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Additional file 2: Figure S2. APP expression levels in APPswe/HEK293 cells treated with different concentration of Y-27632 or Fasudil for 10 h. A Representative blot image and B densitometry analysis of APP levels after incubating Y-27632. C Representative blot image and D densitometry analysis of APP levels after incubating Fasudil. The statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA. *P

Traditionally, a diamond anvil cell (DAC) operated at low temperature can be pressurized by using a helium-driven piston or remote control tightening mechanism. This approach of pressurizing DAC is not convenient for operating at low temperature. Here we develop a low-temperature pressurizing technique for in situ tuning pressure in DAC at 20 K by an electrically driven method. The improved DAC pressure apparatus is composed of traditional DAC device and a piezoelectric actuator (PZT). Here the PZT used in the experiment is the PSt 150/1010/40 supplied by the Piezomechanik. Both parts are assembled together in a red copper or stainless steel cylinder. The DAC part is thermally contacted with a low temperature holder for cooling the chamber of the DAC in the experiment. The wires of the PZT connect with the voltage source through the wiring terminals of the cryostat. As the DAC apparatus cools down, two electrodes of the PZT are connected together when a voltage difference between the electrodes is generated. When the temperature of the DAC chamber arrives at the presetting value, two electrodes of the PZT are connected with the voltage source for applying voltage to the PZT. In this paper, we find that the PZT stroke shows a linear increase with increasing voltage at 300 K, whereas it is approximately linear at 80 and 6 K. The maximum strokes are 40, 26 and 15 upm at 300, 80 and 6 K respectively when the applied voltage is 120 V. The experimental results show that the PZT-driven DAC apparatus can continuously generate pressure from 0.49 to 4.41 GPa at low temperature and applied voltage of 0-290 V, where at zero voltage an initial pressure of 0.49 GPa is generated by using driven screws of the DAC device at room temperature. The pressure in the DAC chamber is determined by the red shift of ruby florescence line. The calibrated chamber temperature in DAC is determined as a function of pressure (PZT voltage) by using the intensity ration (R2/R1) of ruby R2 and R1 fluorescence lines. We find that the chamber temperature only slightly increases with increasing pressure in a range of (19 1) K. The main difference between the present device and the other tuning DAC apparatus is that the force on the DAC can be conveniently applied by using PZT voltage. This guarantees a high pressure-tuned resolution in the experiment, e. g., we tune a single InAs quantum dot (QD) emission wavelength to match the cavity mode. Such a tuning technique is found to have applications in realizing a compact tunable single photon source or completing two-photon interference of Hong-Ou-Mandel experiments between the QD and nitrogen vacancy center in diamond or atom, respectively.

Many underground water pipelines are old and approaching their service lives in a great number of cities. With the promotion of sustaining buried infrastructure, it's necessary to pay much attention on how to effectively extract defect characteristics of damaged pipelines. Detection of defects in underground pipes is a crucial step to assess the deterioration degree of pipeline for municipal operators. Based on the image processing theory, a defect feature extracting method under HSV color space is proposed in this paper. QFCM (Quick Fuzzy C-Mean clustering) segmentation arithmetic is applied to extract characteristics parameters. The proposed algorithm can identify defects from background, and the types of defects in the buried pipes can be categorized in the estimation stage. Then, different methodologies of parameters extraction are applied in different types of pipe defects, features like area, angle, length and width of defects can also be calculated. And then, a method of assessing the accuracy of feature extraction algorithm is discussed. Finally, the proposed detection approach has been experimentally tested using a group of images acquired by CCD camera from real inspection scenarios. The experimental results proved that it is feasible and effective to apply the system in feature extraction of pipe defects of the underground water-pipelines.