the temperature of the fast wind is lower than that of its surroundings, indicating that shock-heating might be inadequate and other mechanisms are probably required to heat the fast wind, such as the dissipation of Alfvenic turbulence.

Observations during the deep solar minimum between Solar Cycles 23 and 24 offer an opportunity for characterizing the nature of solar wind dynamic pressure pulses (DPPs) under extreme solar activity. In this study, we identify 226 DPPs from July 2008 to June 2009 using an automatic detection algorithm based on high-resolution plasma data from the Wind spacecraft to investigate the features of DPPs during the deep solar minimum. For comparison, the similarities and differences of the statistical characteristics of the DPPs during the deep solar minimum and during the previous solar minimum are also examined. It is found that the number and the occurrence rate of DPPs during the deep solar minimum are only about one-third of those during the previous minimum, which may be attributed to lower solar wind dynamic pressure and weaker dynamic pressure fluctuations. From a statistical perspective, however, no obvious difference is apparent between the other basic DPP properties in the two solar minima, such as the absolute and relative amplitude of the dynamic pressure changes and the durations of the transition regions of DPPs. Other basic properties of the DPPs during the deep solar minimum are as follows: 1) the distribution of the absolute value of the dynamic pressure amplitude change peaks at 1.0 – 1.5 nPa, 2) the most probable relative pressure changes are 0.2 – 0.8, 3) DPP durations are broad-peaked between 150 s and 210 s with a mean of about 171 s, 4) 76.7 % of the DPPs can be considered as pressure balance structures, 5) dynamic pressure changes across DPPs are dominated by density changes, 6) specially, during the deep solar minimum, a considerable portion of DPPs, 86.7 %, are associated with large-scale solar wind transients such as interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) and stream interaction regions (SIRs).

Summary This paper proposes a mathematical method based on a one-dimensional diffusion equation to derive diurnal variation of surface soil heat flux using cloudless MODIS data for a sparse vegetation and bare soil. Diurnal variation of the surface temperature and near-surface real soil thermal inertia are both simulated from the MODIS data. The study was carried out for the Yingke oasis plains area and the Arou alpine meadow area, which are located in the midstream and upstream, respectively, of the Heihe River Basin. Statistical results showed that the proposed method performs well to estimate soil heat flux for both study areas. In the oasis plains case, the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.958 and the index of agreement (d) was 0.989. In the alpine meadow case, the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.972 and the index of agreement (d) was 0.993. Close agreement of the estimated surface soil heat flux with measured observations indicates that the method is promising. Future work will focus on scaling this mathematical method to create a diurnal surface soil heat flux map.

To evaluate the diagnostic values of using autoantibodies in sera to a panel of eight tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) of P53, Koc, P62, C-myc, IMP1, Survivn, P16 and Cyclin B1 full-length recombinant proteins for early detection of patients with gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA) and high-risk subjects screening. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect autoantibodies against the eight selected TAAs in 383 sera samples from four groups, including 140 subjects with normal gastric cardia epithelia (NOR), 76 patients with chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), 79 patients with gastric cardia dysplasia (DYS) and 88 patients with GCA. In addition, the expression of the eight antigens was analyzed in gastric cardia tissues by immunohistochemical method. The individual autoantibodies to six TAAs (P53, P62, IMP1, Survivn P16 and Cyclin B1) were significantly higher in sera from patients with GCA than that in normal subjects (P < 0.05). When autoantibody assay successively accumulated to seven TAAs (P53, Koc, P62, C-myc, IMP1, Survivn and P16), a stepwise increased detection frequency of autoantibodies was found in the four sera groups (13% in NOR, 39% in CAG, 46% in DYS, and 64% in GCA, respectively), the risks to CAG, DYS and GCA steadily increased about 4.4-, 5.7- and 12.0-fold. The sensitivity and the specificity for autoantibodies against the seven TAAs in diagnosing GCA reached up to 64% and 87%, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the seven anti-TAA autoantibodies was 0.73 (95%CI: 0.68-0.78) No more increase in sensitivity was found with the addition of new anti-TAA autoantibodies. A combination detection of autoantibodies to TAAs might be helpful to distinguish GCA patients from normal subjects and the patients with gastric cardia precancerous lesions. In addition, further studies in patients with GCA and precancerous lesions using enlarged TAA panels might improve the sensitivity and specificity of cancer detection and high-risk subjects screening.

Images observed by the twin spacecraft Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory (STEREO) A and B appear as complex structures for two coronal mass ejections (CMEs) on 1 August 2010. Therefore, a series of sky maps of Thomson-scattered white light by interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) on 1 August 2010 are simulated using the Hakamada–Akasofu–Fry (HAF) three-dimensional solar-wind model. A comparison between the simulated images and observations of STEREO-A and -B clarifies the structure and evolution of ICMEs (including shocks) in the observed images. The results demonstrate that the simulated images from the HAF model are very useful in the interpretation of the observed images when the ICMEs overlap within the fields of view of the instruments onboard STEREO-A and -B.

In this paper, the essential technique of Grad-Shafranov (GS) reconstruction is reformulated into an inverse boundary value problems (IBVPs) for Laplace's equation on a circle by introducing a Hilbert transform between the normal and tangent component of the boundary gradients. It is proved that the specified IBVPs have unique solution, given the known Dirichlet and Neumann conditions on certain arc. Even when the arc is reduced to only one point on the circle, it can be inferred logically that the unique solution still exists there on the remaining circle. New solution approach for the specified IBVP is suggested with the help of the introduced Hilbert transform. An iterated Tikhonov regularization scheme is applied to deal with the ill-posed linear operators appearing in the discretization of the new approach. Numerical experiments highlight the efficiency and robustness of the proposed method. According to linearity of the elliptic operator in GS equation, its solution can be divided into two parts. One is solved from a semilinear elliptic equation with an homogeneous Dirichlet boundary condition. The other is solved from the IBVP of Laplace's equation. It is concluded that there exists a unique solution for the so-called elliptic Cauchy problem for the essential technique of GS reconstruction.

To investigate the effect of baseline body mass index (BMI) on the risk of lung cancer incidence in male smokers.All the male employees and retirees of the Kailuan Group were recruited in the Chinese Kailuan Male Cohort Study, and they had been experienced routine physical examinations every two years since May, 2006. Up to 31st December 2011, a total of 3 rounds physical examinations had been completed. A total of 42 718 male smokers candidates from the Chinese Kailuan Male Cohort Study were enrolled in the present study. The date of entering this study was defined as that of taking first check-up, and the date of end-of-observation was defined as that of cancer diagnosis, death or end of follow-up (31 December 2011). Information on demographics, lifestyle such as smoking, alcohol consumption, anthropometries such as height and weight, as well as the information of newly-diagnosed cancer cases, were collected at the baseline investigation. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to investigate the association between levels of the baseline BMI and risk of lung cancer.Of the 42 718 male smokers, there were 181 998.09 person-years of follow-up, taking 4.26 years of average follow-up period. During follow-up, 234 new lung cancer cases were identified among the 42 718 male smokers and the crude incidence density was 128.57/100 000. After the factors adjustment for age, education level, alcohol consumption, physical activity, work environment and cumulative smoking levels (pack-years), compared with subjects of normal BMI group, hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals of lung cancer for subjects of underweight, overweight, and obesity were 1.63 (0.79-3.37), 0.79 (0.57-1.09) and 0.50 (0.27-0.91), respectively. After the facotors adjustment for age, education level, alcohol consumption, physical activity, work environment and cumulative smoking levels (pack-years), compared with subjects of normal BMI, hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals of lung cancer for subjects of obesity among subjects who aged 50 years or above, smoked more than 20 pack-years, and exercised less than 4 times per week were 0.33 (0.15-0.71), 0.27 (0.10-0.75), and 0.44 (0.20-0.96), respectively. Obesity subjects who worked above the well had decreased risk of lung cancer (HR=0.38, 95% CI: 0.15-0.96) compared with normal BMI ones who worked above the well.BMI was negatively correlated with the risk of lung cancer in male smokers. As for male smokers, one of the most effective approaches to prevent and control the lung cancer has been shown to quit smoking and keep fit.

The authors would like to correct the acknowledgements of this article [1] as follows:[...]

CropWatch agroclimatic indicators (CWAIs) are a monitoring tool developed by the CropWatch global crop monitoring system in the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS; www.cropwatch.com.cn , Wu et al Int J Digital Earth 7(2):113-137, 2014, Wu et al Remote Sens 7:3907-3933, 2015). Contrary to most other environmental and agroclimatic indicators, they are "agronomic value-added", i.e. they are spatial values averaged over agricultural areas only and they include a weighting that enhances the contribution of the areas with the largest production potential. CWAIs can be computed for any time interval (starting from dekads) and yield one synthetic value per variable over a specific area and time interval, for instance a national annual value. Therefore, they are very compatible with socio-economic and other variables that are usually reported at regular time intervals over administrative units, such as national environmental or agricultural statistics. Two of the CWAIs are satellite-based (RAIN and Photosynthetically Active radiation, PAR) while the third is ground based (TEMP, air temperature); capitals are used when specifically referring to CWAIs rather than the climate variables in general. The paper first provides an overview of some common agroclimatic indicators, describing their procedural, systemic and normative features in subsequent sections, following the terminology of Binder et al Environ Impact Assess Rev 30:71-81 (2010). The discussion focuses on the systemic and normative aspects: the CWAIs are assessed in terms of their coherent description of the agroclimatic crop environment, at different spatial scales (systemic). The final section shows that the CWAIs retain key statistical properties of the underlying climate variables and that they can be compared to a reference value and used as monitoring and early warning variables (normative).

The turbulent excitation of torsional Alfven waves is presented on the basis of Lighthill-Stein theory. Due to the special properties of torsional modes, we can apply the theory to the inhomogeneous magnetic flux tube embedded in the solar photosphere, to evaluate the wave energy generated from the turbulent source in the convection zone. Torsional wave spectrum distribution along the r coordinate is achieved. In order to estimate the net wave energy transported to the chromosphere, we investigate the wave propagation and dissipation in the photospheric flux tube by simple phase mixing due to the inhomogeneity. Results for several cases with different model parameters are compared. Conclusions are drawn on the significant role of the energy carried by torsional Alfven waves in the chromospheric and coronal heating, and the wave spectrum may be helpful in understanding the problem of footpoint azimuthal motion of coronal loops.

Evapotranspiration (ET) is one important component of hydrological process. It is also a limited factor for ecological environment conservation. The unreasonable utilization of water resources resulted in many problems in the Heihe River Basin, such as the over exploited of water resources, especial the ground water, the river flow decrease, land degradation. A correct understanding of the water consumption characteristics is undoubtedly a base of achieving the sustainable development of society, economy, and improving the eco-environment. In this paper, the time series of ET data estimated by ETWatch model which had been validated for different landscapes during the period of 2000–2010, were analyzed in spatial and temporal scales. The deviation of annual ET estimated by ETWatch with the observation ET data from eddy covariance system (EC) in the four observation stations of the basin was in the range of 5–8%. The conversion of land use type had a great impact on total water consumption across the basin due to lower variance of ET for three vegetation types. Base on the correlation analysis of climate factors and ET, there were apparent impact on ET in the upstream and midstream, but not in the downstream because of complicated human activities. The significant relations between temperature and ET (R=0.842∼0.941), and between precipitation and ET (R=0.582∼0.840), indicated that these two climate parameters were key influence factors on ET for grass land; The soil water storage was likely another influence factor on ET for the forest besides the temperature which had close relations with ET (R2=0.617∼0.822). The spatial-temporal change analysis of ET and driven factors can be contributed to better understanding the eco-hydrological effect of the specific forest in Qilian Mountains.

To evaluate the diagnostic values of using autoantibodies in sera to a panel of eight tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) of P53, Koc, P62, C-myc, IMP1, Survivn, P16 and Cyclin B1 full-length recombinant proteins for early detection of patients with gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA) and high-risk subjects screening. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect autoantibodies against the eight selected TAAs in 383 sera samples from four groups, including 140 subjects with normal gastric cardia epithelia (NOR), 76 patients with chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), 79 patients with gastric cardia dysplasia (DYS) and 88 patients with GCA. In addition, the expression of the eight antigens was analyzed in gastric cardia tissues by immunohistochemical method. The individual autoantibodies to six TAAs (P53, P62, IMP1, Survivn P16 and Cyclin B1) were significantly higher in sera from patients with GCA than that in normal subjects (P0.05). When autoantibody assay successively accumulated to seven TAAs (P53, Koc, P62, C-myc, IMP1, Survivn and P16), a stepwise increased detection frequency of autoantibodies was found in the four sera groups (13% in NOR, 39% in CAG, 46% in DYS, and 64% in GCA, respectively), the risks to CAG, DYS and GCA steadily increased about 4.4-, 5.7- and 12.0-fold. The sensitivity and the specificity for autoantibodies against the seven TAAs in diagnosing GCA reached up to 64% and 87%, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the seven anti-TAA autoantibodies was 0.73 (95%CI: 0.68-0.78) No more increase in sensitivity was found with the addition of new anti-TAA autoantibodies. A combination detection of autoantibodies to TAAs might be helpful to distinguish GCA patients from normal subjects and the patients with gastric cardia precancerous lesions. In addition, further studies in patients with GCA and precancerous lesions using enlarged TAA panels might improve the sensitivity and specificity of cancer detection and high-risk subjects screening.

A high-resolution,nonhydrostatic, three-dimensionalplanetary boundary-layer (PBL) model wasestablished considering the characteristic features of an open-pit mine, which is only (2 km × 2 km) wide and more than 100 m deep. The (E-∈) closure schemes was used in the model. Physical processes such as shortwave radiation of the sun and its uneven distribution on the ground,longwave radiation of earth-atmosphere systems, sensible heat and latent heat and heat flowing into the substrate of the earth, were involved in the model. Using this model PBL structures over this kind of microscale concave terrain (an open-pit mine) were fully studied and numerical experiments on the effects of parameters including H, depth of the mine, α, slope angle of the mine, u, incidcent airflow velocity, and P, indicating shear of the initial velocity, on the PBL were also made. Finally, the evolution process of the PBL was simulated. The results showed that a characteristic and major feature of the PBL is re-circulation, which is greatly influenced by the topography of the mine and the meteorolgical conditions therein. Thermal and mechanical forcing play different but important roles in the evolution process of the PBL.

Dispersion characteristics of the monomolecular films of hematoporphyrin mixed with stearic acid has been studied. The average molecular areas of mixed monolayers coincided approximately with the ideal additivity rule when the“solid” films were extrapolated to zero surface pressure. The orientation of the macrocycles was given by infrared dichroism with the tilting angle of 10. 1° to the plane of the film. The SERS of LB films deposited on silver island films was observed- The results showed that there are two possible contribution, i. e., electromagnetic and chemical interaction between the hematoporphyrin molecules and Ag island films.

Bletilla striata and gelfoam were used as embolizing agents for the embolization of various hepatotropic vessels in dogs. The results proved that Bletilla striata was superior to gelfoam. The mechanisms of embolization by Bletilla striata are attributable to following factors: non--absobent property, mechanical obstruction; effects on coagulative and anticoagulative systems and secondary obstruction resulted from the injury to wall of blood vessels.

Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is an important variable widely used in ecosystem and climate models. In this paper, an improved satellite-based approach to estimating VPD was presented that uses several remote sensing products coupled with field measured data. The proposed method exploits an optimized algorithm to derive near-surface actual vapor pressure (ea) from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data and upgrades Smith's (1966) methodology for estimating ea. The proposed new algorithm for calculating ea was evaluated against in situ measurements at 119 validation sites in China for 2 months in 2013. The mean absolute error (MAE) and root-mean-square error (RMSE) were less than 0.25 kPa and 0.33 kPa, respectively. The near-surface air temperature (Ta), which is an important input data for calculating VPD, was estimated from satellite-retrieved land surface temperature, and had an RMSE of less than 2.5 K. The estimated VPD values were validated with ground observation data from the Heihe River Basin for 5 months in 2012 and for all of China for August 2013. A coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.912, MAE of 0.27 kPa, and RMSE value of 0.32 kPa were achieved for the 2012 test data, and corresponding values of 0.88, 0.278 kPa, and 0.367 kPa for the 2013 test data. These results are promising, especially considering the comparatively high spatial resolution (1 km) of the VPD map estimated from the satellite data. Potential applications include global evapotranspiration estimation, fire warning, and vegetation analysis.

In this paper the carbon K-edge near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectra (NEXAFS) of adsorption system C2H4/Ni(100) are calculated using the multiple-scattering cluster method. By a comparison between the theoretical results and experimental spectra, the chemisorption geometry of this system has been determined. The result shows that the molecule is adsorbed on the perpendicular bridge site, and the distance between the C atom and the nearest Ni atom is 1.70 A, while the molecular plane tilting to the surface is 50°. It is found that the interaction between hydrogen atom and Ni substrate plays an important role in the formation of the adsorption structure. The above results are supported by other evidences.

In order to improve adaptability of a class of under-actuated AUVs in unknown obstacles environment, this paper proposes a new obstacle avoidance method including three main parts. Firstly we design five basic obstacle avoidance behaviors in which emergency-yaw and holding-distance behaviors, and emergency-ascend and holding-altitude behaviors are responsible for avoiding obstacles in horizontal plane and in vertical plane respectively. All the behaviors have their own objectives and are implemented by fuzzy controllers. In the second part we present finite state automata (FSA) which are used to select a suitable obstacle avoidance behavior when an obstacle is detected. Each discrete state corresponds to a basic obstacle avoidance behavior. A set of events, oriented from changes of external environment, drive the obstacle avoidance automata from one state to another. The obstacle avoidance automata are able to make instantaneous response to external stimulation, but may come to a deadlock under some special conditions because of no considering historical information. So a supervisor based on event feedback is presented in the third part. It provides the obstacle avoidance automata with a control mode and can lead it to break a deadlock through local path planning. At last the availability and feasibility of the proposed method are demonstrated by simulation tests under more than 30 types of obstacle scenarios on an AUV semi-physical simulation platform.

[1] With the purpose of operational real-time forecasting for arrival times of flare/ coronal mass ejection associated shocks in the vicinity of the Earth, a one-dimensional hydrodynamic (HD) shock propagation model is established by a novel numerical scheme, the space-time conservation element and solution element (CESE) method. The required observational data inputs to this new one-dimensional CESE-HD model are the low coronal radio Type II drift speed, the duration estimation, and the background solar wind speed for a solar eruptive event. Applying this model to 137 solar events during the period of February 1997 to August 2002, it is found that our model could be practically equivalent to the STOA, ISPM, HAFv.2, and SPM models in forecasting the shock arrival time. The absolute error in the transit time from our model is not larger than those of the other four models for the same set of events. These results may demonstrate the potential capability of our model in terms of improving real-time forecasting because the CESE method can be extended to three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics (3D-MHD) from the solar photosphere to any heliospheric position.