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The presence of malignant tumors poses a significant threat to people's life and well-being. As biochemical parameters indicate the occurrence and development of tumors, tumor markers play a pivotal role in early cancer detection, treatment, prognosis, efficient monitoring, and other aspects. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is considered a potent tool for the detection of tumor markers owing to its exceptional advantages encompassing high sensitivity, superior selectivity, rapid analysis speed, and photobleaching resistance nature. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of SERS applications in the detection of tumor markers. Firstly, we introduce the SERS enhancement mechanism, classification of active substrates, and SERS detection techniques. Secondly, the latest research progress of in vitro SERS detection of different types of tumor markers in body fluids and the application of SERS imaging in biomedical imaging are highlighted in sections of the review. Finally, according to the current status of SERS detection of tumor markers, the challenges and problems of SERS in biomedical detection are discussed, and insights into future developments in SERS are offered. [Display omitted] • The SERS enhancement mechanism and SERS active substrates are overviewed. • SERS detection methods are classified as labeled-free and labeled detection. • The latest research progress of SERS in various tumor markers is discussed. • The challenges and perspectives concerning SERS technology are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the diagnostic value of digital subtraction CT perfusion imaging (SCTP) technology in detecting blood flow (BF), blood volume (BV), and mean transit time (MTT) on early avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) and its impact on prognosis. Sixty-six patients with unilateral ANFH were taken as the research object. SCTP technique was performed on the femoral head of the affected and healthy side. The results showed that the BF and BV of the femoral head of the affected side were lower than that of the healthy side, and the MTT was longer than that of the healthy side (P<0.05). The AUC of bone BF, BV, and MTT to diagnose ANFH was 0.866, 0.755, and 0.820. The AUC of the three combined diagnosis of ANFH was 0.911, the sensitivity was 95. 45%, the specificity was 83. 33%, and the diagnostic value was higher than that of a single diagnosis (P<0.05). Follow-up for 1 year, 4 cases were lost to follow-up. Among the 62 patients, 41 had a good prognosis and 21 had a poor prognosis. There were statistically significant differences in disease stage, necrotic volume, necrotic location, femoral head BF, BV, and MTT in patients with different prognosis (P<0.05). Femoral head BF and BV were negatively correlated with disease stage and necrotic volume, and MTT was correlated with disease stage, the volume of necrosis was positively correlated (P<0.05). Femoral head BF, BV, MTT were important prognostic factors (P<0.05). Therefore, the SCTP detection of femoral head BF, BV, and MTT has a reliable value in the early diagnosis of ANFH, and it can also provide an important reference for clinical prediction and prognosis assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]