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1. Formulaic language in Early English Books Online : From computational linguistics to classical rhetoric

Author

Wynne, Martin, McIntyre, Dan, Burke, Michael, Wynne, Martin, McIntyre, Dan, and Burke, Michael

Abstract

As Sinclair (2004: 30) points out, ‘so-called "fixed phrases" are not in fact fixed; there are very few invariable phrases in English.’ Consequently, any exploration of formulaic language needs to consider not only their structural forms but also their contextual functions. To this end, we analyse repeated clusters of words (n-grams) from Early English Books Online (EEBO) and subject our results to qualitative analysis using analytical frameworks from both classical rhetoric and stylistics. With regard to the former… With regard to the latter, we pay particular attention to discourse presentation (i.e. the techniques used to present the speech and thought of third parties). We extracted our clusters from the entire EEBO collection, as curated by the Oxford Text Archive. The corpus consists of 60,328 printed works, with approximately 1.5 billion words. Our study therefore constitutes what is likely to be the largest extraction of n-grams from a historical corpus of English to date. The n-gram frequency lists are all made freely available online via the Oxford Text Archive. Preliminary analysis of the most frequent 4-, 5-, and 6-word clusters reveals a preponderance of formulaic expressions from religious texts, often bible quotations or popular prayers and other ritual expressions. Our analysis of the rhetorical and stylistic functions of these clusters allows insight not only into the nature of formulaic expression in Early Modern English but also the nature of interpersonal communication in this period. In this respect, our study demonstrates the capacity of large corpora of written material to offer insights into the nature of communication across both writing and speech.

Published
2024
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3. OLAC the open language archives community

Author

Wynne, Martin

Subjects
H. Information sources, supports, channels.
Abstract

OLAC, the Open Language Archives Community, is an international partnership of institutions and individuals who are creating a worldwide virtual library of language resources by: (i) developing consensus on best current practice for the digital archiving of language resources, and (ii) developing a network of interoperating repositories and services for housing and accessing such resources.

Published
2004

4. iDAH Research Software Engineering (RSE) Steering Group Working Paper

Author

Sichani, Anna-Maria, Ahnert, Ruth, Baker, James, Beavan, David, Ciula, Arianna, Crouch, Steve, De Roure, David, Francois, Pieter, Hetherington, James, Jeffries, Neil, McGillivray, Barbara, Terras, Melissa, Tupman, Charlotte, Turner, Mark, Weinzierl, Marion, Willcox, Pip, Winters, Jane, Wynne, Martin, and Smithies, James

Abstract

This working paper resulted from two (hybrid) workshops conducted in May and June 2022, chaired by Professor James Smithies (King’s College London) at the request of Tao-Tao Chang, AHRC Head of (Research) Infrastructure. The workshops were conceived and organised by Dr. Anna-MariaSichani (AHRC Policy and Engagement Fellow), and hosted at The Alan Turing Institute. Contributors are listed in Appendix 4.

Published
2023
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5. DigiSpec: Scoping Future Born-Digital Data Services for the Arts and Humanities: Case Reports

Author

De Roure, David, Moore, John, Page, Kevin, Burrows, Toby, Beavan, David, Hobson, Timothy, Bergel, Giles, Dutta, Abhishek, Zisserman, Andrew, Bhaugeerutty, Aruna, Blickhan, Samantha, Chamberlain, Alan, Ciula, Arianna, Cooke, Ian, Wisdom, Stella, Hawley, Graeme, Crawford, Tim, Badkobeh, Golnaz, Lewis, David, Porter, Alistair, Pugin, Laurent, Zitellini, Rodolfo, Cronk, Nicholas, Mikus, Birgit, Jefferies, Neil, Cornwell, Peter, Jones, Huw, Melen, Christopher, Niven, Kieron, Proudfoot, Rachel, Rees, Gethin, Máximo Rocha, Pedro, Sampson, Amy, Wynne, Martin, Nicola Barnet, Masud Khokar, and John Salter

Subjects
Art and humanities, Digital research infrastructure, Data services, Born-digital data, Digital humanities
Abstract

The DigiSpec Project was funded by the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council in 2022 under its “Scoping Future Data Services for the Arts and Humanities” programme. As part of the evidence base for its report, the project collected twenty short Case Reports from experts in the field of born-digital data services. Each of these describes the current and future activities and requirements of a significant UK project or service. These Case Reports are published in this collection. The DigiSpec Project also commissioned three longer Case Studies, which are being published separately- TABLE of CONTENTS Author Project Pages David Beavan, Timothy Hobson (Alan Turing Institute) Living with Machines 1-4 Giles Bergel, Abhishek Dutta, Andrew Zisserman (University of Oxford) National Library of Scotland Chapbooks 5-8 Aruna Bhaugeerutty (Oxford) Oxford University Museums Digital Collections Service 9-12 Samantha Blickhan (Zooniverse & Adler Planetarium) ALICE: The Aggregate Line Inspector & Collaborative Editor 13-14 Toby Burrows (University of Oxford) Knowledge graphs – Mapping Manuscript Migrations 15-19 Alan Chamberlain (University of Nottingham) Rider Spoke – Riders Have Spoken (Archive) 20-21 Arianna Ciula (King’s College London) King’s Digital Lab Infrastructure at King’s College London 22-28 Ian Cooke (British Library) The UK Web Archive 29-32 Ian Cooke & Stella Wisdom (British Library), Graeme Hawley (National Library of Scotland) Emerging formats 33-37 Tim Crawford, Golnaz Badkobeh, & David Lewis (Goldsmiths University of London), Alastair Porter (Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona), Laurent Pugin & Rodolfo Zitellini (RISM Digital, Bern) F-Tempo (Full-Text search of Early Music Prints Online) 38-41 Nicholas Cronk, Birgit Mikus (University of Oxford) Challenges of Scholarly Editions: Digital Voltaire and Digital d’Holbach 42-44 Neil Jefferies (University of Oxford), Peter Cornwell (Data Futures) Annotation: anəstor 45-47 Neil Jefferies (University of Oxford), Peter Cornwell (Data Futures) Redelivery: freizo 48-50 Huw Jones (Cambridge University) Cambridge Digital Library – TEI Metadata 51-54 Christopher Melen (Royal National College of Music) PriSM Sample RNN 55-58 Kieron Niven (Archaeology Data Service) High Speed 2 (HS2) Historic Environment Digital Archive 59-63 Rachel Proudfoot, Nicola Barnet, Masud Khokar, John Salter (University of Leeds) White Rose Etheses Online: theses as complex digital objects 64-69 Gethin Rees (British Library) Open Geospatial Data Application and Services viewer (OGDAS) 70-72 Pedro Maximo Rocha & Amy Sampson (The National Archives) Environmental monitoring system and its integration with digital twins 73-75 Martin Wynne (University of Oxford) Literary and Linguistic Data Service [formerly Oxford Text Archive] 76-78, The "DigiSpec: Scoping future born-digital data services for the arts and humanities" project was funded by the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) under research grant number AH/W007592/1.

Published
2022
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8. Tour de CLARIN Volume Three

Author

Fišer, Darja, Lenardič, Jakob, Al Kishik, Albulfatah, Alexander, Marc, Bel, Núria, Berg, Ansu, Bjarnadóttir, Kristín, Brezina, Vaclav, Carling, Gerd, Chabanal, Damien, Dallachy, Fraser, De Smedt, Koenraad, Draxler, Christoph, Eder-Jordan, Beate, Ensor, Simon, Estarrona, Ainara, Fennesz-Juhasz, Christiane, Foucher, Anne-Laure, Frid, Johan, Fynn, John, Gablasova, Dana, Gredel, Eva, Hadro, Dominika, Hagen, Kristin, Hinrichs, Erhard, Hinrichs, Marie, Iruskieta, Mikel, Johannessen, Janne Bondi, Jónsson, Jóhannes Gísli, Kaome, Winnie Boingotlo, Klenke, Kerstin, Klessa, Katarzyna, Kupietz, Marc, Larousse, Nicolas, Liebl, Christian, Loftsson, Hrafn, Lorenc, Anita, Madden, Oneil Nathaniel, Mahlberg, Michaela, Martínez-Sempere, Isabel, Maynard, Diana, Mourier, Frédéric, Nøklestad, Anders, Pape, Siglinde, Parisse, Christophe, Pérez-Navarro, Jose, Pétillat, Agnès, Priestley, Joel, Puttkammer, Martin, Quanquin, Véronique, Rigau, German, Rodrigues Blanchard, Christine, Rögnvaldsson, Eiríkur, Spitzbart, Johannes, Steyn, Juan, Strakatova, Yana, Ter-Ghazaryan, Aïda, Thenius-Wilscher, Katharina, Thomas, Christian, Todirascu, Amalia, van Baal, Yvonne, van den Bergh, Liané, van den Heuvel, Henk, van Zaanen, Menno, Vasques Lopes, Jose, Walker, Nathalie, Wallaszkovits, Nadja, Wieczorek, Jan, Wigham, Ciara, Wynne, Martin, Fišer, Darja, and Lenardič, Jakob

Subjects
CLARIN
Abstract

Since 2016, the tour de CLARIN initiative has been periodically highlighting prominent user involvement activities in the CLARIN network in order to increase the visibility of its members, reveal the richness of the CLARIN landscape, and display the full range of activities that show what CLARIN has to offer to researchers, teachers, students, professionals and the general public interested in using and processing language data in various forms. In 2019, we expanded the initiative to also feature the work of CLARIN Knowledge Centres, which offer knowledge and expertise in specific areas provide to researchers, educators and developers alike. Initially conceived as a series of blog posts published on the CLARIN website, Tour de CLARIN soon proved to be one of our flagship outreach initiatives, which has been released in the form of two printed volumes. this third volume of tour de CLARIN is organized into two parts. In Part 1, we present the six countries which have been featured since January 2020: Norway, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, South Africa, and Iceland. Each national consortium is presented with five chapters: an introduction to the consortium, their members and their work; a description of one of their key resources; the presentation of an outstanding tool; an account of a successful event for the researchers and students in their network; and an interview with a renowned researcher from the Digital Humanities or Social Sciences who has successfully used the consortium’s infrastructure in their work. In Part 2, we present the work of the six Knowledge Centres that have been visited since the publication of the second volume in November 2019: the Impact-CKC K-Centre, the Knowledge Centre for Polish Language technology, the Phonogrammarchiv Knowledge Centre, the Knowledge Centre for Atypical Communication Expertise, the LUND University Humanities Lab Knowledge Centre, and the Spanish Knowledge Centre. Each Knowledge Centre is presented with two chapters: a presentation of what the K-Centre offers to researchers, and an interview with a renowned researcher who has collaborated with the K-Centre.

Published
2020
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11. Rule-based Visual Mappings - with a Case Study on Poetry Visualizatio

Author

Abdul-Rahman, Alfie, Lein, Julie, Coles, Katharine, Maguire, Eamonn, Miriah Meyer, Wynne, Martin, Johnson, Christopher R., Trefethen, Anne, and Chen, Min

Abstract

In this paper, we present a user-centered design study on poetry visualization. We develop a rule-based solution to address the conflicting needs for maintaining the flexibility of visualizing a large set of poetic variables and for reducing the tedium and cognitive load in interacting with the visual mapping control panel. We adopt Munzner’s nested design model to maintain high-level interactions with the end users in a closed loop. In addition, we examine three design options for alleviating the difficulty in visualizing poems latitudinally. We present severalexample uses of poetry visualization in scholarly research on poetry. Presented at EuroVis 2013 in Leipzig, Germany.

Published
2013
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12. Resource and Service Centres as the Backbone for a Sustainable Service Infrastructure

Author

Wittenburg, Peter, Bel, Nuria, Borin, Lars, Budin, Gerhard, Calzolari, Nicoletta, Hajicova, Eva, Koskenniemi, Kimmo, Lemnitzer, Lothar, Maegaard, Bente, Piasecki, Maciey, Pierrel, Jean-Marie, Piperidis, Stelios, Skadina, Inguna, Tufis, Dan, Veenendaal, Remco Van, Varadi, Tamas, Wynne, Martin, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona] (UPF), Göteborgs Universitet (GU), Universität Wien, Istituto di Linguistica Computazionale 'Antonio Zampolli' (CNR-ILC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), University of Helsinki, Zentrum Sprache, Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (BBAW), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française (ATILF), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Language and Speech Processing (ILSP), University of Latvia (LU), Romanian Academy of Sciences, and Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA)

Subjects
Tools, LR Infrastructures and Architectures, Applications, Systerms, linguistique et informatique, [SCCO.LING]Cognitive science/Linguistics, Standards for LRs
Abstract

International audience; Currently, research infrastructures are being designed and established in many disciplines, all partly to address the problem that they all suffer from an enormous fragmentation of their resources and tools. In the domain of language resources and tools the CLARIN initiative has been funded since 2008 to overcome many of the integration and interoperability hurdles. CLARIN can build on knowledge and work from many projects that have been carried out over many years, and will build stable and robust services for use by researchers. Service centres will play a key role, and must provide persistent and highly available services that adhere to criteria as they have been established by CLARIN. In the last year of the preparatory phase of CLARIN these centres are currently developing four use cases that can demonstrate how the various pillars CLARIN has been working on can be integrated. All four use cases fulfil the criteria of being cross-national.

Published
2010

16. Optimising measures of lexical variation in EFL learner corpora

Author

UCL - FLTR/GERM - Commission de gestion des diplômes de langues et littératures germaniques, Granger, Sylviane, Wynne, Martin, UCL - FLTR/GERM - Commission de gestion des diplômes de langues et littératures germaniques, Granger, Sylviane, and Wynne, Martin

Published
1999

19. Speech, Thought and Writing Presentation Corpus

Author

Short, Michael, Semino, Elena, Culpeper, Jonathan, Wynne, Martin, Short, Michael, Semino, Elena, Culpeper, Jonathan, and Wynne, Martin

Abstract

A dataset created in order to test, refine and explore a system of categorization of speech and thought presentation for English narrative texts, based on the one informally described in 'Style in Fiction', Leech and Short, 1981.

Published
1996
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22. Equivalency, page design, and corpus linguistics : an interdisciplinary approach to Gavin Douglas's 'Eneados'

Author

Bushnell, Megan, Mapstone, Sally, and Wynne, Martin

Subjects
Literature, Medieval, Corpora (Linguistics), Translating and interpreting, Scottish literature, Philology
Abstract

This thesis demonstrates an interdisciplinary method for analysing medieval translations that makes use of descriptive translation studies, corpus linguistics, and philology. This method involves the compilation of a set of digital texts that can be analysed by a computer and are encoded with features salient to the study of translation. The method also advises the inclusion of information regarding layout, arguing that how texts are presented intrinsically affects how they are read and translated. This thesis applies this method to the study of Gavin Douglas's Eneados (1513)-the first full, direct translation of the Aeneid in either the English or Scottish tradition. Douglas's text is posited as a suitable testing ground for this method, based on its complexity and length, which has made it a difficult text for a single critic to analyse by traditional means. This has resulted in some large gaps and contradictions in scholarly descriptions of Douglas's translation method, which has fed into a general confusion about his periodisation, his status as a humanist, and the nature of his nationalism. To resolve this confusion, this thesis embarks on a series of studies that examine units of equivalence across the whole of the Eneados. It discovers that Douglas's method is not consistent but evolves away from a 'sense for sense' method towards a more literal, but also more expansive, one. This evolution is driven partly by content, with expansive and compendious translation proving to be stylistically conditioned, partly by the layout in Douglas's source text-Ascensius's (1501) edition-which also changes over the course of the text, and partly by pragmatic type, with speech attracting the addition of more original content than narrative. Such a practice has several implications. First, it reveals that Douglas probably translated the Aeneid in its textual order. However, the evolution in his translation away from paraphrased forms of translation suggests that his Prologues were not written in order, as Prologue I criticises adaptative translation and thus was probably written towards the end of the Eneados when Douglas's translation practice was fully realised. Consequently, Douglas's comments in Prologue I do accurately describe his translation practice, but make a fine distinction between 'word for word' and literal translation, where 'word for word' translation describes fidelity to form and extreme lexical equivalency, whereas literal translation more specifically describes Douglas's practice of closely following the content and grammar of his source. In this way, Douglas narrows the purview of acceptable translation to one that is tied closely to its source. The fact that Douglas translates the Aeneid in its textual order corroborates that layout influences how a text is translated. More than that, however, it indicates that Douglas has a greater interest in the formal qualities of the Aeneid than previously acknowledged. Not only do arbitrary aspects of his source text's layout, like page breaks, affect how he segments his translation, but he also imitates many of Virgil's repeated lines. Such activity reveals a real interest in the quality of his source text indicating an editorial streak in Douglas's practice. This interest in textuality also affects how Douglas translates certain aspects of character. Douglas aligns Aeneas with his own voice in the Prologues, making Aeneas representative of Douglas's poetic capability. This is part of an intertextual allegory that reinterprets the Aeneid as Douglas's own evolution as a poet-translator. In this allegory, Douglas's ideas on gender, religion, and nationality are conditioned by the textual traditions they represent. His objections to Dido are based on how she represents an alternative mode of reading the Aeneid that he objects to, not necessarily because of her gender. Likewise, his layout necessitates him to Christianise the text to avoid the attribution of Virgil's pagan ideas to his own authority. Moreover, Douglas's declaration that he writes in Scots is motivated more by a desire to disassociate the Eneados from romance traditions of the Aeneid that are written in English than nationalism-though the fact that he conducts the first complete and direct vernacular encounter with the Aeneid in Scots has nationalist significance. In this way, many alterations that Douglas makes to the Aeneid are justified as being in service to the text. The one big shift in his presentation of the Aeneid is the importance he attaches to rhetoric and poetic capability. While Virgil does not trust rhetoric unless it is in service to the state, Douglas creates a rhetorical, poetically expressive form of translation that can nonetheless represent truth. The Introduction explains the significance of this project within the 'Two Cultures' debate and gestures towards what gaps it fills in current criticism. Chapter 1 introduces the interdisciplinary method used in this thesis, with an overview of each subject this method utilises, and a summary of some of the most important translators before Douglas and their contributions to translation theory. Chapter 2 introduces Gavin Douglas and the Eneados, providing essential information regarding Douglas's biography and the content of the Eneados, as well as an overview of criticism concerning the Eneados and an analysis of the main scholarly debates. Chapter 3 introduces the corpus-based apparatus created for this method, which is comprised of digital versions of the Eneados and its source text. Chapter 4 measures equivalency in the Eneados, discovering that Douglas's ideas on translation change over the course of his translation and that this is partly stylistically conditioned. Chapter 5 cross-references Douglas's fluctuating ideas on equivalency with the layout of his source text, revealing that how he translates is largely conditioned by how his source is presented. Chapter 6 considers how Douglas handles formal, imitable aspects of Virgil's style-namely his use of repetition-and how this indicates an editorial facet in Douglas's intentions. Chapter 7 investigates Douglas's methods of translation and how they fluctuate when presenting the discourse of characters-especially characters with different sociolinguistic variables. Chapter 8 summarises the results of the previous chapters and produces a comprehensive description of Douglas's translation method.

Published
2021

24. LETTERS.

Author

Horton, Richard, Caddick, Steve, Ewing, Mike, Knight, Rex, Price, David, Tooke, John, Worton, Michael, Harker, Tony, Asquith, Andy, Stansfield, Frederic, Mendel, Ronald, Caan, Woody, Wynne, Martin, and Kimber, Dave

Subjects
*LETTERS to the editor, *HIGHER education, *OCCUPATIONS, *UNEMPLOYMENT, *COLLEGE curriculum
Abstract

Several letters to the editor are presented in response to articles in previous issues including "No Jobs, So Get Them on Courses" in the November 3, 2011 issue, "Democratic Experiments," by Job Turney in the November 3, 2011 issue, and "Kropotkin's Heirs Apparent," by Alan Ryan in the November 3, 2011 issue.

Published
2011

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