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The current study aimed to measure preservice teachers' skills in implementing pedagogical model of collaborative problem solving (CPS) using a more advanced and novel human-to-agent computerized assessment instrument. By doing so, a framework with three major skills in the implementation of CPS and four major individual problem-solving processes was identified. Then, an assessment with 18 items was constructed under the framework. Additionally, the performance of preservice teachers in implementing CPS was further explored and discussed with the multidimensional random coefficients multinomial logit model. To determine the reliability and validity of the assessment, the expected a posteriori/plausible values (EAP/PV) reliability coefficient, the model data fit, and the differential item functioning (DIF) were explored. The findings demonstrated that the hypothesized structure with three dimensions was validated, and no DIF across gender groups was identified. The results showed that this assessment was feasible, and its reliability and validity were satisfied.

In this experiment the pretreatment methods of automatic immunomagnetic bead purification and immunoaffinity chromatography purification were used to quantitatively detect aflatoxin B1 in different edible oils by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography, and the accuracy, spike recovery and detection time of the two pretreatment methods were compared. The results showed that the results of automatic immunomagnetic bead purification and immunoaffinity chromatography purification for the determination of vegetable oil standard materials were 15.59 μg/kg and 14.64 μg/kg, respectively, both of which were within the standard range. Different amounts of aflatoxin B1 standard materials were added to different kinds of edible oils, and the recovery rate of spikes was between 88%~110%, and the relative standard deviation was within 5%. The Bland-Altman method was used to analyze differences between the automatic immunomagnetic bead purification method and the immunoaffinity chromatography purification method, and the results showed that differences between the two purification methods were within the acceptable range. Both methods could meet the experimental requirements in purification and enrichment of aflatoxin B1 in edible oil and can be used instead of each other. Through the comparison of detection time, automatic immunomagnetic bead purification combined with mycotoxin automatic purification instrument pretreatment method can process multiple samples at the same time, and the average purification time of one sample is less than 3 min, indicating that the treatment time is shorter, and the experimental efficiency is higher.

Implementing a rural revitalization strategy requires exploring a sustainable rural development path. Promoting sustainable rural construction has become an important issue that urgently needs to be solved. Sustainable countryside is a rural system that can continuously provide high-quality employment, housing, travel, medical care, education, pensions, communication, and other services for local rural residents. It can also continuously provide healthy agricultural products, good ecological products, and cultural tourism experiences for surrounding residents, including sustainable rural industry, sustainable rural environment, and sustainable farmers' lives. Sustainable rural construction is the goal and vision of the implementation for the rural revitalization strategy. This is conducive to solving the issues related to agriculture, rural areas, and rural people, narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas, and promoting the integration of urban and rural development. In recent years, rural revitalization work in Changsha (the capital city of Hunan Province) has been at the forefront of Hunan Province. In 2020, the total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery in the city was 72,219.25 million yuan; the per capita disposable income of rural areas was 34,754.3 yuan, which is 18,169.7 yuan higher than the average level of the whole province; and the income ratio of urban and rural residents was 1.7, which is 0.8 lower than the average level of Hunan Province. Rural infrastructure and public services have been significantly improved, but at the same time, there are also many problems. Based on this, guided by the theory of sustainable development and the theory of the hierarchy of needs, this paper explains the connotation and system composition of sustainable villages in detail. Beginning with the elements of a sustainable rural system, this paper analyzes the common problems and individual characteristics faced by the sustainable development of rural areas in Changsha by means of statistical analysis, questionnaire surveys, and interview surveys. Finally, this paper presents a differentiated sustainable rural optimization model and implementation path based on the problem-solving orientation and the three core elements of a sustainable rural system. These are the lives of farmers, rural industries, and the rural environment. The objective is to provide a theoretical basis for the implementation of a rural revitalization strategy in Changsha City. The results show that there are common problems in the rural areas of Changsha City, such as the loss of the young and middle-aged labor force, weakening of the main body, lack of rural attraction, low quality of public service supply, lack of resilience, lack of endogenous motivation, and low general satisfaction of residents. In addition, individual problems are also prominent. For example, the tourism attraction of tourism-oriented villages is not strong, the agricultural machinery in agricultural villages is insufficient, the traditional cultural function of traditional villages has declined, and the industrial development foundation of general villages is weak. Therefore, this study proposes four targeted sustainable rural optimization models: ecological leisure tourism, efficient ecological agriculture, characteristic protection, and integrated development. The ecological leisure tourism model designs diversified rural tourism activities such as leisure, entertainment, vacation, experience, and education through the development concepts of ecology, low carbonization, and localization to continuously enhance the attractiveness of rural ecotourism. The efficient ecological agriculture model continuously improves the supply capacity of agricultural products and the function of the agricultural ecological landscape by using ecological and intelligent technology, promoting an organic combination of specialization, large-scale production, and small farmers' production. The characteristic protection model encourages the development of cultural tourism and related industries by relying on the countryside's unique historical and cultural heritage, combined with the unique resources of the countryside, such as rural pastoral scenery, agricultural experience activities, and an ecological environment. The integrated development model relies mainly on the resources of cities and surrounding villages and towns to play the leading role of cities and realize the joint development of villages and towns.

Radiation therapy is a cornerstone of prostate cancer (PCa) treatment. However, its limited tumor sensitivity and severe side effects restrict its clinical utility. Lentinan-functionalized selenium nanoparticles (LET-SeNPs) have shown promise in enhancing radiotherapy sensitivity and exhibiting antitumor activity. In this study, we investigated the radiotherapy sensitization mechanism of LET-SeNPs in PCa. Our results demonstrate that the combination of LET-SeNPs and X-ray therapy (4 Gy) significantly inhibited the growth and colony formation of PCa cells by inducing apoptosis, surpassing the effects of individual treatments. This combined approach modulated DNA damage through the p53, MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), and AKT pathways. Furthermore, LET-SeNPs increased PC3 cell sensitivity to X-ray-induced apoptosis by downregulating TrxR (Thioredoxin reductase) expression and inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, thereby activating mitochondria-mediated apoptosis signaling pathways. Additionally, LET-SeNPs regulated PARP (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase) to prevent DNA damage repair. In vivo studies confirmed that the combination treatment inhibited PCa growth by synergistically activating the p53 pathway to induce cell apoptosis. These findings highlight LET-SeNPs' potential as a radiotherapy sensitizer and suggest that combining LET-SeNPs with X-ray therapy could be a promising strategy for clinical application, leveraging selenium-modified nanoparticles' antitumor effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]