203 results on '"Wun Jern Ng"'
Search Results
2. Effect of Sodium on Methanogens in a Two-Stage Anaerobic System
- Author
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Keke Xiao, Yogananda Maspolim, Yan Zhou, Chenghong Guo, and Wun Jern Ng
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two-stage anaerobic digester ,methanogens ,biomass activity ,extracellular polymeric substances ,sodium inhibition ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of sodium on anaerobic biomass from the second-stage reactor of a two-stage anaerobic digester. The results indicated that methanogens showed a relatively high sodium tolerance of 2.4 g Na+ L−1. Microbial community analysis showed that viable Methanomicrobiales was the most abundant population by a combined propidium monoazide cross-linking quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique. There was a population shift towards higher abundance of Thermotoga (0.02%), Clostridium (2.50%) and Methanoculleus (13.80%). Biomass activity in relation to increased sodium concentrations was investigated with the adenosine triphosphate test coupled with extracellular polymeric substances measurement. The results showed biomass activity decreased from 33 to 16 µg g−1 volatile suspended solids as sodium concentrations increased from 1.3 to 9.1 g Na+ L−1. Higher EPS production, particularly a greater predominance of carbohydrates, was stimulated by higher sodium concentrations. This study provides insights into the superiority of sodium tolerance of two-stage anaerobic digester in compared with a single-stage anaerobic system.
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Formulating Strategies for Building Excellence in Engineering Education.
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Wun Jern Ng
- Published
- 2004
4. Wetlands For Tropical Applications: Wastewater Treatment By Constructed Wetlands: Wastewater Treatment by Constructed Wetlands
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Norio Tanaka, Wun Jern Ng, K B Shameen N Jinadasa and Norio Tanaka, Wun Jern Ng, K B Shameen N Jinadasa
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- 2011
5. Effect of free ammonia inhibition on process recovery of partial nitritation in a membrane bioreactor
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Leong Soon Poh, Choon-Ping Lim, Wun Jern Ng, Yishuai Jiang, and Chaozhi Pan
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Nitrous acid ,Environmental Engineering ,Anabolism ,biology ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Catabolism ,Chemistry ,020209 energy ,Bioengineering ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Membrane bioreactor ,Cell morphology ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Ammonia ,Extracellular polymeric substance ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Food science ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Nitrosomonas ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Long-term inhibitory effect of free ammonia (FA) on the catabolic and anabolic activities of an enriched Nitrosomonas culture was investigated. Ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was inhibited at FA concentration of 34.34 ± 6.85 mg NH3-N/L while threshold inhibitory FA concentration was likely 23.64 ± 4.51 mg NH3-N/L. Below the latter, cell-specific ammonia oxidation rate (AOR), cell number and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) increased. The calculated yield showed AOB had tended to increase cell mass under FA inhibition. Nitrite concentration increased by 58.6% 12 days after FA decreased to 8.89 ± 0.95 mg NH3-N/L. However, AOB cells became more sensitive to free nitrous acid (FNA) after 70 days of FA inhibition. Long-term FA inhibition changed AOB cell morphology and this could have increased AOB vulnerability to FNA. This study indicated FA inhibited catabolic and anabolic activities, and that long-term FA inhibition had adverse impact on process recoverability and subsequent failure threshold.
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- 2019
6. Characteristics of incineration ash for sustainable treatment and reutilization
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Grzegorz Lisak, Wun Jern Ng, Zhili Dong, Apostolos Giannis, and Zheng-Hui Phua
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Municipal solid waste ,Characterization ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Carbonation ,Fly ash ,Incineration ,010501 environmental sciences ,Solid Waste ,Coal Ash ,01 natural sciences ,Treatment processes ,Hazardous waste ,Air Pollution ,Metals, Heavy ,Environmental Chemistry ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Air pollution control residues ,Cement ,Chemistry ,Electrochemical Techniques ,General Medicine ,Pulp and paper industry ,Pollution ,Refuse Disposal ,Bottom ash ,Leaching (metallurgy) - Abstract
Summarization: Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) generates bottom ash, fly ash (FA), and air pollution control (APC) residues as by-products. FA and APC residues are considered hazardous due to the presence of soluble salts and a high concentration of heavy metals, and they should be appropriately treated before disposal. Physicochemical characterization using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) have shown that FA and APC have potential for reuse after treatment as these contain CaO, SiO2, and Al2O3. Studies conducted on treatment of FA and APC are categorized into three groups: (i) separation processes, (ii) solidification/stabilization (S/S) processes, and (iii) thermal processes. Separation processes such as washing, leaching, and electrochemical treatment improve the quality and homogeneity of the ash. S/S processes such as chemical stabilization, accelerate carbonation, and cement solidification modify hazardous species into less toxic constituents. Thermal processes such as sintering, vitrification, and melting are effective at reducing volume and producing a more stable product. In this review paper, the treatment processes are analyzed in relation to ash characteristics. Issues concerning mixing FA and APC residues before treatment, true treatment costs, and challenges are also discussed to provide further insights on the implications and possibilities of utilizing FA and APC as secondary materials. Presented on
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- 2019
7. Facile preparation of fluorescent carbon dots for label-free detection of Fe3+
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Wun Jern Ng, Ke Yin, Xiao Hu, Supuli Jayaweera, Interdisciplinary Graduate School (IGS), School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, and Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre
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Detection limit ,Durian Shell Waste ,General Chemical Engineering ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Quantum yield ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Carbon Dots ,02 engineering and technology ,General Chemistry ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Photobleaching ,Fluorescence ,Environmental engineering [Engineering] ,0104 chemical sciences ,Nanomaterials ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Yield (chemistry) ,Cellulose ,0210 nano-technology ,Carbon ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
Cellulose is the most abundant biomass resource and use of cellulose in the synthesis of novel nanomaterials like carbon dots (CDs) has gained attention over the years. However, the photoluminescence yield of cellulose-based CDs is low in the absence of modification additives. Durian shell waste (DSW) is a cellulose rich source and is used for the first time in a one-pot process without any modification agent to produce CDs. The presence of carboxylic acids, esters and amino compounds in durian shell was crucial to improving the CD surface and resulting in a mass yield of 13.9% and quantum yield of 6.2%. This was two times higher compared to that of CDs derived from pure cellulose precursors. The blue-green emitting CDs showed stability over a wide range of pH and chloride concentration and was resistant to photobleaching. Further, the CDs showed high selectivity towards Fe3+ by forming a non-fluorescent ground complex with the oxygen functional groups. Based on the linear relationship between normalized fluorescence intensity and concentration of Fe3+ ions, the synthesised CDs may be used as a fluorescent probe to detect Fe3+ over a concentration range of 0–20 μM with a detection limit of 128 nM. The method was successfully applied in sensing Fe3+ in actual water systems. Nanyang Technological University The authors would like to thank the Interdisciplinary Graduate school of Nanyang Technological University and Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute for the financial and technical support extended to this study. We would like to acknowledge the Facility for Analysis, Characterization, Testing and Simulation, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, for use of their transmission electron microscopy facilities.
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- 2019
8. Community engagement and pollution mitigation at Kandy Lake, Sri Lanka
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E. Valencia, S. K. Weragoda, Kbsn Jinadasa, Wun Jern Ng, and S. T. V. Sim
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Pollution ,Geography ,Community engagement ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Sri lanka ,Socioeconomics ,Water Science and Technology ,media_common - Abstract
Kandy City is a UNESCO world heritage site. Being the second largest city in Sri Lanka and host to the annual Esala Perahara festival, it has a floating population two to three times its 120,000 permanent residents. Among the city's key landmarks is Kandy Lake, a culturally, environmentally, and economically significant ornamental lake. Nevertheless, inadequate urban development regulation has resulted in serious pollution of the lake. An integrated remedial measure was needed to improve the urban lake's water quality sustainably, for the Kandy community and their cultural heritage. A project was initiated by the University of Peradeniya (UOP), Sri Lanka, and the Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Singapore. It started with modelling of Kandy Lake and community surveys, demonstrated implementation of wastewater management technologies (floating wetlands and an aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR)), and initiated community outreach with schools. The project also involved local authorities and government agencies in Kandy, and provided an informal cooperation platform. After project handover on July 10, 2014, further developments were observed in Kandy, including implementation of sewerage and centralised wastewater treatment, rehabilitation of Kandy Lake and the Mid-Canal, and integration of Kandy Lake into the city's development plan and regulations.
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- 2018
9. Understanding and optimization of the flocculation process in biological wastewater treatment processes: A review
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Akshaykumar Suresh, Ewa Grygolowicz-Pawlak, Maszenan bin Abdul Majid, Wun Jern Ng, Thomas Vistisen Bugge, Leong Soon Poh, Xin Gao, Dominik Dominiak, and Santosh Pathak
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Flocculation ,Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,Wastewater ,010501 environmental sciences ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,01 natural sciences ,Settling ,Environmental Chemistry ,Effluent ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Sewage ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Pulp and paper industry ,Pollution ,020801 environmental engineering ,Waste treatment ,Activated sludge ,Environmental science ,Sewage treatment ,Water treatment - Abstract
In the operation of biological wastewater treatment processes, fast sludge settling during liquid-solids disengagement is preferred as it affects effluent quality, treatment efficiency and plant operation economy. An important property of fast settling biological sludge is the ability to spontaneously form big and dense flocs (flocculation) that readily separates from water. Therefore, there had been much research to study the conditions that promote biological sludge flocculation. However, reported findings have often been inconsistent and this has possibly been due to the complex nature of the biological flocculation process. Thus, it has been challenging for wastewater treatment plant operators to extract practical information from the literature. The aim of this review is to summarize the current state of understanding of the factors that affect sludge flocculation so that evaluation of such information can be facilitated and strategize for intervention in the sludge flocculation and deflocculation process.
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- 2018
10. Optimizing the synergistic effect of sodium hydroxide/ultrasound pre-treatment of sludge
- Author
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Wun Jern Ng, Antoine P. Trzcinski, and Xinbo Tian
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inorganic chemicals ,Pre treatment ,Acoustics and Ultrasonics ,Sonication ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Inorganic Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,fluids and secretions ,Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Environmental Chemistry ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Chemistry ,business.industry ,Organic Chemistry ,Ultrasound ,Chemical oxygen demand ,Biodegradation ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,stomatognathic diseases ,Anaerobic digestion ,Activated sludge ,Sodium hydroxide ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
Ultrasound (ULS), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and combined ultrasound/NaOH pre-treatment were applied to pre-treat waste activated sludge and improve the subsequent anaerobic digestion. Synergistic effect was observed when NaOH treatment was coupled with ultrasound treatment. The highest synergistic Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) solubilization was observed when 0.02M NaOH was combined with five minutes ultrasonication: an extra 3,000 mg/L was achieved on top of the NaOH (1,975 mg/L) and ultrasonication (2,900 mg/L) treatment alone. Further increase of NaOH dosage increased Soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand (SCOD), but did not increase the synergistic effect. Nine minutes and 18 minutes ultrasonication led to 20% and 24% increase of methane production, respectively; Whereas, 0.05M NaOH pre-treatment did not improve the sludge biodegradability. Combined ultrasound/NaOH (9min+0.05M) showed 31% increase of methane production. A stepwise NaOH addition/ultrasound pre-treatment (0.02M+ULS for 5 min + 0.02M+ULS for 4 min) was tested and resulted in 40% increase of methane production using 20% less chemicals.
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- 2018
11. Insights into thermal hydrolyzed sludge liquor - Identification of plant-growth-promoting compounds
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Yan Zhou, Ting-Ting Qian, Chencheng Le, Dan Lu, Wun Jern Ng, Chaozhi Pan, Shenbin Cao, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, and Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre (AEBC)
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Plant growth ,Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,engineering.material ,01 natural sciences ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,Hydrolysis ,Nutrient ,Biochar ,Environmental Chemistry ,Fertilizers ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Inhibition ,High concentration ,021110 strategic, defence & security studies ,Civil engineering [Engineering] ,Sewage ,Chemistry ,food and beverages ,Nutrients ,Thermal hydrolysis ,equipment and supplies ,Pulp and paper industry ,Pollution ,engineering ,Fertilizer ,Organic fertilizer - Abstract
This study proposes a new path to utilize thermal hydrolyzed sludge (TH sludge) as fertilizer given high value chemical compounds that can promote plant growth were identified in the liquid fraction of TH sludge (TH liquor). Together with micro- and macro-nutrients released/synthesized during thermal hydrolysis, the feasibility of using TH liquor as organic fertilizer was evaluated. Besides high contents of N, P and K, total free amino acids (FAAs) and plant-growth-promoting FAAs (including glutamic acid, leucine and cystine) also presented in high concentration (4.98–6.48 and 1.12–2.73 g/100 g) in the TH liquor. For the first time, phytohormone compound, indole-3-acetic acid, was observed and the content was the highest in TH liquor with 165 °C treatment (165 °C TH liquor). Meantime, 165 °C TH liquor did not have negative impact on the growth of soil microbes, and this product, instead, demonstrated stimulating effect on the plant growth. These results suggest that 165 °C TH liquor has a great potential to be an organic fertilizer. The remaining solids of TH sludge could be converted to valuable biochar. The holistic approach of using TH liquor as organic fertilizer and producing biochar could realize nearly zero-waste discharge in sludge management.
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- 2020
12. Sodium azide inhibition of microbial activities and impact on sludge floc destabilization
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Akshaykumar Suresh, Chaozhi Pan, Wun Jern Ng, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Interdisciplinary Graduate School (IGS), and Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute
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Flocculation ,Environmental Engineering ,Lysis ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Extracellular polymeric substance ,Environmental Chemistry ,Ammonium ,Dissolved Oxygen ,Sodium Azide ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Excitation emission matrix ,Bacteria ,Sewage ,Civil engineering [Engineering] ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Activated Sludge Floc ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Pollution ,020801 environmental engineering ,Interaction studies ,Oxygen ,chemistry ,Sodium azide ,Azide ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
Absence of sludge deflocculation under prolonged (24 h or longer) conditions with dissolved oxygen (DO) less than 0.5 mg L⁻1 was recently reported. The reduced aerobic microbial activity, was speculated, had been compensated by the activity of other bacterial (i.e. facultative) communities. To assess such a compensation mechanism and to better evaluate impact of overall microbial activity on the flocculation process, SBR sludge samples were inhibited by using sodium azide under various DO conditions. Sludge deflocculated only in the presence of sodium azide, regardless of DO conditions. This was linked to sodium azide’s inhibitory effects on the microbes as indicated by the reduced ammonium and DOC removals. Extracellular potassium level in the mixed liquor of azide spiked samples also indicated simultaneous cell lysis. Fluorescence excitation emission matrix (FEEM) analysis of the extracted bound EPS and fluorescence quenching based interaction studies indicated sodium azide had interacted with the EPS components, and especially with the bound EPS proteins. The impact of such interactions on reduced floc stability needs consideration. This study confirmed the importance of overall microbial activity in the biological flocculation process and the role of bacterial communities, other than the aerobes, in mitigating deflocculation under low DO conditions.
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- 2020
13. Anaerobic co-digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW): Progress and challenges
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Yan Zhou, Carlos José Álvarez-Gallego, L.A. Fdez-Güelfo, Vinay Kumar Tyagi, L.I. Romero García, and Wun Jern Ng
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Sewage sludge ,Municipal solid waste ,Waste management ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,020209 energy ,02 engineering and technology ,Biodegradation ,Renewable energy ,Anaerobic digestion ,Digestion (alchemy) ,Biogas ,Digestate ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Environmental science ,business - Abstract
Anaerobic digestion (AD) of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) offers the possibility of a clean and renewable energy source – i.e. biogas. However, OFMSW lacks certain characteristics that may limit its efficacy as such a resource. Bio-resources such as sewage sludge and animal wastes have these characteristics and so may be used to enhance OFMSW's digestion. Anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) of OFMSW with sewage sludge has been extensively studied and applied successfully at full-scale. Pre-treatments can increase substrate biodegradability and so biogas yield, but these may need further investigation to determine economic viability. Mathematical modeling has been shown useful in aiding selection of appropriate combinations of substrates and pretreatment for co-digestion (e.g. substrate type and mix ratio). This review also considers the fate of the digestate following such anaerobic co-digestion. The difficulties in implementation of the co-digestion approach need not necessarily be technical in nature but can be due to management issues.
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- 2018
14. Microbial stress mediated intercellular nanotubes in an anaerobic microbial consortium digesting cellulose
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Wun Jern Ng, Martina John, Yan Zhou, Antoine P. Trzcinski, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute
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0301 basic medicine ,Microorganism ,030106 microbiology ,Microbial Consortia ,Biomass ,Metal Nanoparticles ,lcsh:Medicine ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Bioreactors ,Stress, Physiological ,Bioreactor ,Anaerobiosis ,Cellulose ,lcsh:Science ,Intercellular Nanotubes ,Multidisciplinary ,lcsh:R ,Anaerobic Digestion ,Microbial consortium ,Anaerobic digestion ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,lcsh:Q ,Digestion ,Anaerobic exercise - Abstract
The anaerobic digestion process is a multi - step reaction dependent on concerted activities such as exchange of metabolites among physiologically different microbial communities. This study investigated the impact of iron oxide nanoparticles on the anaerobic sludge microbiota. It was shown there were three distinct microbial phases following addition of the nanoparticles: microbial stress and cell death of approximately one log order of magnitude, followed by microbial rewiring, and recovery. Furthermore, it was noted that cellular stress led to the establishment of intercellular nanotubes within the microbial biomass. Intercellular nanotube - mediated communication among genetically engineered microorganisms and ad hoc assembled co - cultures have been previously reported. This study presents evidence of intercellular nanotube formation within an environmental sample – i.e., anaerobic sludge microbiota subjected to stress. Our observations suggested a mode of microbial communication in the anaerobic digestion process not previously explored and which may have implications on bioreactor design and microbial functions.
- Published
- 2017
15. Structure and Interactions of A Host Defense Antimicrobial Peptide Thanatin in Lipopolysaccharide Micelles Reveal Mechanism of Bacterial Cell Agglutination
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Surajit Bhattacharjya, Wun Jern Ng, Yuguang Mu, Sheetal Sinha, Liangzhen Zheng, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School (IGS), and Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute
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Lipopolysaccharides ,0301 basic medicine ,Agglutination ,Lipopolysaccharide ,lcsh:Medicine ,Peptide ,Bacterial Cell Agglutination ,Micelle ,Article ,Bacterial cell structure ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Cell Wall ,Mode of action ,lcsh:Science ,Micelles ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Multidisciplinary ,Bacteria ,030102 biochemistry & molecular biology ,biology ,Cell Membrane ,lcsh:R ,biology.organism_classification ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,030104 developmental biology ,Membrane ,chemistry ,Biophysics ,lcsh:Q ,Bacterial outer membrane ,Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ,Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides ,Thanatin - Abstract
Host defense cationic Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) can kill microorganisms including bacteria, viruses and fungi using various modes of action. The negatively charged bacterial membranes serve as a key target for many AMPs. Bacterial cell death by membrane permeabilization has been well perceived. A number of cationic AMPs kill bacteria by cell agglutination which is a distinctly different mode of action compared to membrane pore formation. However, mechanism of cell agglutinating AMPs is poorly understood. The outer membrane lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or the cell-wall peptidoglycans are targeted by AMPs as a key step in agglutination process. Here, we report the first atomic-resolution structure of thanatin, a cell agglutinating AMP, in complex with LPS micelle by solution NMR. The structure of thanatin in complex with LPS, revealed four stranded antiparallel β-sheet in a ‘head-tail’ dimeric topology. By contrast, thanatin in free solution assumed an antiparallel β-hairpin conformation. Dimeric structure of thanatin displayed higher hydrophobicity and cationicity with sites of LPS interactions. MD simulations and biophysical interactions analyses provided mode of LPS recognition and perturbation of LPS micelle structures. Mechanistic insights of bacterial cell agglutination obtained in this study can be utilized to develop antibiotics of alternative mode of action. MOE (Min. of Education, S’pore) NMRC (Natl Medical Research Council, S’pore) Published version
- Published
- 2017
16. Performance and microbial community analysis in a modified anaerobic inclining-baffled reactor treating recycled paper mill effluent
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Hamidi Abdul Aziz, Irvan Dahlan, Wun Jern Ng, and Haider M. Zwain
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Paper ,0301 basic medicine ,Firmicutes ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,010501 environmental sciences ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,Bioreactors ,Environmental Chemistry ,Recycling ,Anaerobiosis ,Effluent ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ,biology ,Waste management ,business.industry ,Chemical oxygen demand ,Paper mill ,General Medicine ,Methanosaeta concilii ,biology.organism_classification ,Pulp and paper industry ,Pollution ,030104 developmental biology ,Microbial population biology ,Anammox ,Euryarchaeota ,business ,Methane - Abstract
Recycled paper mill effluent (RPME) contains high levels of organic and solid compounds, causing operational problems for anaerobic biological treatment. In this study, a unique modified anaerobic inclining-baffled reactor (MAI-BR) has been developed to treat RPME at various initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations (1000–4000 mg/L) and hydraulic retention times (HRTs) (3 and 1 day). The COD removal efficiency was decreased from 96 to 83% when the organic loading rate (OLR) was increased from 0.33 to 4 g/L day. Throughout the study, a maximum methane yield of 0.25 L CH4/g COD was obtained, while the pH fluctuated in the range of 5.8 to 7.8. The reactor performance was influenced by the development and distribution of the microbial communities. Based on the next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis, the microbial community represented a variety of bacterial phyla with significant homology to Euryarchaeota (43.06%), Planctomycetes (24.68%), Proteobacteria (21.58%), Acidobacteria (4.12%), Chloroflexi (3.14%), Firmicutes (1.12%), Bacteroidetes (1.02%), and others (1.28%). The NGS analysis showed that the microbial community was dominated by Methanosaeta concilii and Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis. This can be supported by the presence of filamentous and spherical microbes of different sizes. Additionally, methanogenic and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) microorganisms coexisted in all compartments, and these contributed to the overall degradation of substances in the RPME.
- Published
- 2017
17. Enhancing sewage sludge anaerobic 're-digestion' with combinations of ultrasonic, ozone and alkaline treatments
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Antoine P. Trzcinski, Xinbo Tian, Wun Jern Ng, and Leonard Lin
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Ozone ,Chromatography ,Chemistry ,Process Chemistry and Technology ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Size-exclusion chromatography ,Chemical oxygen demand ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,Methane ,020801 environmental engineering ,Anaerobic digestion ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Digestion ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Anaerobic exercise ,Sludge ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
This study investigated the feasibility of using ultrasonic (ULS), ozone assisted ultrasonic (ULS-Ozone) and alkaline assisted ultrasonic (ULS + ALK) post-treatment to target the persistent organic fraction in anaerobically digested sludge in order to increase methane recovery. Synergistic COD solubilization in digested sludge was observed when ozone (0.012 g O 3 g −1 TS) and alkaline (0.02 M for 10 min) treatment was combined with ULS treatment. The digested sludge Soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand (SCOD) increased from 200 mg/L to 1500, 2600 and 2650 mg/L after the ULS, ULS-Ozone and ULS + ALK treatments, respectively. Different compounds were, however, solubilized after the ULS-Ozone and ULS + ALK treatments as indicated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). ULS + ALK treatment primarily solubilized macromolecules with molecular weight (MW) over 500 kDa; while, the ULS-Ozone treatment solubilized macromolecules with MW higher than 500 kDa and also organics with MW around 103 kDa. The methane production from “re-digestion” of the treated digested sludge increa s ed by 28.3%, 48.3% and 39.5% after the ULS, ULS-Ozone and ULS + ALK treatments, respectively.
- Published
- 2016
18. Assessing cost-effectiveness of bioretention on stormwater in response to climate change and urbanization for future scenarios
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Wun Jern Ng, Appan Adhityan, Dongqing Zhang, Jianwen Dong, Mo Wang, and Soon Keat Tan
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Hydrology ,Cost effectiveness ,business.industry ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Stormwater ,Environmental resource management ,Climate change ,Representative Concentration Pathways ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,020801 environmental engineering ,Bioretention ,Urbanization ,Environmental science ,business ,Surface runoff ,Low-impact development ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
Bioretention, as a popular low impact development practice, has become more important to mitigate adverse impacts on urban stormwater. However, there is very limited information regarding ensuring the effectiveness of bioretention response to uncertain future challenges, especially when taking into consideration climate change and urbanization. The main objective of this paper is to identify the cost-effectiveness of bioretention by assessing the hydrology performance under future scenarios modeling. First, the hydrology model was used to obtain peak runoff and TSS loads of bioretention with variable scales under different scenarios, i.e., different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) and Shared Socio-economic reference Pathways (SSPs) for 2-year and 10-year design storms in Singapore. Then, life cycle costing (LCC) and life cycle assessment (LCA) were estimated for bioretention, and the cost-effectiveness was identified under different scenarios. Our finding showed that there were different degree of responses to 2-year and 10-year design storms but the general patterns and insights deduced were similar. The performance of bioretenion was more sensitive to urbanization than that for climate change in the urban catchment. In addition, it was noted that the methodology used in this study was generic and the findings could be useful as reference for other LID practices in response to climate change and urbanization.
- Published
- 2016
19. Detection of low-concentration heavy metal ions using optical microfiber sensor
- Author
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Stephanie Hui Kit Yap, Ken-Tye Yong, Nishtha Panwar, L. Zhang, Wen Bin Ji, Swee Chuan Tjin, Wun Jern Ng, Bo Lin, and Maszenan bin Abdul Majid
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business.product_category ,Materials science ,Metal ions in aqueous solution ,Nanotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,Spectral shift ,engineering.material ,01 natural sciences ,010309 optics ,Metal ,Coating ,0103 physical sciences ,Microfiber ,Materials Chemistry ,Chelation ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Instrumentation ,Volume concentration ,Metals and Alloys ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Chemical engineering ,Fiber optic sensor ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,engineering ,0210 nano-technology ,business - Abstract
Heavy metal pollution in natural water environment is always a concern in both human and ecosystem health. All current systems available in the market for detecting heavy metal ions have common drawbacks such as bulky size, expensive set-up and costly maintenance. This paper presents an optical microfiber sensor functionalized with chelating agent to detect the existence of specific heavy metal ions of low concentration. To the best of our knowledge, coating of chelating agent on silica microfiber of very small diameter (3.9 μm) is the first such report. A clear spectral shift was observed when the sensor was immersed into metal ion solution of concentration 10 ppb.
- Published
- 2016
20. Food Waste and Biomass Recovery
- Author
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Keke Xiao, Chaozhi Pan, Leong Soon Poh, Vinay Kumar Tyagi, and Wun Jern Ng
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Agricultural waste ,Food waste ,Waste management ,fungi ,food and beverages ,Environmental science ,Biomass ,Resource recovery - Abstract
Agriculture waste can be a significant issue in waste management as its impact can be felt far from its place of origin. Post-harvest crop residues require clearance prior to the next planting and a common practice is burning on the field. The uncontrolled burning results in air pollution and can adversely impact the environment far from the burn site. Agriculture waste can also include animal husbandry waste such as from cattle, swine, and poultry. Animal manure not only causes odors but also pollutes water if discharged untreated. However, agricultural activities, particularly on a large scale, are typically at some distance from urban centers. The environmental impacts associated with production may not be well recognized by the consumers. As the consumption terminal of agricultural produce, urban areas in turn generate food waste, which can contribute significantly to municipal solid wastes. There is a correlation between the quantity of food waste generated and a community’s economic progress. Managing waste carries a cost, which may illustrate cost transfer from waste generators to the public. However, waste need not be seen only as an unwanted material that requires costly treatment before disposal. The waste may instead be perceived as a raw material for resource recovery. For example, the material may have substantial quantities of organic carbon, which can be recovered for energy generation. This offers opportunity for producing and using renewable and environment-friendly fuels. The “waste” may also include quantities of recoverable nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.
- Published
- 2019
21. Fluorescent N/Al Co-Doped Carbon Dots from Cellulose Biomass for Sensitive Detection of Manganese (VII)
- Author
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Ke Yin, Supuli Jayaweera, Wun Jern Ng, Xiao Hu, Interdisciplinary Graduate School (IGS), School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, and Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre
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Photoluminescence ,Sociology and Political Science ,Nitrogen ,Surface Properties ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Heteroatom ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Quantum yield ,Carbon Dots ,Manganese ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Fluorescence ,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ,Quantum Dots ,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ,Particle Size ,Cellulose ,Spectroscopy ,Fluorescent Dyes ,Detection limit ,Durian Shell Waste ,010405 organic chemistry ,Carbon ,0104 chemical sciences ,Environmental engineering [Engineering] ,Clinical Psychology ,chemistry ,Law ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Nuclear chemistry ,Aluminum - Abstract
Development of metallic and nonmetallic heteroatom doped carbon dots have gained attention due to their enhanced physicochemical and photoluminescence properties. In this study, a facile one pot hydrothermal carbonisation approach was taken to synthesise nitrogen, aluminum co-doped carbon dots (N/Al-CDs) with a photoluminescence quantum yield of 28.7%. Durian shell, a cellulose biomass waste, was used as the primary carbon source and compared to previously reported cellulose based carbon dots, this study presents one of the highest quantum yields. The structural and fluorescent properties of the synthesised N/Al-CDs were characterized through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), fluorescence spectra, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The maximum emission was at 415 nm upon excitation at 345 nm. The synthesised N/Al-CDs were resistant to photobleaching and highly photostable within the pH, ionic strength and temperature variations investigated. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed particles were quasi-spherical and well dispersed with an average diameter of 10.0 nm. Further, the N/Al-CDs was developed as a fluorescence sensor for highly selective and sensitive detection of Mn (VII) ions. A linear relationship was developed over a concentration range of 0-100 μM while the limit of detection was 46.8 nM. Application of the sensor for detection of Manganese (VII) to two real water samples showed relative standard deviation was less than 3.9% and 1.3%, respectively. Nanyang Technological University The authors would like to thank the Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Nanyang Technological University and Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute for the financial and technical support extended to this study. We would like to acknowledge Dr. Pan Chaozhi from Environmental Bio-innovations Group for the insights that improved the manuscript quality and finally the Facility for Analysis, Characterization, Testing and Simulation, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, for use of their transmission electron microscopy facilities.
- Published
- 2019
22. Evidence for resistance of activated sludge flocs to deflocculative DO stress
- Author
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Leong Soon Poh, Ewa Grygolowicz-Pawlak, Maszenan bin Abdul Majid, Wun Jern Ng, Xin Gao, Thomas Vistisen Bugge, Dominik Dominiak, Akshaykumar Suresh, Interdisciplinary Graduate School (IGS), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute
- Subjects
Flocculation ,Environmental Engineering ,Chemistry ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,020801 environmental engineering ,Environmental engineering [Engineering] ,Stress (mechanics) ,Activated Sludge ,Activated sludge ,Extracellular polymeric substance ,Chemical engineering ,Activated sludge flocs ,Environmental Chemistry ,Low dissolved oxygen ,General Environmental Science ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
In the published literature, deflocculation of aerobic biological flocs under low dissolved oxygen (DO) (< 0.5 mg/L) conditions is typically reported as occurring as early as after 1 h of oxygen deficiency. However, results of this study involving aerobic sludge from three different sources repeatedly indicated a lack of deflocculation after 24 h of low DO conditions. This finding has led to the conclusion that low DO might not be a direct cause of deflocculation. In addition to the low DO conditions, the sludge samples were not re-fed throughout the experiment, but deflocculation was still not observed. An analysis of the soluble microbial products (SMP) and loosely and tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was performed to improve understanding of the sludge’s behavior in response to low DO conditions. Results indicated no increase in SMP content or change in the tightly bound EPS content upon extended periods of low DO. It was concluded that high proteins concentration in the bound EPS improved flocs stability, and so contributed to the maintenance of floc integrity during extended periods of low DO conditions. This project was supported by funding from Grundfos Holdings through project Understanding and Mitigation of Sludge Deflocculation During Nitrogen Removal Process.
- Published
- 2019
23. Impact of free nitrous acid shock and dissolved oxygen limitation on nitritation maintenance and nitrous oxide emission in a membrane bioreactor
- Author
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Leong Soon Poh, Yishuai Jiang, Choon-Ping Lim, Wun Jern Ng, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, and Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre (AEBC)
- Subjects
Time Factors ,Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Membrane Bioreactor ,Nitrous Oxide ,Nitrobacter ,Wastewater ,010501 environmental sciences ,Membrane bioreactor ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Bioreactors ,Ammonium Compounds ,Environmental Chemistry ,Ammonium ,Nitrite ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Nitrous acid ,Chromatography ,Bacteria ,biology ,Nitrous oxide ,biology.organism_classification ,Pollution ,Environmental engineering [Engineering] ,Oxygen ,Nitritation ,chemistry ,Nitrospira - Abstract
This study investigated the initiation and maintenance of nitritation in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) with long solids retention time (SRT) of 43.8 days. Nitritation was initiated within 65 days in the MBR via dissolved oxygen (DO) limitation (70 days. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) results showed that cell abundances of Nitrospira and Nitrobacter decreased by between 50.0 to 68.9% and 60.6 to 96.4%, respectively following the FNA shocks. The maximum ammonium loading rate achieved was 1.81 kg N/(m3 day) with ammonium removal ratio and nitrite accumulation ratio of over 0.97 and 0.96, respectively. Average emission rate of N2O from the MBR was 2.1 ± 0.72% of ammonium removed. FNA shock on day 195 reduced the N2O emission by 13.6%. The strategy developed in this study verified that spiked FNA shock together with DO limitation can be used for maintaining nitritation in MBRs with long SRTs. This method can potentially allow for maintaining nitritation at relatively low capital and operating expenditure when treating high concentration ammonium wastewater. Ministry of Education (MOE) This study was funded by Academic Research Fund Tier 2, Ministry of Education, Singapore, grant number MOE2014-T2-1-029.
- Published
- 2019
24. Statistical optimization of glyphosate adsorption by biochar and activated carbon with response surface methodology
- Author
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Gayana Anjali Dissanayake Herath, Leong Soon Poh, Wun Jern Ng, Interdisciplinary Graduate School (IGS), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, and Environmental Bio-innovations Group
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Glyphosate ,Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Glycine ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,symbols.namesake ,Adsorption ,Biochar ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,Freundlich equation ,Response surface methodology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Box-behnken Method ,Aqueous solution ,Herbicides ,Temperature ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Langmuir adsorption model ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,Pollution ,020801 environmental engineering ,Environmental engineering [Engineering] ,Kinetics ,chemistry ,Charcoal ,Environmental chemistry ,symbols ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Activated carbon ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The introduction of glyphosate, found in herbicides, to waterbodies is of concern due to its toxicity and hence potential threat to public health and ecological systems. The present study has compared glyphosate removal from aqueous solution with activated carbon and biochar. Box–Behnken design, and percent contribution with Pareto analysis techniques were used in surface response and efficiency calculations modelled the process conditions and their effects. The adsorption data better fitted the Freundlich isotherm model than the Langmuir model. The rate of glyphosate adsorption was found to follow a pseudo-second-order model. pH of the solutions was regulated by buffering during the adsorption process. Higher efficacy of glyphosate removal was obtained by optimising parameters such as operating pH, initial glyphosate concentration, temperature, adsorbent dose, and contact time. The conditions yielding the best removals were pH 8.0, 0.2 mg/L, 50.0 °C, 11.4 g/L, 1.7 h for activated carbon and pH 5.0, 0.7 mg/L, 50.0 °C, 12.3 g/L, 1.9 h for biochar, for the aforementioned parameters respectively. The maximum removal capacity and efficiency were 0.0173 mg/g and 98.45% for activated carbon, and 0.0569 mg/g and 100.00% for biochar. The test results indicated biochar could be important from the perspective of performance and affordability.
- Published
- 2019
25. NMR structure and localization of the host defense antimicrobial peptide thanatin in zwitterionic dodecylphosphocholine micelle: Implications in antimicrobial activity
- Author
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Wun Jern Ng, Surajit Bhattacharjya, Sheetal Sinha, School of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School (IGS), and Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute
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0301 basic medicine ,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,Phosphorylcholine ,Antimicrobial peptides ,Biophysics ,Peptide ,Biochemistry ,Micelle ,Protein Structure, Secondary ,03 medical and health sciences ,Anti-Infective Agents ,Lipid bilayer ,Mode of action ,Micelles ,Host Defense Antimicrobial Peptide ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,030102 biochemistry & molecular biology ,Biological sciences [Science] ,Membranes, Artificial ,Cell Biology ,Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ,Antimicrobial ,Multiple drug resistance ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,Spin Labels ,Antimicrobial Peptides ,Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides - Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are potentially vital as the next generation of antibiotics against multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens. Thanatin, an insect derived pathogen inducible 21-residue long antimicrobial peptide, demonstrates antimicrobial activity toward broad range of pathogens. Thanatin is an excellent candidate for antibiotics development due to potent in vivo activity in animal model and low toxicity to human cells. Recent studies indicated mode of action of thanatin could be intriguing and may comprise bacterial membrane permeabilization and interactions with periplasmic proteins. In order to better understand selectivity and membrane disruption, here, we determined 3-D structure of the thanatin in zwitterionic DPC-d38 micelle by NMR spectroscopy. The depth of insertion of thanatin into micelle structure was investigated by spin labelled doxyl lipids, 5-DSA and 16-DSA. DPC-bound structure of thanatin is defined by a -hairpin structure and an extended and turn conformations, for residues G1-I8, at the N-terminus. The -hairpin structure is delineated by two antiparallel -strands, residues I9-C11 and residues K17-R20, which is connected by loop consisted of residues N12-G16. There are cross -strands sidechain-sidechain packing interactions among hydrophobic and aromatic residues. Spin labelled lipid studies revealed a set of spatially proximal residues V6, I8, Q19, R20 and M21 may be deeply inserted into the hydrophobic core of the DPC micelle. Whilst, residues including those at the turn/loop are merely surface localized. The atomic resolution structure and orientation of thanatin in zwitterionic DPC micelle may be utilized for understating mode of action in lipid membrane and further development of non-toxic analogs. Ministry of Education (MOE) Accepted version This work has been supported by the research grant ARC18/13 from the Ministry of Education (MOE), Singapore. The pdb coordinates of the DPC bound structure of thanatin are deposited to RCSB Protein Data Bank with accession number 6AAB. NMR chemical shifts are deposited to BMRB database with accession code 36201.
- Published
- 2020
26. Performance of A-stage process treating combined municipal-industrial wastewater
- Author
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Li Leonard Lin, Wui Seng Ang, Terutake Niwa, Chong Wang, Wun Jern Ng, Dongqing Zhang, Antoine P. Trzcinski, and Yasuhiro Fukuzaki
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Environmental Engineering ,Sedimentation (water treatment) ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Industrial Waste ,02 engineering and technology ,Wastewater ,010501 environmental sciences ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,01 natural sciences ,Industrial wastewater treatment ,Bioreactors ,Settling ,Cities ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ,Suspended solids ,Chemical oxygen demand ,Biosorption ,Environmental engineering ,High loading ,Pulp and paper industry ,020801 environmental engineering ,Oxygen ,Environmental science ,Stage (hydrology) - Abstract
A biosorption column and a settling tank were operated for 6 months with combined municipal and industrial wastewaters (1 m3/hr) to study the effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) levels and Fe3+ dosage on removal efficiency of dissolved and suspended organics prior to biological treatment. High DO (>0.4 mg/L) were found to be detrimental for soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals and iron dosing (up to 20 ppm) did not improve the overall performance. The system performed significantly better at high loading rate (>20 kg COD.m−3.d−1) where suspended solids and COD removals were greater than 80% and 60%, respectively. This is a significant improvement compared to the conventional primary sedimentation tank, and the process is a promising alternative for the pre-treatment of industrial wastewater.
- Published
- 2016
27. Biosorption for carbon capture on acclimated sludgeProcess kinetics and microbial community
- Author
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Choon-Ping Lim, Yan Zhou, Wun Jern Ng, Jia Ling Neo, Emily Maratusalihat, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Biosorption kinetics ,Suspended solids ,Environmental Engineering ,Chemistry ,Chemical oxygen demand ,Biomedical Engineering ,Environmental engineering ,Biosorption ,Bioengineering ,Sorption ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,Activated sludge ,Wastewater ,Environmental chemistry ,Sewage treatment ,Aeration ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Biotechnology - Abstract
This study investigated the biosorption process kinetics and the associated microbial community. Seed sludge from the aeration tank of a wastewater treatment plant in Singapore was acclimated with synthetic wastewater formulated to contain colloidal (ca. 40%) and dissolved COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand). The COD removal kinetics and the individual mechanisms involved were determined by subjecting the acclimated sludge to increasing organic loadings (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 g COD per g suspended solid) of synthetic wastewater. Under pH 7, sorption capacity of the acclimated sludge increased with organic loading. Comparison between live and azide-inactivated sludge revealed that under organic loading of 1.0 g COD/g SS, a level similar to a typical contact tank for carbon capture, at least 74% of the biosorption capacity was contributed by carbon storage. Kinetics data suggested that carbon storage was the predominant mechanism in the first 20–30 min of the carbon capture biosorption process. The removal kinetics of dissolved COD can be represented by a pseudo-second-order model and intraparticle diffusion model. These suggested the rate-limiting steps could include chemisorption and intraparticle diffusion. On the other hand, colloid COD removal can be described as a first order process with respect to initial organic loading. Taxa capable of carbon-storage which include Chloroflexi, Thiobacillus sp., Xanthobacter sp., Mycobacterium sp., and Nakamurella sp., were uniquely detected in the acclimated sludge. NRF (Natl Research Foundation, S’pore) Accepted version
- Published
- 2016
28. Characterization of soluble microbial products (SMPs) in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) treating synthetic wastewater containing pharmaceutical compounds
- Author
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Soon Keat Tan, Antoine P. Trzcinski, David C. Stuckey, Yu Liu, Wun Jern Ng, Chinagarn Kunacheva, and Dongqing Zhang
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,Wastewater ,010501 environmental sciences ,Membrane bioreactor ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,01 natural sciences ,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ,Bioreactors ,Bioreactor ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,Chromatography ,Chemistry ,Ecological Modeling ,Tryptophan ,Membranes, Artificial ,Biodegradation ,Pollution ,Anoxic waters ,020801 environmental engineering ,Membrane ,Gas chromatography - Abstract
This study investigated the behaviour and characteristics of soluble microbial products (SMP) in two anoxic-aerobic membrane bioreactors (MBRs): MBRcontrol and MBRpharma, for treating municipal wastewater. Both protein and polysaccharides measured exhibited higher concentrations in the MBRpharma than the MBRcontrol. Molecular weight (MW) distribution analysis revealed that the presence of pharmaceuticals enhanced the accumulation of SMPs with macro- (13,091 kDa and 1,587 kDa) and intermediate-MW (189 kDa) compounds in the anoxic MBRpharma, while a substantial decrease was observed in both MBR effluents. Excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence contours indicated that the exposure to pharmaceuticals seemed to stimulate the production of aromatic proteins containing tyrosine (10.1-32.6%) and tryptophan (14.7-43.1%), compared to MBRcontrol (9.9-29.1% for tyrosine; 11.8-42.5% for tryptophan). Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed aromatics, long-chain alkanes and esters were the predominant SMPs in the MBRs. More peaks were present in the aerobic MBRpharma (196) than anoxic MBRpharma (133). The SMPs identified exhibited both biodegradability and recalcitrance in the MBR treatment processes. Only 8 compounds in the MBRpharma were the same as in the MBRcontrol. Alkanes were the most dominant SMPs (51%) in the MBRcontrol, while aromatics were dominant (40%) in the MBRpharma. A significant decrease in aromatics (from 16 to 7) in the MBRpharma permeate was observed, compared to the aerobic MBRpharma. Approximately 21% of compounds in the aerobic MBRcontrol were rejected by membrane filtration, while this increased to 28% in the MBRpharma.
- Published
- 2016
29. The role of methanogens in acetic acid production under different salinity conditions
- Author
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Chenghong Guo, Wun Jern Ng, Yan Zhou, Keke Xiao, and Yogananda Maspolim
- Subjects
Salinity ,Acidogenesis ,Environmental Engineering ,Hydraulic retention time ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Population ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Methanomicrobiales ,Methane ,Water Purification ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Bioreactors ,Bioreactor ,Environmental Chemistry ,Anaerobiosis ,education ,Acetic Acid ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Methanosarcinaceae ,education.field_of_study ,Sewage ,biology ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Environmental engineering ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,Fatty Acids, Volatile ,biology.organism_classification ,Pollution ,Carbon ,020801 environmental engineering ,chemistry ,Environmental chemistry - Abstract
In this study, a fed-batch acidogenic reactor was operated at a 3 d hydraulic retention time (HRT) and fed with alkaline pre-treated sludge to investigate salinity effects on methanogens' abundance, activities and their consumption of produced acetic acid (HAc) and total volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The salinity concentration was increased step-wise by adding sodium chloride. At 3‰ (parts per thousand) salinity, the average produced volatile fatty acids (VFAs) concentration was 2410.16 ± 637.62 mg COD L(-1) and 2.70 ± 0.36 L methane was produced daily in the acidogenic reactor. Further batch tests indicated methanogens showed a HAc degradation rate of 3.81 mg COD g(-1) VSS h(-1) at initial HAc concentration of 1150 mg COD L(-1), and showed tolerance up to 16‰ salinity (3.76 g Na(+) L(-1)) as indicated by a constant HAc degradation rate. The microbiological study indicated this can be related to the predominance of acetate-utilizing Methanosarcinaceae and Methanomicrobiales in the reactor. However, with salinity increased to 20‰ and 40‰, increases in VFAs and HAc production and decreases in methane production, methanogens population, acidogenic bacteria population and acidification extent were observed. This study demonstrated presence of acetate-utilizing methanogens in an acidogenic reactor and their high tolerance to salinity, as well as their negative impacts on net VFAs production. The results would suggest the presence of methanogens in the acidogenic reactor should not be ignored and the recovery of methane from the acidogenic reactor needs to be considered to avoid carbon loss.
- Published
- 2016
30. Characterization and biodegradability of sludge from a high rate A-stage contact tank and B-stage membrane bioreactor of a pilot-scale AB system treating municipal wastewaters
- Author
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Antoine P. Trzcinski, Dongqing Zhang, Li Leonard Lin, Wun Jern Ng, Yingjie Lee, Guihe Tao, Lily Ganda, and Chinagarn Kunacheva
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Pilot Projects ,02 engineering and technology ,Wastewater ,010501 environmental sciences ,Membrane bioreactor ,01 natural sciences ,Methane ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Bioreactors ,Cities ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ,Sewage ,Waste management ,Chemical oxygen demand ,Membranes, Artificial ,Biodegradation ,020801 environmental engineering ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,Activated sludge ,chemistry ,Carbon footprint ,Environmental science ,Heat of combustion ,Sewage treatment ,Water Pollutants, Chemical - Abstract
In light of global warming mitigation efforts, increasing sludge disposal costs, and need for reduction in the carbon footprint of wastewater treatment plants, innovation in treatment technology has been tailored towards energy self-sufficiency. The AB process is a promising technology for achieving maximal energy recovery from wastewaters with minimum energy expenditure and therefore inherently reducing excess sludge production. Characterization of this novel sludge and its comparison with the more conventional B-stage sludge are necessary for a deeper understanding of AB treatment process design. This paper presents a case study of a pilot-scale AB system treating municipal wastewaters as well as a bio- (biochemical methane potential and adenosine tri-phosphate analysis) and physico-chemical properties (chemical oxygen demand, sludge volume index, dewaterability, calorific value, zeta potential and particle size distribution) comparison of the organic-rich A-stage against the B-stage activated sludge. Compared to the B-sludge, the A-sludge yielded 1.4 to 4.9 times more methane throughout the 62-week operation.
- Published
- 2016
31. Characterization of bacterial communities in wetland mesocosms receiving pharmaceutical-enriched wastewater
- Author
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Zarraz May Ping Lee, Richard M. Gersberg, Jinxue Luo, Yu Liu, Wun Jern Ng, Dongqing Zhang, Yogananda Maspolim, and Soon Keat Tan
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,biology ,Firmicutes ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,food and beverages ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,020801 environmental engineering ,Actinobacteria ,Microbial population biology ,Botany ,Constructed wetland ,Synergistetes ,Proteobacteria ,Typha angustifolia ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Nature and Landscape Conservation ,Acidobacteria - Abstract
A 16S rRNA gene multiplex 454 pyrosequencing approach was used to characterize the structure of the bacterial community in subsurface flow constructed wetlands planted with Typha angustifolia and unplanted wetland mesocosms receiving ibuprofen-enriched wastewater at a concentration of 250 μg L −1 . The removal efficiency of ibuprofen (IBP) in the planted beds (78.5%) was significantly higher than that in the unplanted beds (57.9%) ( P ≤ 0.05). The presence of ibuprofen significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) reduced the diversity of the bacterial community. In total, 20 phyla comprising 265 genera were identified. The most predominant phyla were Firmicutes (27.6%), Actinobacteria (26.0%) and Proteobacteria (24.9%), making up 57–95% of the 16S rDNA sequences. Other dominating phyla in wetland soils were Chloroflexi (7.3%), Bacteroidetes (2.7%), Synergistetes (2.1%), and Acidobacteria (2.0%). A distinct profile of bacterial community in the wetland mesocosms was observed after IBP enrichment. IBP-enrichment enhanced the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Bacilli and γ-Proteobacteria at class level. The efficient ibuprofen removal observed in this study suggested that the IBP-enriched wetland systems may have selected a restricted group of bacteria that was able to survive best in the disturbed condition and participate in the IBP biodegradation. Our findings also indicated that the presence of macrophytes may have a vital impact on the microbial community and planted wetlands may be more robust and buffered against significant shifts in microbial composition in response to IBP-disturbance.
- Published
- 2016
32. Impact of undissociated volatile fatty acids on acidogenesis in a two-phase anaerobic system
- Author
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Wun Jern Ng, Chenghong Guo, Yan Zhou, Yogananda Maspolim, Keke Xiao, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute
- Subjects
Acidogenesis ,Environmental Engineering ,Anaerobic respiration ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Substrate inhibition ,01 natural sciences ,Acetic acid ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Bioreactors ,Bioreactor ,Environmental Chemistry ,Undissociated volatile fatty acids ,Anaerobiosis ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,Anaerobic process ,Chromatography ,Chemical oxygen demand ,General Medicine ,Fatty Acids, Volatile ,Waste treatment ,020801 environmental engineering ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,chemistry ,Degradation (geology) ,Anaerobic exercise - Abstract
This study investigated the degradation and production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the acidogenic phase reactor of a two-phase anaerobic system. 20 mmol/L bromoethanesulfonic acid (BESA) was used to inhibit acidogenic methanogens (which were present in the acidogenic phase reactor) from degrading VFAs. The impact of undissociated volatile fatty acids (unVFAs) on “net” VFAs production in the acidogenic phase reactor was then evaluated, with the exclusion of concurrent VFAs degradation. “Net” VFAs production from glucose degradation was partially inhibited at high unVFAs concentrations, with 59%, 37% and 60% reduction in production rates at 2190 mg chemical oxygen demand (COD)/L undissociated acetic acid (unHAc), 2130 mg COD/L undissociated propionic acid (unHPr) and 2280 mg COD/L undissociated n-butyric acid (unHBu), respectively. The profile of VFAs produced further indicated that while an unVFA can primarily affect its own formation, there were also unVFAs that affected the formation of other VFAs. NRF (Natl Research Foundation, S’pore)
- Published
- 2016
33. Identification of recalcitrant compounds in a pilot-scale AB system: An adsorption (A) stage followed by a biological (B) stage to treat municipal wastewater
- Author
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Guihe Tao, Chinagarn Kunacheva, Annie Soh Yan Ni, Li Leonard Lin, Yingjie Lee, Zhang Qing, Lily Ganda, Antoine P. Trzcinski, and Wun Jern Ng
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Pilot Projects ,Bioengineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Wastewater ,010501 environmental sciences ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,01 natural sciences ,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ,Methane ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Adsorption ,Organic chemistry ,Anaerobiosis ,Organic Chemicals ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Chromatography ,Sewage ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Equipment Design ,General Medicine ,Biodegradation ,020801 environmental engineering ,Molecular Weight ,Anaerobic digestion ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,chemistry ,Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry ,Anaerobic exercise ,Sludge - Abstract
This manuscript presents a comparison of the A-stage and B-stage sludges in terms of anaerobic biodegradability and low molecular weight compounds present in the supernatant using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The GC-MS analysis of A-stage and B-stage supernatants identified respectively 43 and 19 organic compounds consisting mainly of aromatics (27.9% and 21%), alcohols (25.6% and 15%) and acids (30.2% and 15%). The methane potential was found to be 349±1 mL CH4/g VS and 238±12 mL CH4/g VS, respectively. After anaerobic digestion of these sludges, a greater proportion of aromatics (42% and 58%) and a lower proportion of acids (10% and 10%) and alcohols (16% and 10%) was observed.
- Published
- 2016
34. Biochemistry-derived porous carbon-encapsulated metal oxide nanocrystals for enhanced sodium storage
- Author
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Wenping Sun, Yan Zhou, Yanping Zhou, Xianhong Rui, Qingyu Yan, Wun Jern Ng, and Eileen Fong
- Subjects
Materials science ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Sodium ,Inorganic chemistry ,Oxide ,Sodium-ion battery ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Electrochemistry ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,Anode ,Metal ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nanocrystal ,Biochemistry ,chemistry ,Transition metal ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,General Materials Science ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Transitional metal oxides are promising anode materials for sodium ion batteries (SIBs) due to their high theoretical capacities and material abundance; however, their sodium storage capability is significantly hindered by the sluggish sodiation/desodiation reaction kinetics. Herein, towards achieving fast and durable sodiation/desodiation reaction, Fe 3 O 4 and Co 3 O 4 nanocrystals encapsulated in carbon micro-spheres are synthesized via a biochemistry approach using recombinant elastin-like polypeptides containing hexahistidine tag (ELP16-His) followed by annealing. Fe 3 O 4 and Co 3 O 4 nanocrystals of approximately 5 nm in size, which are uniformly dispersed in a carbon matrix, are obtained. The carbon-encapsulated metal oxides exhibit encouraging sodium storage capacities (657 and 246 mA h g −1 at 0.1 and 2 A g −1 , respectively, for carbon-encapsulated Fe 3 O 4 ; 583 and 183 mA h g −1 at 0.1 and 2 A g −1 , respectively, for carbon-encapsulated Co 3 O 4 ), and have a high capacity retention after 100 cycles at 0.5 A g −1 . The superior electrochemical properties of the carbon-encapsulated metal oxide nanocrystals demonstrate their potential for use as anode materials for high-capacity, high-rate and durable sodium storage.
- Published
- 2016
35. Free nitrous acid inhibition on carbon storage microorganisms: Accumulated inhibitory effects and recoverability
- Author
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Yan Zhou, Choon-Ping Lim, Lily Ganda, Yu Liu, Wun Jern Ng, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,AB process ,General Chemical Engineering ,Microorganism ,010501 environmental sciences ,Inhibitory postsynaptic potential ,01 natural sciences ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Methane ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,010608 biotechnology ,Nitrite shortcut ,Environmental Chemistry ,Nitrite ,Glycogen accumulating organism ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Resource recovery ,Free nitrous acid ,Nitrous acid ,Glycogen ,General Chemistry ,Carbon storage ,Biochemistry ,chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,Anaerobic exercise - Abstract
Recent research has shed light on utilization of carbon storage microorganisms in the A-stage of AB process for higher methane generation and resource recovery potential. Typically, organic matters are entrapped into biomass in the A-stage and subsequently channeled to the anaerobic digester for energy/resource recovery. In the following B-stage, nitrite shortcut strategy is often implemented to achieve low energy nitrogen removal. In this study, an enriched glycogen accumulating organism (GAO) culture was deployed as the A-stage carbon storage microorganisms to enhance the removal of soluble COD. This study aimed (1) to address the challenge arising from incidental nitrite leakage into the A-stage tank, leading to free nitrous acid (FNA) inhibition; and (2) to evaluate the continued (henceforth referred to as ‘accumulated’) inhibitory effects on GAOs’ carbon metabolisms under the subsequent FNA-free condition. Upon FNA exposure, dynamics in carbon storage mechanisms were obtained and could be linked to higher cellular energy expenditure for detoxification activity. The inhibition on carbon transformation, however, was found to be reversible, suggesting the robustness of GAO towards FNA inhibition and its potential application in the nitrite-shortcut AB process. NRF (Natl Research Foundation, S’pore) Accepted version
- Published
- 2016
36. Alkali-solubilized organic matter from sludge and its degradability in the anaerobic process
- Author
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Wun Jern Ng, Youming Tan, Maszenan bin Abdul Majid, Dongzhe Li, Santosh Pathak, and Yan Zhou
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Anaerobic respiration ,Nitrogen ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Bioengineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Alkalies ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ,Dissolved organic carbon ,Organic matter ,Anaerobiosis ,Organic Chemicals ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Humic Substances ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Chromatography ,Sewage ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,food and beverages ,Aromatic amine ,General Medicine ,Alkali metal ,Carbon ,Refuse Disposal ,020801 environmental engineering ,Molecular Weight ,chemistry ,Spectrophotometry ,Solubilization ,Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ,Environmental chemistry ,Anaerobic exercise - Abstract
This study investigates alkali-solubilized dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its fate in the anaerobic treatment process. DOM was fractionated into high molecular weight (HMW) protein-like substances (PL), HMW saccharide-like substances (SL), low molecular weight (LMW) PL, LMW SL, and humic acid-like substances (HAL). The results indicate alkali-solubilized DOM is primarily composed of LMW PL, HMW SL, and HAL. Alkaline pretreatment improved the overall anaerobic degradability of DOM in sludge (removal efficiency of total DOM increased by 28.4%). However, certain DOM fractions (mainly HMW PL and HAL) exhibited low degradability during anaerobic treatment, primarily caused by the low degradability of aromatic groups (such as aromatic amine groups from tryptophan-like PL). Alkaline pretreatment also resulted in an increase of residual DOM, which is mainly composed of HAL (52.9%) and HMW SL (49.9%).
- Published
- 2016
37. Pilot-scale landfill with leachate recirculation for enhanced stabilization
- Author
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Qiming Guo, Wun Jern Ng, Wenhai Huang, Yan Zhou, Zhenyu Wang, and Haizhen Wang
- Subjects
Acidogenesis ,Environmental Engineering ,Bioreactor landfill ,Waste management ,Methanogenesis ,020209 energy ,Biomedical Engineering ,Bioengineering ,Sequencing batch reactor ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Biodegradation ,01 natural sciences ,Biogas ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Bioreactor ,Environmental science ,Leachate ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Biotechnology - Abstract
A pilot-scale landfill and a two-phase (acidogenesis and methanogenesis) anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (anSBR) system was setup to treat leachate collected from the simulated landfill cell which had leachate recirculation (at
- Published
- 2016
38. Performance and microbial community analysis in alkaline two-stage enhanced anaerobic sludge digestion system
- Author
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Yan Zhou, Yogananda Maspolim, Chenghong Guo, Wun Jern Ng, and Keke Xiao
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Acidogenesis ,Environmental Engineering ,Waste management ,Hydraulic retention time ,030106 microbiology ,Chemical oxygen demand ,Biomedical Engineering ,Bioengineering ,Methanosarcina ,010501 environmental sciences ,Biology ,Methanothermobacter ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,Biogas ,Bioreactor ,Food science ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Biotechnology ,Mesophile - Abstract
This study investigated an alkaline two-stage enhanced anaerobic sludge digestion system, which simultaneously combined biological and chemical mode of degradation. The alkaline enhanced mesophilic stage-1 was operated at pH 8 with 3 days hydraulic retention time (HRT), while the mesophilic stage-2 was without pH adjustment at 17 days HRT. The system achieved higher chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, volatile solids (VS) reduction, and methane yield than the conventional 20 days HRT single-stage system. Further enhancement was obtained by moving the stage-1 from 35 to 55 °C, but it did not yield better energy balance with the 3 + 17 days HRT configuration implemented in this study. 454 pyrosequencing revealed the acclimation of specialized communities in the alkaline two-stage system. Methanosarcina, Methanobrevibacter and Methanothermobacter could survive at pH 8 in the alkaline enhanced stage-1 and contributed to regulating the potentially inhibitory volatile fatty acids (VFA) or hydrogen levels under the enhanced sludge solubilization and acidogenesis condition. Various fermentative populations, distinct to those in the single-stage system, were also enriched in the stage-1s. These populations could grow at pH 8, were transferred into the stage-2, and ensured continuity of the biochemical reactions under mild alkaline condition, leading to the enhanced sludge digestion process.
- Published
- 2016
39. Interpreting the synergistic effect in combined ultrasonication–ozonation sewage sludge pre-treatment
- Author
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Chong Wang, Xinbo Tian, Wun Jern Ng, Leonard Lin, Antoine P. Trzcinski, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Public Utilities Board of Singapore, and Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Ozone ,Chromatography ,Sewage ,Chemistry ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Sonication ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Biodegradation ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,Pollution ,Anaerobic digestion ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,Volatile suspended solids ,Environmental Chemistry ,Sewage sludge treatment ,Ultrasonics ,Anaerobic exercise ,Sludge ,Engineering::Environmental engineering::Waste management [DRNTU] - Abstract
The sequential combination of ultrasonication and ozonation as sewage sludge treatment prior to anaerobic digestion was investigated. Synergistic volatile suspended solids (VSS) solubilization was observed when low energy ultrasonication ( 500 kDa) were found to be the main solubilization products when sludge was only ozonated. However, solubilization products by ozone were mainly in the form of low MW components (MW < 27 kDa) when sludge was pre-ultrasonicated. The high MW products generated by ultrasound were effectively degraded in the subsequent ozonation. Anaerobic biodegradability increased by 34.7% when ultrasonication (9 kJ g−1 TS) and ozonation (0.036 g O3 g−1 TS) were combined sequentially. The maximum methane production rate increased from 3.53 to 4.32, 4.21 and 4.54 mL CH4 d−1 after ultrasonication, ozonation and ultrasonication–ozonation pre-treatments, respectively. Accepted version
- Published
- 2015
40. Nitrogen-Doped Durian Shell Derived Carbon Dots for Inner Filter Effect Mediated Sensing of Tetracycline and Fluorescent Ink
- Author
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Supuli Jayaweera, Wun Jern Ng, Ke Yin, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Interdisciplinary Graduate School (IGS), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, and Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre
- Subjects
Photoluminescence ,Durian Shell Waste ,Sociology and Political Science ,Civil engineering [Engineering] ,010405 organic chemistry ,Chemistry ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Quantum yield ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Carbon Dots ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Photobleaching ,Fluorescence ,0104 chemical sciences ,Clinical Psychology ,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ,Spectroscopy ,Law ,Carbon ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
Photoluminescent carbon dots have gained increasing attention in recent years due to their unique optical properties. Herein, a facile one-pot hydrothermal process is used to develop nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NCDs) with durian shell waste as the precursor and Tris base as the doping agent. The synthesized NCDs showed a quantum yield of 12.93% with a blue fluorescence under UV-light irradiation and maximum emission at 414 nm at an excitation wavelength of 340 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed the presence of nitrogen and oxygen functional groups on the NCD surface. The particles were quasi-spherical with an average particle diameter of 6.5 nm. The synthesized NCDs were resistant to photobleaching and stable under a wide range of pH but were negatively affected by increasing temperature. NCDs showed high selectivity to Tetracycline as the fluorescence of NCDs was quenched significantly by Tetracycline as a result of the inner filter effect. Based on sensitivity experiments, a linear relationship (R2 = 0.989) was developed over a concentration range of 0-30 μM with a detection limit of 75 nM (S/N = 3). The linear model was validated with two water samples (lake water and tap water) with relative recoveries of 98.6-108.5% and an RSD of
- Published
- 2018
41. Solid Waste (SW) Leachate Treatment using Constructed Wetland Systems
- Author
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Kbsn Jinadasa, Wun Jern Ng, and T.A.O.K. Meetiyagoda
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Nutrient ,Municipal solid waste ,chemistry ,Waste management ,Constructed wetland ,Environmental science ,Organic matter ,Leachate - Published
- 2018
42. Saving Lakes
- Author
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Wun Jern Ng, Sreeja Nair, K B S N Jinadasa, and Evelyn Valencia
- Published
- 2018
43. Saving Lakes - The Urban Socio-cultural And Technological Perspectives
- Author
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Wun Jern Ng, Sreeja Nair, K B Shameen N Jinadasa, Evelyn Valencia, Wun Jern Ng, Sreeja Nair, K B Shameen N Jinadasa, and Evelyn Valencia
- Subjects
- Urban lakes--Sri Lanka--Kandy, Lake conservation--Sri Lanka--Kandy, Lake conservation--Social aspects--Sri Lanka--Kandy
- Abstract
'Cities are not just brick and mortar; they represent the dreams, aspirations, and hopes of societies.'UN Habitat (2008)Urban lakes are part of many of the cities we live in. They are often intricately bound with the city's social fabric, valued for direct utility purposes such as drinking water provision, or for their aesthetic, historical, cultural, and religious significance. However, oftentimes in spite of their unique spatial, socio-cultural, and economic value and'relationship'with the city, urban lakes end up as receptacles for waste, or are infilled for development.This book traces the socio-cultural and technological dimensions at play for the protection and remediation of a tropical urban lake, and how these dimensions guide the design of need-based solutions. It explores design requirements based on the need for sensitivity to religious and cultural norms, social values and aesthetic requirements. First-hand experiences of the writers in planning and executing an urban lake remediation project in a fast-growing city and a UNESCO heritage site, are drawn as practical examples. The lessons learnt can find application in other lakes of cultural significance in tropical regions.
- Published
- 2018
44. Determination of the archaeal and bacterial communities in two-phase and single-stage anaerobic systems by 454 pyrosequencing
- Author
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Keke Xiao, Wun Jern Ng, Chenghong Guo, Yogananda Maspolim, Yan Zhou, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute
- Subjects
DNA, Bacterial ,Acidogenesis ,Environmental Engineering ,Hydraulic retention time ,Porphyromonadaceae ,Methanogen ,Bioreactors ,Microbial community ,2-Phase anaerobic digestion ,Environmental Chemistry ,Anaerobiosis ,Food science ,Sewage sludge ,Phylogeny ,General Environmental Science ,Bacteria ,Sewage ,biology ,Waste management ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,General Medicine ,Methanosarcina ,biology.organism_classification ,Archaea ,Methanobrevibacter ,Anaerobic digestion ,DNA, Archaeal ,Microbial population biology ,454 pyrosequencing - Abstract
2-Phase anaerobic digestion (AD), where the acidogenic phase was operated at 2 day hydraulic retention time (HRT) and the methanogenic phase at 10 days HRT, had been evaluated to determine if it could provide higher organic reduction and methane production than the conventional single-stage AD (also operated at 12 days HRT). 454 pyrosequencing was performed to determine and compare the microbial communities. The acidogenic reactor of the 2-phase system yielded a unique bacterial community of the lowest richness and diversity, while bacterial profiles of the methanogenic reactor closely followed the single-stage reactor. All reactors were predominated by hydrogenotrophic methanogens, mainly Methanolinea. Unusually, the acidogenic reactor contributed up to 24% of total methane production in the 2-phase system. This could be explained by the presence of Methanosarcina and Methanobrevibacter, and their activities could also help regulate reactor alkalinity during high loading conditions through carbon dioxide production. The enrichment of hydrolytic and acidogenic Porphyromonadaceae, Prevotellaceae, Ruminococcaceae and unclassified Bacteroidetes in the acidogenic reactor would have contributed to the improved sludge volatile solids degradation, and ultimately the overall 2-phase system's performance. Syntrophic acetogenic microorganisms were absent in the acidogenic reactor but present in the downstream methanogenic reactor, indicating the retention of various metabolic pathways also found in a single-stage system. The determination of key microorganisms further expands our understanding of the complex biological functions in AD process. NRF (Natl Research Foundation, S’pore) Published version
- Published
- 2015
45. Conventional and decentralized urban stormwater management: A comparison through case studies of Singapore and Berlin, Germany
- Author
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Richard M. Gersberg, Soon Keat Tan, Dongqing Zhang, and Wun Jern Ng
- Subjects
Resource (biology) ,business.industry ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Flooding (psychology) ,Stormwater ,Environmental engineering ,Water supply ,Legislation ,02 engineering and technology ,020801 environmental engineering ,Water scarcity ,Rainwater harvesting ,Surface runoff ,business ,Environmental planning ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
Urban stormwater runoff is both a significant pollution source and a potentially valuable resource. This study compares stormwater management in two cities: Singapore and Berlin, Germany. In comparing the strategies for stormwater management, we illustrate how differences in geography (e.g., land and water availability), urban infrastructure, regulatory regimes, legislation and intensives between the two cities have led to different solutions for stormwater management. Singapore, faced with a serious issue of water scarcity, has placed an increasing emphasis on stormwater management through developing a comprehensive network of drains and canals, mainly with the aim of controlling flooding and potable water supply. In contrast, in Berlin, concerns for the protection of surface water quality and non-potable water supply in the urban areas have resulted in a shift in management goals towards a low impact solution based on source control. The cost analysis indicated that the decentralized rainwater h...
- Published
- 2015
46. N2O accumulation from denitrification under different temperatures
- Author
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Leong Soon Poh, Zhongbo Zhang, Yan Zhou, Yu Liu, Xie Jiang, Wun Jern Ng, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Environment and Water Resources, Singapore (MEWR), and Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute
- Subjects
Denitrification ,Inorganic chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,General Medicine ,Nitrous oxide ,equipment and supplies ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Nitrogen ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Wastewater ,Nitrate ,Environmental chemistry ,Nitrogen dioxide ,Nitrite ,Solubility ,Engineering::Environmental engineering::Water treatment [DRNTU] ,Biotechnology - Abstract
The effects of temperature on nitrous oxide (N2O) accumulation during denitrification and denitritation were investigated. Batch experiments were performed to measure N2O accumulation at 25 and 35 °C. More N2O accumulation was observed during denitritation at the higher temperature as compared with full denitrification and low temperature tests. The highest nitrite concentration tested in this study (25 mg/L NO2−N and pH 8.0) did not show inhibitory effect on N2O reduction. It was found that the major cause of more N2O accumulation during denitrification at higher temperature was due to higher N2O production rate and lower N2O solubility. Specific nitrate, nitrite, and N2O reduction rates increased 62, 61, and 41 %, respectively, when temperature rose from 25 to 35 °C. The decrease of N2O solubility in mixed liquor at 35 °C (when compared to 25 °C) resulted in faster diffusing rate of N2O from liquid to gas phase. It was also more difficult for gas phase N2O to be re-dissolved. The diffused N2O was then accumulated in the headspace, which was not available for denitrification by denitrifiers. The results of this study suggest higher temperature may worsen N2O emission from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Accepted version
- Published
- 2015
47. Performance Characterization of Pharmaceutical Removal by Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands Using Multivariate Analysis
- Author
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Dongqing Zhang, Richard M. Gersberg, Wangdong Ni, Soon Keat Tan, and Wun Jern Ng
- Subjects
Hydrology ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Hydraulic retention time ,Environmental engineering ,food and beverages ,Wetland ,Inflow ,Factorial experiment ,Vegetation ,Pollution ,Batch processing ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,Sewage treatment ,Subsurface flow ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
Three horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands and three sand filters (without plants) were set up at the campus of Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Eight pharmaceuticals including carbamazepine, naproxen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, caffeine, ketoprofen, salicylic acid, and clofibric acid were enriched in the wetland inflow. Three factors, namely, with/without the presence of vegetation, operational modes (batch and continuous), and hydraulic residence time were investigated by a polynomial regression model with analysis of variance, including factorial design, to find the relationships between contaminant removal and the affecting factors, as well as to determine the dominant variables and how each of them interact for each parameter. The objective of this study was to compare the removal efficiencies of selected pharmaceuticals under different wetland retention times, planted versus unplanted modes, and feeding strategies.
- Published
- 2015
48. Biochemistry-Enabled 3D Foams for Ultrafast Battery Cathodes
- Author
-
Zhichuan J. Xu, Eileen Fong, Yanping Zhou, Xianhong Rui, Wun Jern Ng, Yan Zhou, Wenping Sun, and Qingyu Yan
- Subjects
Battery (electricity) ,Materials science ,General Engineering ,General Physics and Astronomy ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Sodium-ion battery ,Nanoparticle ,Nanotechnology ,Microporous material ,Lithium-ion battery ,chemistry ,Nanofiber ,General Materials Science ,Lithium ,Mesoporous material - Abstract
Metal vanadium phosphates (MVP), particularly Li3V2(PO4)3 (LVP) and Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP), are regarded as the next-generation cathode materials in lithium/sodium ion batteries. These materials possess desirable properties such as high stability, theoretical capacity, and operating voltages. Yet, low electrical/ionic conductivities of LVP and NVP have limited their applications in demanding devices such as electric vehicles. In this work, a novel synthesis route for the preparation of LVP/NVP micro/mesoporous 3D foams via assembly of elastin-like polypeptides is demonstrated. The as-synthesized MVP 3D foams consist of microporous networks of mesoporous nanofibers, where the surfaces of individual fibers are covered with MVP nanocrystallites. TEM images further reveal that LVP/NVP nanoparticles are about 100-200 nm in diameter, with each particle enveloped by a 5 nm thick carbon shell. The MVP 3D foams prepared in this work exhibit ultrafast rate capabilities (79 mA h g(-1) at 100C and 66 mA h g(-1) at 200C for LVP 3D foams; 73 mA h g(-1) at 100C and 51 mA h g(-1) at 200C for NVP 3D foams) and excellent cycle performance (almost 100% performance retention after 1000 cycles at 100C); their properties are far superior compared to current state-of-the-art active materials.
- Published
- 2015
49. Phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation of ZnO nanoparticles in Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani
- Author
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David C. Stuckey, Wun Jern Ng, Fei Xiao, Yu Liu, Chunping Chen, Dongqing Zhang, Richard M. Gersberg, Tao Hua, and Soon Keat Tan
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Metal Nanoparticles ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Nanoparticle ,Zinc ,Plant Roots ,Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ,Dry weight ,Botany ,Environmental Chemistry ,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,biology ,Chemistry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Plant cell ,biology.organism_classification ,Pollution ,Bioaccumulation ,Shoot ,Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ,Phytotoxicity ,Cyperaceae ,Zinc Oxide ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
The rapid development of nanotechnology will inevitably result in an increasing release of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) to wastewaters. In this study we investigated the fate and toxicity of ZnO NPs in aquatic plant mesocosms, as well as the potential for root accumulation and root-to-shoot translocation of these Zn NPs in the wetland plant Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani exposed to ZnO NPs. The growth of S. tabernaemontani in these hydroponic mesocosms was significantly inhibited by ZnO NPs (1000 mg L(-1)) compared to a control. Levels of Zn in the plant roots for the ZnO NP treatment ranged from 402 to 36513 μg g(-1), while values ranged from 256 to 9429 μg g(-)(1) (dry weight) for Zn(2+) treatment, implying that the uptake of Zn from ZnO NPs was substantially greater than that for Zn(2+). The root uptake (of the initial mass of Zn in the solution) for ZnO NP treatment ranged from 8.6% to 43.5%, while for Zn(2+) treatment they were 1.66% to 17.44%. The low values of the translocation factor for both ZnO NP (0.001-0.05) and Zn(2+) (0.05-0.27) treatments implied that the potential for translocation of Zn NPs from roots to shoots was limited. ZnO NP distribution in the root tissues of S. tabernaemontani was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that ZnO NPs could pass through plant cell walls, and were present within the plant cells of S. tabernaemontani.
- Published
- 2015
50. Enhanced carbon capture biosorption through process manipulation
- Author
-
Sheng Zhang, Choon-Ping Lim, Wun Jern Ng, Yan Zhou, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Chemistry ,Biomedical Engineering ,Environmental engineering ,Biosorption ,Substrate (chemistry) ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Bioengineering ,Sequencing batch reactor ,Sorption ,Science::Biological sciences::Biochemistry [DRNTU] ,Pulp and paper industry ,Polyhydroxyalkanoates ,Activated sludge ,Heat of combustion ,Carbon ,Biotechnology - Abstract
The feasibility of manipulating operating parameters, i.e. Food-to-microorganisms (F/M) ratio, SRT, and residual DO, to enhance biosorption performance was investigated. It was observed that lower F/M and longer SRT resulted in sludges which captured carbon mainly through carbon storage. Surface sorption, however, was the dominant mechanism for sludges grown under the higher DO condition. Generally, biosorption was optimal at pH 7. Sorption kinetic studies revealed that sludge cultivated under the low F/M ratio of 0.15 (Sludge S1) showed the best overall biosorption performance. Determination of calorific value revealed that Sludge S1 was able to capture energy as much as 0.9 kJ/g SS within 15 min contact time. About 66.3% of the overall biosorption capacity was attributed to carbon storage. Sludge S1 was able to accumulate organic substrate and stored this as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). Culture-independent microbial community analysis through DGGE revealed the presence of strains capable of PHA-accumulation, e.g. Rhodobacter sp., and Thauera sp. While different dominating mechanisms resulted from different cultivation conditions, the best biosorption performance was significantly contributed by carbon storage activity. Accepted version
- Published
- 2015
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