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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) represents a heterogeneous group of multipotent non-hematopoietic stem cells with self-renewal and differentiating into mesenchymal cell lineage. Recent studies have demonstrated that MSC has low immunogenicity, which means it does not express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ⅱand other co-stimulating factors. Thus, due to the capability of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, MSC therapy provides many possibilities for the treatment for immune skin diseases.间充质干细胞（MSC）是一组具有自我增殖和分化为间充质细胞谱系能力的异质的多能非造血干细胞，近年来研究表明，由于MSC具有低免疫原性，即不表达主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）-Ⅱ类分子以及一些其他协同刺激因子，具有抗炎及免疫调节的能力，这种独特的生物学特性为其在皮肤科临床治疗方面的应用提供许多可能性。.

This study aimed to investigate the biological characteristics of osteoclast exocrine bodies and their role in the differentiation of somatic cells, so as to find out the key factors involved in osteoclast exosomatic growth and osteogenesis. RANKL (Receptor Activator for Nuclear Factor-κ B Ligand) induced factor was used to induce the osteoclast differentiation of Raw 264.7 cells, and TRAP (Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase) staining was employed to identify induced cells. Ultra-filtration centrifugation was used to separate OC-exosomes from osteoclast supernatant, while Western blot was employed to detect the expression characteristics of exosomal proteins CD9 and CD63. PKH67 labeled exosomes were observed to target kusao cells, which were divided into 3 groups, i.e., the complete medium group (group A), the osteoblast induced group (group B), and the osteogenesis induced liquid + OC-exosomes group (group C). The medium was changed on the next day and after 14-day culture. Using Western blot, alizarin red staining and Von Kossa silver staining, the role of OC-exosomes in the differentiation of kusao cells was clarified. Results showed that TRAP staining showed osteoclasts as irregular and TRAP positive giant cells with a red multicore and a large volume. Microcapsule membrane structures with a uniform size were detected in osteoclast supernatant, and the expression of CD9 and CD63 proteins was confirmed by Western blot. In addition, the Western blot results showed that the expression of RUNX2 (Runt-related transcription factor 2) protein in group B was 1.254 times of that in group A and 2.636 times of that in group C. Furthermore, alizarin red staining showed that the ratios of calcium salt deposition area to the total area in group A, group B and group C were 0.208%, 3.469%, and 20.724%, respectively. Von Kossa silver staining showed that the ratios of calcium salt deposition area to the total area in group A, group B and group C were 0.064%, 2.636%, and 20.872%, respectively. To sum up, OC-exosomes can promote the osteogenic differentiation of osteoblast cells (kusao cells).

In this paper, several ultrafine particles were prepared and characterized, then the performance of drilling fluids were evaluated after ultrafine particles were added in water base drilling fluids. The viscosity property of drilling fluids were increased, however, filtration reduction could not be strictly controlled. All filtration volume was difficult to control just like common ultrafine calcium carbonate unless some polymers could be used. Titanium dioxide and zinc dioxide could be used as substitutes of calcium carbonate in drilling fluids.

A mid-wavelength $$128 \times 128$$ infrared focal plane arrays based on InAs/GaSb type-II superlattice was presented in this work. Superlattice materials were grown on GaSb substrates using MBE technology, which was confirmed by XRD, TEM and AFM analyses. Absorber structure for mid-wavelength detector was designed to be 8 ML InAs/8 ML GaSb. The pixel of the detector had a conventional PIN structure with a size of $$50\,\upmu \hbox {m}\times 50\,\upmu \hbox {m}$$ . The device fabrication process consisted of mesa etching, side-wall passivation, metallization, and flip-chip hybridization with readout integrated circuit, epoxy backfill, lap, and polish. The dark current I–V curve was measured from 77 K up to 297 K. The responsivity spectra, photoluminescence peak wavelength and blackbody current responsivity were measured at 77 K. The detector had a cut-off wavelength of $$4.8\,\upmu \hbox {m}$$ , photoluminescence peak wavelength of $$4.4\,\upmu \hbox {m}$$ , peak detectivity of $$7.1\times 10^{11}\,\hbox {cm}\,\hbox {Hz}^{1/2}\,\hbox {W}^{-1}$$ , quantum efficiency of 50 %. The PIN diode may reach a typical value of $$\hbox {R}_{0}\hbox {A}$$ of $$5.0\times 10^{5}\Omega \,\hbox {cm}^{2}$$ . Pixel operability of the detector was more than 98 %, the non-uniformity was 4.3 %, and the mean NETD value was lower than 20 mK. Concept proof of infrared imaging was also demonstrated with the focal plane array at 77 K.

The aim of this study is to explore the clinicopathological characteristics, diagnosis, multidiscipline therapy and prognosis of bilateral primary breast cancer (BPBC).Clinical data of 133 patients with BPBC seen in Cancer Institute and Hospital of Tianjin Medical University from January 2005 to December 2008 were retrospectively analyzed and compared with those of 266 patients with unilateral primary breast cancer (UPBC).BPBC accounted for 2.08% of all breast cancer cases. Compared with UPBC, BPBC patients had earlier menarche, more postmenopause disease and fewer fertility(P0.05). The T stage, pathological type, histological grade and tumor stage of the second tumor in BPBC patients were significantly different from those in UPBC cases (P0.05). The ER and HER-2 status of both the two tumors in BPBC and the PR status of the second tumor in BPBC were also significantly different from those in UPBC(P0.05). Besides, the menopause status when the first tumor happened and the lymph node metastasis status when the second tumor occurred were independent prognostic factors. There was no significant difference between the five-year disease free survival rates of UPBC and BPBC (79.3% and 72.8%, P0.05), but the 5-year overall survival rates of UPBC and BPBC had significant difference(89.8% and 84.9%, P=0.02).The prognosis of UPBC and BPBC has significant differences. If the patient is premenopause when the first tumor occurs or had more than ten metastatic axillary lymph nodes in patient with the second one, she has a poorer prognosis. The pationts who underwent unilateral breast radical mastectomy have an increased risk of contralateral breast cancer. In order to have early detection, diagnosis and treatment, we should strengthen the follow-up of the high risk patients.

Ginkgolide B has been known to inhibit cell apoptosis by modulating multiple cytokines and plays an important role in neuroprotection. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) has been studied in a spinal cord injury (SCI) model. However, the role of Ginkgolide B in SCI treatment remains unclear. This study investigated the potential mechanism of Ginkgolide B using an SCI rat model. SD rats were used to generate an SCI model followed by Ginkgolide B injection (4 mg/kg) for 14 days. Spinal cord tissue samples were examined using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The expression of STAT1 was determined by western blot. Using a dyskinesia scale, intervention with Ginkgolide B significantly decreased the severity of SCI. H&E staining revealed less nuclear condensation and cell necrosis in SCI rats after treatment with Ginkgolide B. STAT1 expression was significantly increased in SCI model rats, but was lower after Ginkgolide B treatment. Therefore, Ginkgolide B can effectively inhibit STAT1 expression and alleviate SCI.

A burgeoning population, pressing development needs and increasing household consumption are rapidly accelerating water use in direct and indirect ways. Increasingly, regions around the world face growing pressure on sustainable use of their water resources especially in arid and semi-arid regions, such as Northern China. The aim of this research is to obtain an overview of the cumulative water requirement for direct (domestic) water use and indirect water use for the basic food consumption of the households in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR), in order to reduce the pressure on grassland of Western China by encouraging sustainable water consumption. For indirect water use, we use VWC (virtual water content) analysis theory to analyze the total consumption package of 15 basic food types that were identified and quantified based on the household survey in 2011. In this survey, domestic water consumption data and food consumption data were collected from 209 representative households with spatial variation across three sub-regions (including meadow steppe in Hulun Buir, typical steppe in Xilin Gol, and semi-desert steppe in Ordos) and temporal variation from 1995 to 2010. The results show that the total amounts of food consumption per capita in three sub-regions all show an increasing trend, especially in Hulun Buir and Ordos. Compared to the direct water consumption, the indirect water consumption behind food production made up a major portion of total water consumption, which is affected (1) geographic locations (grassland types), (2) economic development levels and (3) grassland use policy measures. From 1995 to 2010, indirect water consumption displays a decreasing trend in Xilin Gol and Ordos due to the decrease of meat consumption and increase of fruit and vegetable consumption. When considering the amount of land per household, the grassland in Ordos still faces the great threat of high water consumption pressure. Such water consumption may affect water conservation services and productivity of grassland. Therefore, changing diet behavior and reducing the population can be considered options for sustainable use of water.

The aim of this study is to estimate the green and blue water footprint of wheat, distinguishing the irrigated and rain-fed crop, from a production perspective. The assessment herein focuses on China and improves upon earlier research by taking a crop-model-coupled-statistics approach to estimate the water footprint of the crop in 30 provinces. We have calculated the water footprint at regional scale based on the actual data collected from 442 typical irrigation districts. Crop evapotranspiration and the water conveyance loss are both considered in calculating irrigated water footprint at the regional scale. We have also compared water footprint of per unit product between irrigated and rain-fed crops and analyzed the relationship between promoting yield and saving water resources. The national wheat production in the year 2010 takes about 142.5 billion cubic meters of water. The major portion of WF (80.9%) comes from the irrigated farmland and the remaining 19.1% falls into the rain-fed. Green water (50.3%) and blue water (49.7%) carry almost equal shares of water footprint (WF) in total cropland WF. Green water dominates the south of the Yangtze River, whereas low green water proportions relate themselves to the provinces located in the north China especially northwest China. Approximately 38.5% of the water footprint related to the production of wheat is not consumed in the form of crop evapotranspiration but of conveyance loss during irrigation process. Proportions of blue water for conveyance loss (BWCL) in the arid Xinjiang, Ningxia and Neimenggu (Inner Mongolia) exceed 40% due to low irrigation efficiency. The national average water footprint of wheat per unit of crop (WFP) is 1.237 m3 kg−1 in 2010. There exists a big difference in WFP among provinces. Compared to the rain-fed cultivation (with no irrigation), irrigation has promoted crop yield, both provincially and up by about 170% nationally. As a result, more water resources are demanded in irrigated farmland for per kg of wheat production. WFP for irrigated (WFPI) and rain-fed (WFPR) crops are 1.246 and 1.202 m3 kg−1 respectively. We have divided the 30 provinces into three categories according to the relation between WFPI and WFPR: (I) WFPI < WFPR, (II) WFPI is equivalent to WFPR, and (III) WFPI > WFPR. Category II, which contains major wheat producing areas in the North China Plain, contribute nearly 75% of wheat production to the country. Provinces belonging to Category III have to invest 0.478 cubic meters of water in order to harvest 1 kg wheat product. Double benefits of saving water and promoting production can be achieved substantially by irrigating wheat in Category I provinces. Nevertheless, provinces in this category, which should have contributed more, are summed to produce only 1.1% of the national wheat production.

A vacuum pressure sensor was fabricated by assembling ZnO nanobelt film on the interdigital electrodes, and the current–voltage characteristics were measured with an Agilent semiconductor parameter tester. Under different pressures of 1.0 × 10(3), 6.7 × 10(−3), 8.2 × 10(−4) and 9.5 × 10(−5) mbar, the currents are 8.71, 28.1, 46.1 and 89.6 nA, and the pressure sensitive resistances are 1150, 356, 217 and 112 MΩ, respectively. In the range of 10(−5)–10(3) mbar the smaller the pressure is, the higher the current is. The pressure sensitive resistance of the vacuum pressure sensor increases linearly with the logarithmic pressure, and the measurement range is at least one order of magnitude wider than that of the previous sensors. Under the final pressure, the vacuum pressure sensor has maximum sensitivity (9.29) and power consumption of 0.9 μW. The sensitivity is larger than that of the previous sensor based on a ZnO single nanowire at that pressure, and the power consumption is much lower than that for the sensor based on a ZnO nanowire array. The pressure sensitive mechanism is reasonably explained by using oxygen chemisorption and energy band theory.

We have measured room temperature x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at the Mn L 2,3 edges on ferromagnetic Ga 1-x Mn x As films prepared under different As 2 /Ga flux ratios. A growth condition relative energy shift (ΔE) at L 2 peak was observed, the results suggest that the formation of antiferromagnetic Mn-As complex under As-rich growth conditions and the energy shift can be weakened even eliminated by post-growth low temperature (LT) annealing. The intensity of XAS spectrum was promoted after post-growth annealing, and the effect of annealing was also influenced by growth conditions.

The responses of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of field-growing Ulmus pumila seedlings to changes in simulated precipitation were studied in Hunshandak Sandland, China. Leaf water potential (Ψwp), net photosynthetic rate (P N), stomatal conductance (g s), and transpiration rate (E) were significantly increased with enhancement of precipitation from 0 to 20 mm (p0.05), indicating more precipitation than 20 mm had no significant effects on photosynthesis. Maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem 2, PS 2 (Fv/Fm) increased from 0.53 to 0.78 when rainfall increased from 0 to 10 mm, and Fv/Fm maintained a steady state level when rainfall was more than 10 mm. Water use efficiency (WUE) decreased significantly (from 78–95 to 23–27 µmol mol−1) with enhancement of rainfalls. P N showed significant linear correlations with both g s and Ψwp (p

Grassland ecosystems, as the basic natural resources in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, are becoming increasingly sensitive to human intervention, leading to deterioration in fragile ecosystems. The goal of this study was to describe the restoration policy-oriented adoptive changes to basic household consumption patterns of food, fuel, and water, and their spatial distribution by grassland types in the region. Basic household consumption data were collected in the meadow steppe (Hulun Buir), typical steppe (Xilin Gol), and semi-desert steppe (Ordos) ecosystems using structured questionnaires administered to 209 herders and farmers. In 2010, the householders’ intake comprised a low amount of agri-crops, including staple foods, vegetables and fruit with a high amount of meat, which still dominated the patterns of food consumption. However, the number of households preferring this pattern is decreasing and higher amounts of agri-crop and lower amounts of meat consumption pattern is increasing. From 1995 to 2010, fuel consumption patterns changed from being dominated by bio-fuels (dung) to being dominated mainly by electricity and gas. However, bio-fuel remains a major energy source for daily life in the meadow steppe ecosystem. In all three surveyed grassland types, the use of coal, electricity and gas increased from 1995 to 2010. The source of domestic water in all three surveyed areas is from groundwater, with an increasing trend to use tap water from a public supply rather than from privately owned wells.

A community-based seroepidemiologic survey on Taenia solium cysticercosis in humans was carried out in Shandong Province, China. Blood specimens from 2,898 residents were collected and examined for anti-cysticercus antibody. Information on demographic and potential risk factors was obtained using a standardized questionnaire. The overall seroprevalence of cysticercosis was 3.2%. Seropositivity tended to increase with age ranging from 1.8% in children under 6 years of age to 5.7% in those over 60 years old. Distance between village residence and the town of the community was negatively associated with seropositivity (Chi-square for trend test p = 0.02). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified four risk factors for cysticercosis infection in the community: defecating indiscriminately (OR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.01-1.81), being unable to identify diseased pork (OR = 4.09, 95% CI 1.53-10.97), raising pigs (OR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.09-1.69), and more than 60 years old (OR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.10-2.02. These findings have implications for developing appropriate strategies for the control of Taenia solium cysticercosis in the community.

Deep-level defect-related properties of as-grown and annealed GaN epilayers grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) are investigated using persistent photoconductivity (PPC) and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. PPC phenomena are seen in these HVPE-GaN epilayers which do not contain the yellow-luminescence (YL) band, suggesting that PPC and YL phenomena are not related. The PPC decay kinetics indicates that the characteristic of the defects which are responsible for the PPC phenomenon would be different from the point defects. The structural qualities of these HVPE-GaN epilayers were characterized by X-ray diffraction. As the densities of threading dislocations decrease, a decrease of photocurrent was clearly observed. The results suggest that the negatively charged threading dislocations are the candidate for PPC effect in our HVPE-GaN epilayers.