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Salmonellosis associated with reptiles is a well‐researched topic, particularly in China and the United States, but it occurs less frequently in Europe. The growth of the human population and changes in the environment could potentially increase the interaction between humans and free‐living reptiles, which are an unidentified source of Salmonella species. In this study, we sought to explore this issue by comparing the microbiota of free‐living European grass snakes, scientifically known as Natrix natrix, with that of captive banded water snakes, or Nerodia fasciata. We were able to isolate 27 strains of Salmonella species from cloacal swabs of 59 N. natrix and 3 strains from 10 N. fasciata. Our findings revealed that free‐living snakes can carry strains of Salmonella species that are resistant to normal human serum (NHS). In contrast, all the Salmonella species strains isolated from N. fasciata were sensitive to the action of the NHS, further supporting our findings. We identified two serovars from N. natrix: Salmonella enterica subspecies diarizonae and S. enterica subspecies houtenae. Additionally, we identified three different virulotypes (VT) with invA, sipB, prgH, orgA, tolC, iroN, sitC, sifA, sopB, spiA, cdtB and msgA genes, and β‐galactosidase synthesised by 23 serovars. The identification of Salmonella species in terms of their VT is a relatively unknown aspect of their pathology. This can be specific to the serovar and pathovar and could be a result of adaptation to a new host or environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kazimierz Wójtowicz (born 1948) is a contemporary priest-poet. In his lyrical works, he constantly develops the biblical theme of Emmaus. He has written over 80 songs about this theme. This article discusses six ekphrases written by Kazimierz Wójtowicz about paintings by baroque masters, depicting the scene that took place in Emmaus. These are the following poems: Caravaggio: Christ in Emmaus (1601), Diego Velázquez: Kitchen girl with a supper scene in Emmaus in the background (1618), Diego Velázquez: Supper in Emmaus (1620), Rembrandt: Christ in Emmaus (drawing, 1629), Rembrandt: Supper in Emmaus (1629) and Rembrandt: Christ in Emmaus (1648). Describing baroque canvases using the language of poetry, Wójtowicz draws attention primarily to the evangelical meaning of the paintings. Usually, he is interested in the dynamics of the scene, the emotionality of the painted characters, and the lively gestures of the apostles. He is somewhat less interested in the other baroque features of the paintings, incl. vivid colors, operating with light, contrasts. Rembrandt's ekphrase: Supper in Emmaus (1629) is based on an interesting concept consisting in a perfunctory treatment of the most important element of a work (in the opinion of art historians, which determines the uniqueness of a painting) and focusing on secondary motives. In the poems analyzed by Wójtowicz, only the baroque style resonates. The author diversifies the lyrical monologue with metaphors, antitheses, and biblical quotations, but artistic media appear with a moderate intensity. Wójtowicz's ekphrases are "baroque" because of the topic taken up, not because of the organization of the linguistic layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses poetic reflection of Wacław Oszajca on the masterpieces of world painting. In his lyric, the priest-poet describes paintings belonging to the classics of painting: Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci, paintings by Rembrandt (Return of the prodigal son, Sacrifice of Abraham), Hans Memling's triptych The Last Judgment, and The Last Supper of Salvador Dali. His poems are very short, they are always an attempt to capture the dramatic character of the scene. Among the analyzed poems by Oszajcy, the most interesting, the most valuable one seems to be the work about the image of Rembrandt The return of the prodigal son. It brings accusation of the title character; the author omits important biblical themes - mercy and remorse. Oszajca's poem describes not only masterpieces of painting, but also serves to recall the lesser known paintings -- Crayer or Marian Malarz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Respectus Philologicus is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Respectus Philologicus is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Respectus Philologicus is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Respectus Philologicus is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fungi belonging to the Cryptococcus neoformans/C. gattii species complex (CNGSC) are etiological agents of serious and not infrequently fatal infections in both humans and animals. Trees are the main ecological niche and source of potential exposition concerning these pathogens. With regard to epidemiology of cryptococcosis, various surveys were performed worldwide, enabling the establishment of a map of distribution and genetic structure of the arboreal population of the CNGSC. However, there are regions, among them Central and Eastern Europe, in which the data are lacking. The present study shows the results of such an environmental study performed in Wrocław, Poland. The CNGSC strains were detected in 2.2% of the tested trees belonging to four genera. The obtained pathogen population consisted exclusively of C. neoformans, represented by both the major molecular type VNI and VNIV. Within the tested group of isolates, resistance to commonly used antimycotics was not found, except for 5-fluorocytosine, in which about 5% of the strains were classified as a non-wild type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microbiome as a broad term defines the most dynamic ecological system in which, apart from the biocenosis, there is unique niche for its development, equally dynamic, because host-derived, contrary to physical environment in ecology. Although for years, antibodies, was recognized as a key element of the mucosal barrier, there is still no progress in comprehensive linking microbes and humoral elements. Which organism is a pathogen and which is a commensal - there are still no exact answers (and criteria). Also the discrepancy between experimental research, using more and more sophisticated techniques -showing the existence of nearly 900 bacterial species in our mouth was observed. On the contrary, bacterial infections caused by novel species have not been recognised in patients with humoral immunodeficiencies, apart from the capsular cocci and H. influenzae. Research on human virome, including CMV, is also focused on the cellular immunity, but in many situations in the clinic the humoral compartment are the exclusive, still effective, barrier against viral replication., Aim: The aim of study was to perform an integrated microbiome analysis (microbiota and host) for strict linking various microbiota constelation and end-stage clinical manifestation in humoral immunodeficiency., Materials and Methods: This cross-study based on own clinical experience reveal crucial gap in the literature., Results: It indicate the natural competition: why the sentinel microorganism in humoral deficiency - S. pneumoniae dominates in some patients, and in others - Viridans Group Streptococci. Crucial role of high specific IgM level in several CVID complication was described. Furthermore, respiratory microbiota translocation with cancer regression and influence of therapeutic regimen on clinical sequel (predominantly infectious or malignant) were presented. The studies indicates numerous methodological and microecological classification difficulties, which are the source of inadequate, often contradictory conclusions from experimental research., Conclusions: Microecology describe ecosystem that consists of all the organisms and the abiotic physical environment with which they interact: i.e. biocenosis and biotope but clinical immunology -microorganisms in biotic (cellular) niche in host. Unfortunately, these studies are focused on the anecdotal "healthy" biocenosis (healthy microbiome), without analyzing other elements of the niche, for example cancer. Overall, focusing on the gut microbiota clearly restrict our knowledge on the manifestation of humoral deficiencies in respiratory system. The work is a summary of the search for representative clinical models and microbiological methods (diagnostic chain) in clinical immunology practice., (© 2022 MEDPRESS.)