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The cell wall is the most striking feature that distinguishes plant cells from animal cells. It plays an essential role in cell shape, stability, growth and protection. Despite being present in small amounts, cell wall proteins (CWPs) are crucial components of the cell wall. The cell wall proteome generally consists of sensu stricto CWPs, apoplast proteins and extracellular secreted proteins. Currently, there is a need for the bioinformatics analysis of a tremendous number of protein sequences that have been generated from genomic, transcriptomic and proteomics research. Compared with intracellular proteins, the location prediction of CWPs is challenging because many aspects of these proteins have not been experimentally characterized, and there are no CWP-trained, specific predictors available. By introducing the biological relevance (particularly molecular aspects) of the cell wall and CWPs, we critically evaluated the accuracy of 16 state-of-the-art predictors and classical predictors for the prediction of CWPs using an independent database of Arabidopsis and rice proteins. All experimentally verified CWPs and non-CWPs were retrieved from the UniProt Knowledgebase. Based on the evaluation, we currently recommend the predictors mGOASVM, HybridGO-Loc and FUEL-mLoc for CWPs. Furthermore, we outlined the public databases that can be used to cross-reference the subcellular location of CWPs. We illustrate a flowchart of the subcellular location prediction and a cross-reference of possible CWPs. Finally, we discuss challenges and perspectives in the bioinformatics analysis of CWPs. It is hoped that this article will provide practical guidance regarding CWPs for nonspecialists and provide insight for bioinformatics experts to develop computational tools for CWPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To detect the expression of differentially expressed proteins in serum of patients with allergic rhinitis who were allergic to dust mites before and after 6-day rush immunotherapy. The three differentially expressed proteins, CRP, CTHRC1 and WDR89, were detected and identified. The immunoregulatory effects and significance of these three differentially expressed proteins in rush immunotherapy of allergic rhinitis were analyzed and discussed. Method: The serum samples of 15 patients with allergic rhinitis, 15 patients with rush immunotherapy and 10 patients with healthy control group were collected. The samples were studied by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation（iTRAQ） technique. The related differential proteins were determined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, and the rationality of the screened differential proteins was tested and verified by Cluster3.0 software and Java TreeView software. Finally, the selected CRP, CTHRC1 and WDR89 proteins were identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）. Result: In this study, 893 proteins were detected and 53 differential proteins were identified. Compared with healthy control group, 24 proteins which was statistically significant were found in allergic rhinitis group, which were closely related to the occurrence of allergic rhinitis, including 10 up-regulated proteins and 14 down-regulated proteins. Compared with the allergic rhinitis group, patients with allergic rhinitis underwent 6 days of rush immunotherapy. There were 29 proteins whose expression of proteins with a difference of P value of less than 0.05 and 1.2 times higher, which were related to the effect after the incremental phase of rush immunotherapy was completed, of which 12 were up-regulated and 17 were down-regulated. Compared with healthy control group, the expression of up-regulated of allergic rhinitis group and the expression of down-regulated protein after 6 days of rush immunotherapy were CTHRC1, WDR89; Compared with healthy control group, AR group was down-regulated and the expression of up-regulated protein after 6 days of rush immunotherapy was CRP. CRP, CTHRC1 and WDR89 proteins were identified by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）, and it was found that the differential expression of CTHRC1 and WDR89 in AR and RIT was statistically significant（ P <0.05）, but the differential expression of serum CRP in AR and RIT was not statistically significant（ P >0.05）. Conclusion: Serum protein CTHRC1 and WDR89 are closely related to the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis, and played a role in the regulation of rush immunotherapy, while serum protein CRP has no significant effect on AR and RIT., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)