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γδ T cells, a subgroup of T cells based on the γδ TCR, when compared with conventional T cells (αβ T cells), make up a very small proportion of T cells. However, its various subgroups are widely distributed in different parts of the human body and are attractive effectors for infectious disease immunity. γδ T cells are activated and expanded by nonpeptidic antigens (P-Ags), major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, and lipids which are associated with different kinds of pathogen infections. Activation and proliferation of γδ T cells play a significant role in diverse infectious diseases induced by viruses, bacteria, and parasites and exert their potential effector function to effectively eliminate infection. It is well known that many types of infectious diseases are detrimental to human life and health and give rise to high incidence of illnesses and death rate all over the world. To date, there is no comprehensive understanding of the correlation between γδ T cells and infectious diseases. In this review, we will focus on the various subgroups of γδ T cells (mainly Vδ1 T cells and Vδ2 T cells) which can induce multiple immune responses or effective functions to fight against common pathogen infections, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Listeria monocytogenes, influenza viruses, HIV, EBV, and HBV. Hopefully, the gamma-delta T cell study will provide a novel effective way to treat infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aim was to evaluate the association of the expression of serum microribonucleic acid-590 (miR-590) with the risk of lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), clinicopathological staging and prognosis. A total of 237 patients with LUSC and 100 healthy volunteers (control group) were included in the study. Total RNA was extracted from the peripheral blood serum of the subjects, and the expression level of miR-590 was detected by reverse transcription realtime quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The baseline clinicopathological information of LUSC patients was evaluated, and the patients were followed up with the median follow-up of 47 months. Compared with that in the control group, the expression level of serum miR-590 in LUSC patients was significantly decreased [0.532 (0.367-0.821) vs. 1.63 (0.893-1.347), P<0.001]. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that the value of predicting LUSC risk using miR-590 was high, the area under curve (AUC) was 0.883, and 95% confidence interval (CI) was 0.829-0.934. In addition, the expression level of serum miR-590 was correlated with pathological staging (P=0.022), lymph node metastasis (P=0.012), distant metastasis (P<0.001) and tumor, node and metastasis (TNM) staging (P=0.044). The overall survival (OS) of patients in the serum miR-590 low expression group was significantly lower than that of the serum miR-590 high expression group (P=0.012), and the low expression of miR-590 was an independent risk factor for the prognosis of patients [hazard ratio (HR)=2.152, 95% CI=1.285-3.233, P=0.004]. The results suggested that the expression level of miR-590 can be used as a biomarker for the risk of disease, disease staging and prognosis of LUSC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Nivolumab, recently proven in a phase 3 clinical trial (CheckMate 901) to enhance survival when combined with gemcitabine-cisplatin for advanced urothelial carcinoma. This study aimed to assess its cost-effectiveness against gemcitabine-cisplatin alone, from US and Chinese payers' perspectives., Methods: A partitioned survival model was established to assess the life-years, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), lifetime costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of nivolumab plus gemcitabine-cisplatin versus gemcitabine-cisplatin alone as first-line treatment for advanced urothelial carcinoma. Univariate, two-way, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the model's robustness. Additionally, subgroup analyses were performed., Results: Nivolumab plus gemcitabine-cisplatin and gemcitabine-cisplatin achieved survival benefits of 4.238 life-years and 2.979 life-years for patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma, respectively. Compared with gemcitabine-cisplatin, nivolumab plus gemcitabine-cisplatin resulted in ICERs of $116,856/QALY in the US and $51,997/QALY in China. The probabilities of achieving cost-effectiveness at the current willingness-to-pay thresholds were 77.5% in the US and 16.5% in China. Cost-effectiveness could be reached if the price of nivolumab were reduced to $920.87/100mg in China. Subgroup analyses indicated that the combination had the highest probability of cost-effectiveness in patients under 65 or with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance-status score of 0 in the US and China., Conclusion: Nivolumab plus gemcitabine-cisplatin first-line treatment for advanced urothelial carcinoma results in longer life expectancy than gemcitabine-cisplatin, but is not cost-effective in China at current price. However, cost-effectiveness is likely to be achieved in most patient subgroups in the US., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Xiang, Huang, Gan, Wang, Ding, Wu, Xing and Liu.)

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains an unsolved challenge in oncology, signifying a substantial global health burden. While considerable progress has been made in recent years through the emergence of immunotherapy modalities, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), monotherapies often yield limited clinical outcomes. The rationale behind combining various immunotherapeutic or other anticancer agents, the mechanistic underpinnings, and the clinical evidence supporting their utilization is crucial in NSCLC therapy. Regarding the synergistic potential of combination immunotherapies, this study aims to provide insights to help the landscape of NSCLC treatment and improve clinical outcomes. In addition, this review article discusses the challenges and considerations of combination regimens, including toxicity management and patient selection., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wu, Yu, Jin and Qian.)

Background: Drug-induced interstitial lung disease (DILD) is an increasingly common cause of morbidity and mortality. However, due to the lack of specificity, DILD detection remains an unsolved public health challenge., Objectives: For the first time, we aimed to examine DILD reports submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) to identify demographic characteristics and top drugs associated with DILD at a group level (including age, sex, drug class, and country stratification) and individual drug level., Design: A retrospective analysis of the FAERS database was examined by disproportionality analysis., Methods: We reviewed the FAERS database from 2004 to 2021, using search terms 'interstitial lung disease' and sorting cases by generic drug name. The reporting odds ratio, proportional reporting ratio, and Bayesian confidence propagation neural network were calculated as the measure of strength of association., Results: There were 32,821 DILD reports in the FAERS. After excluding reports without age, sex, or country data according to the specific measurement, the median age of patients was 68 (interquartile range: 59), 54.77% were male, and 46.00% of reports came from Japan. The top drug classes related to DILD in the FAERS were antineoplastic, followed by cardiovascular and antirheumatic agents, in varying order in different sexes. Fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki, ramucirumab, and eribulin were the top three drugs with the highest strength of association. We also found some drugs without DILD in the labels, such as amiodarone, temsirolimus, and ursodiol. There are significant differences in DILD reports in various countries. For example, the United States and France reported more cardiovascular agents, whereas Canada reported more antirheumatic agents., Conclusion: We found the top drugs and drug classes that were associated with DILD in the FAERS, which provides a real-world window for different ages, sexes, and countries to formulate precise pharmacovigilance policies., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest., (© The Author(s), 2024.)

Objective: Cholinesterase inhibitor (ChEIs) is the first-line drug for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Understanding torsade de pointes (TdP)/QT prolongation with different ChEIs is essential for its safe and rational administration. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between different ChEIs and TdP/QT prolongation. Methods: All ChEIs related TdP/QT prolongation cases were retrieved from the FAERS database using standard MedDRA query (SMQ) from the first quarter of 2004 to the third quarter of 2022. Disproportionality and sensitivity analysis were used to determine the signal of TdP/QT prolongation related to ChEIs. Results: 557 cases of TdP/QT prolongation related to 3 ChEIs were searched by SMQ. The patients were mostly elderly people, with markedly more female than male. The signals of TdP/QT prolongation for ChEIs were detected by disproportionality analysis, and the signal of Donepezil was the strongest. The sensitivity analysis results indicate a robust and stable correlation between these signals with ChEIs. TdP/QT prolongation usually occurs within 1 month after taking ChEIs. The drug with the highest frequency of combination with donepezil and galantamine is citalopram, and the drug with the highest frequency of combination with rivastigmine is atorvastatin. Conclusion: The signals of TdP/QT prolongation related to ChEIs were strong and stable. It is necessary to be vigilant about the TdP/QT prolongation of various ChEIs, especially in elderly women, the initial stage after taking ChEIs, and when ChEIs combining with drugs that could prolong the QT interval., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Zhang, Gan, Xiang, Xu, Jiang, Li, Wu, Ni and Liu.)