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Paralytic strabismus is the most common cause of adult-onset strabismus. It can result from paralysis of the third, fourth, or sixth cranial nerves, either separately or in combination, which are responsible for innervating the ocular motor muscles. Paralysis of these cranial nerves occurs due to congenital disorders, neoplasms, trauma, intracranial processes, idiopathic diseases, and other causes. This study aimed to determine the etiology of paralytic strabismus incidence at the Department of Ophthalmology of Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia, between 2017 and 2022. This study employed a retrospective methodology and utilized total sampling. The medical records of patients diagnosed with paralytic strabismus were used to collect secondary data. Out of the total of 282 cases, the most common condition was combined ocular motor cranial nerve palsy, which accounted for 102 (36.2%) cases. The main factors contributing to this condition were neoplasms (37.2%), intracranial processes (25.5%), trauma (25.5%), other causes (8.8%), idiopathic diseases (2%), and congenital disorders (1%). The incidence of third cranial nerve palsy and sixth cranial nerve palsy was equally prevalent, each accounting for 86 (30.5%) cases. Meanwhile, fourth cranial nerve palsy was the least frequent with just eight (2.8%) cases. This study concluded that the most frequent etiology of paralytic strabismus was combined ocular motor nerve paralysis, which primarily results from neoplasms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to determine differences in glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity after multiple doses of methanol extract of Moringa oleifera leaves in a trabecular meshwork cell culture from primary congenital glaucoma patients. Material and Methods: This was an experimental laboratory study; cell line cultures were divided into four groups (negative control and three treatment groups). The treatment groups were exposed to methanol extract of Moringa oleifera leaves at dosages of 15 pg/mL, 20 pg/mL, and 25 pg/mL. After four hours incubation, GPx activity was measured in all groups using a colorimetric microplate reader. Results: ANOVA analysis found that there was a difference in GPx activity between treatment groups. Each Moringa oleifera extract dosage (15 pg/mL, 20 pg/mL, and 25 pg/mL) significantly differed from each other, with dosage 25 pg/mL having the highest GPx activity. The correlation analysis showed there was a significant association between exposure to Moringa oleifera extract and GPx activity with a positive correlation coefficient (r = 0.962, p < 0.005), which means higher dosages of Moringa oleifera extract will increase GPx activity. Linear regression analysis found thet every 1 mg/mL dosage of Moringa oleifera extract will increase GPx activity by 1.217 mU/mL. Conclusion: It can be concluded that there were differences in GPx activity between treatment groups and there was an influence of dosage of methanol extract of Moringa oleifera leaves on GPx activity, such that increasing doses of methanol extract of Moringa oleifera leaves will further increase GPx activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 on the diameter of the Schlemm's canal in a juvenile rat model injected with sodium hyaluronate. Material and Methods: This was an original experimental study with a post-test control group design. Eyeballs of rats aged 4-6 months were used in this study. Samples were divided into six groups: negative control, positive control I with intracameral sodium hyaluronate injection, positive control II with topical Y-27632 10 mM, and three experimental groups with intracameral injections of sodium hyaluronate and Y-27632 10-1 mM, 1 mM, and 10 mM, respectively. Changes of the Schlemm's canal diameter were evaluated. Quantitative measurements were taken using computerized image analysis with the dot slide program. Results: There were statistically significant differences among the control and experimental groups (p < 0.05). The greatest increase in diameter of the Schlemm's canal was observed in the experimental group given sodium hyaluronate and Y-27632 10 mM, with a mean value of 118.42 μm. Conclusion: The rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 increased the diameter of the Schlemm's canal in juvenile rats injected with sodium hyaluronate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most glaucoma drugs lower the intraocular pressure (IOP) by decreasing the aqueous humor production and increasing the outflow through uveoscleral pathway. None of these drugs work mainly on increasing outflow through the trabecular pathway. Consequently, the experiment to develop glaucoma drugs directly target at the trabecular outflow pathway is highly required. The purpose of this study is to reveal the effect of rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 on the thickness of trabecular meshwork in juvenile rats model injected with sodium hyaluronate. This study was an experimental study with posttest only control group design. Twenty-four rats were included in this study. Each eye of the rat would be considered as one sample. Samples were divided into 6 groups, negative control group, positive control I group with intracameral sodium hyaluronate injection, positive control II group with topical Y- 27632 10 mM, and three experimental groups with intracameral injection of sodium hyaluronate and Y-27632 10-1 mM, 1 mM, and 10 mM respectively. After the procedures all rats were sacrificed and enucleated. Trabecular meshwork tissue was stained with Hematoxilene-Eosin and evaluated under 400× microscopic magnification. Quantitative measurements were taken using computerized image analysis with dot slide program. There were significant statistic differences among the positive control I group and the experimental groups (p-value < 0.05) as well as the positive control II group and the experimental groups (p-value < 0.05). The highest mean of decreasing trabecular meshwork thickness was noted in the group given by sodium hyaluronate and Y-27632 10 mM with value of 118.42 µm. There was decreasing thickness of trabecular meshwork due to the effect of rho- kinase inhibitor Y-27632 in juvenile rats injected with sodium hyaluronate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refractive error and eye deviation are two common pediatric eye conditions. Ophthalmic screening in children is essential for protecting against vision loss. In 2010, the WHO estimated that refractive error causes 42% of vision disturbances globally. Uncorrected refractive error can cause eye deviation. In this study, we report the characteristics of refractive error and its correlation with eye deviation, as examined with the Hirschberg test, in children from elementary and junior schools in Lesanpuro, Malang. This study involved 606 children aged 6-17 years, from elementary and junior schools. This was a cross-sectional observational descriptive study. Data was obtained from refraction examinations and the Hirschberg test. Each subject underwent one refraction test and one test of eye position. The results showed emmetropia, myopia, astigmatism, and hyperopia in 450 (74.26%), 131 (21.62%), 56 (9.24%), and 5 (0.83%) children, respectively. Eye deviation was found in six children (1.65%), all of which showed extropia (100%). Eye deviation occurred together with myopia in one child (17%), and with astigmatism in three children (50%). Two further children (33%) had other conditions such as amblyopia and corneal scar. Eye deviation is most common in astigmatism. For refractive errors, myopia is the most common condition while hypermetropia is the least common. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the effect of Physalis angulata leaf extract on apoptotic and proliferation of retinoblastoma cells. Despite several previous studies evidencing the anti-cancer potential of Physalis angulata ; however, certain study that proves its benefits in retinoblastoma cancer cells has been limited., Methods: This study utilizes an in-vitro experimental study by applying Y79 human retinoblastoma cell line culture obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; 10801 University Boulevard Manassas, VA 20110, USA). The cell was divided into 4 groups. Group I was the control group without the administration of Physalis angulata leaf extract. Whereas, group II, II and IV are engaged with 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL of Physalis angulata leaf extract respectively. After a 24h incubation, an examination with microtetrazolium (MTT) cell proliferation assay and Annexin V apoptosis detection was conducted. Statistical analysis was performed with the Tukey test., Results: Physalis angulata leaf extract improved apoptosis and significantly reduced the number of living cells in retinoblastoma cells, along with the increase in the given dose. Based on the Tukey test, a significant difference was found in the treatment group at 50 µg/mL ( P =0.025) and 100 µg/mL ( P =0.001) in the measurement of apoptosis. Proliferation measurements also indicated a significant decrease in the number of living cells in the 50µg/mL treatment group ( P =0.004), and in the 100 µg/mL treatment group ( P =0.000). Meanwhile, a dose of 25 µg/mL indicated insignificant difference in the two measurements. Improved apoptosis and decreased number of living cells occured at a dose of 100 µg/mL. Decreased number of living cells (in the measurement of proliferation) was due to the inhibited proliferation or improved apoptosis., Conclusion: Physalis angulata leaf extract improve apoptosis in retinoblastoma cell culture, requiring further research to inhibit proliferation.