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Rheological characterization of high-solid sludge is a fundamental requirement for optimizing the mixing and transport of high-solid sludge during anaerobic digestion in waste water treatment systems. We investigate the time evolution of physico - chemical properties and rheological characteristics of high-solid digested sludge with total solids (TS) 15-20 wt.% during anaerobic digestion. A series of experiments are carried out over a period of 26 days during the operation of an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor. In equilibrium flow curves, high-solid digested sludge exhibits shear thinning behavior with a yield stress. Strong viscoelastic behavior is exhibited in the linear and non-linear regimes in dynamic and creep tests. A critical shear stress is found in the equilibrium flow curve, which accounts for the viscoelastic property. To accurately model the flow curves, a piecewise Herschel-Bulkley function separated by the corresponding critical shear rate is proposed. The digestion time plays an important role in determining the rheological behavior. Longer digestion times lead to a decreased yield stress in creep tests, and a decreased viscosity and a reduced critical shear stress in the steady flow curve. In addition, the storage modulus G' and the loss modulus G'' are reduced as digestion proceeds, leading to a shorter linear viscoelastic regime. Moreover, we find that the storage modulus G' varies linearly with the concentration of total organic matter in the sludge, suggesting that G' could be used as a new control parameter for monitoring of the anaerobic digestion process.

The edge elasticity and its effect on flexoelectric response of the Janus MoSSe nanoribbons are systematically explored by means of density functional theory based first-principles calculations. We report edge stresses, edge elastic moduli, and structural deformations of the Janus MoSSe nanoribbons with various widths. It is shown that both armchair and zigzag terminated edges of the MoSSe nanoribbons are essentially subjected to tension, due to the existence of the edge stresses. The magnitude of average zigzag edge stresses is much larger than that of the average armchair ones. Furthermore, our results show that both misfit strain induced by asymmetric chalcogen atomic layers, and the edge stresses cause the spontaneous bending deformation of such Janus nanoribbons. More importantly, flexoelectronic properties of semiconducting armchair MoSSe nanoribbons are carefully evaluated and compared with those of armchair MoS 2 and MoSTe nanoribbons. In particular, it is found that the out-of-plane flexoelectronic coefficients strongly depend on their widths. Additionally, the flexoelectric response resulting from spontaneous bending is weaker than that from the opposite one. The implicit mechanisms on deformations and flexoelectronic properties of such Janus nanoribbons have been carefully explored. The results in this work provide useful insights into their potential applications in nanoscale electromechanical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]