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Electrochemical biosensors have been widely used as advanced methods for virus detection. Ongoing efforts are being made to improve their performance by investigating novel materials as electrode modifiers. In this regard, two‐dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes), have been extensively explored due to their exceptional structural and electrical properties for electrochemical biosensors. This review investigates and summarizes the recently developed 2D materials employed in virus detection. Various strategies to enhance the critical properties of 2D materials, including conductivity, surface area, active sites, selectivity, and wettability, on electrochemical biosensing platforms, which impact their performance, are discussed. Different types of 2D materials (pristine, derivatives, and composites) are described and subsequently evaluated regarding their applications in electrochemical biosensing. This review serves as a valuable guide for designing next‐generation, high‐performance electrochemical biosensors based on 2D materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports on the modification of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) chips with molybdenum disulfide–molybdenum trioxide (MoS2–MoO3) microflowers to detect the tuberculosis (TB) markers of CFP-10. The MoS2–MoO3 microflowers were prepared by hydrothermal methods with variations in the pH and amount of trisodium citrate (Na3Ct), which were projected to influence the shape and size of microflower particles. The analysis shows that optimum MoS2–MoO3 hybrid microflowers were obtained at neutral pH using 0.5 g Na3Ct. The modified SPR biosensor exhibits a ten times higher response than the bare Au. Moreover, increasing MoS2–MoO3 thickness results in a higher detection response, sensitivity, and a smaller limit of detection (LOD). Using the optimized material composition, the Au/MoS2–MoO3-integrated SPR sensor can demonstrate sensitivity and LOD of 1.005 and 3.45 ng mL−1, respectively. This biosensor also has good selectivity, stability, and reproducibility based on cross-sensitivity characterization with other analytes and repeated measurements on several chips with different storing times and fabrication batch. Therefore, this proposed SPR biosensor possesses high potential to be further developed and applied as a detection technology for CFP-10 in monitoring and diagnosing TB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the third generation of the solar cell era, significant trends in the development of perovskite solar cells (PSC) were observed. Exploring suitable materials for its wafer structure, such as perovskite and electron transport layers (ETL), were a major emphasis of high-performance PSC development. Because of its matching band structure to MaPbI3, TiO2 is the most often utilized material for ETL. However, in the application of TiO2 to PSC, electron trapping and a wide energy gap become a drawback. The goal of this research is to improve the absorption performance of PSC employing ETL with Fe and Ta-doped TiO2 as well as the thickness of the material. The interaction between the electromagnetic waves of light and the solar cell structure was calculated using Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) simulations, which resulted in the absorption spectra. In comparison to pure TiO2, which absorbs only 79.5% of the incident light, Fe-TiO2 and Ta-TiO2 as ETL in solar cells have increased absorption spectra to 81.7% and 81.2%, respectively. Finally, we may conclude that the optimum ETL layer parameters are 0.32% Fe doping and a thickness of 100 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells (PSC) are currently exhibiting reproducible high efficiency, low-cost manufacturing, and scalable electron transport layers (ETL), which are becoming increasingly important. The application of photonic crystals (PC) on solar cells has been proven to enhance light harvesting and lead solar cells to adjust the propagation and distribution of photons. In this paper, the optimization of a two-dimensional nanodisk PC introduced in ETL with an organic-inorganic lead-iodide perovskite (methylammonium lead-iodide, MAPbI3) as the absorber layer was studied. A finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation was used to evaluate the optical performance of PSC with various lattice constants and a radius of nanodisk photonic crystals. According to the simulation, the optimum lattice constant and PC radius applied to ETL are 500 nm and 225 nm, respectively. This optimum design enhances PSC absorption performance by more than 94% of incident light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports on the modification of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) chips with molybdenum disulfide-molybdenum trioxide (MoS 2 -MoO 3 ) microflowers to detect the tuberculosis (TB) markers of CFP-10. The MoS 2 -MoO 3 microflowers were prepared by hydrothermal methods with variations in the pH and amount of trisodium citrate (Na 3 Ct), which were projected to influence the shape and size of microflower particles. The analysis shows that optimum MoS 2 -MoO 3 hybrid microflowers were obtained at neutral pH using 0.5 g Na 3 Ct. The modified SPR biosensor exhibits a ten times higher response than the bare Au. Moreover, increasing MoS 2 -MoO 3 thickness results in a higher detection response, sensitivity, and a smaller limit of detection (LOD). Using the optimized material composition, the Au/MoS 2 -MoO 3 -integrated SPR sensor can demonstrate sensitivity and LOD of 1.005 and 3.45 ng mL -1 , respectively. This biosensor also has good selectivity, stability, and reproducibility based on cross-sensitivity characterization with other analytes and repeated measurements on several chips with different storing times and fabrication batch. Therefore, this proposed SPR biosensor possesses high potential to be further developed and applied as a detection technology for CFP-10 in monitoring and diagnosing TB.