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Abstract Background Colon cancer (CC) is a malignancy associated with significant morbidity and mortality within the gastrointestinal tract. Recurrence and metastasis are the main factors affecting the prognosis of CC patients undergoing radical surgery; consequently, we attempted to determine the impact of immunity-related genes. Result We constructed a CC risk model based on ZG16, MPC1, RBM47, SMOX, CPM and DNASE1L3. Consistently, we found that a significant association was found between the expression of most characteristic genes and tumor mutation burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI) and neoantigen (NEO). Additionally, a notable decrease in RBM47 expression was observed in CC tissues compared with that in normal tissues. Moreover, RBM47 expression was correlated with clinicopathological characteristics and improved disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) among patients with CC. Lastly, immunohistochemistry and co-immunofluorescence staining revealed a clear positive correlation between RBM47 and CXCL13 in mature tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) region. Conclusion We conclude that RBM47 was identified as a prognostic-related gene, which was of great significance to the prognosis evaluation of patients with CC and was correlated with CXCL13 in the TLS region.

Abstract In machine learning (ML) problems, it is widely believed that more training samples lead to improved predictive accuracy but incur higher computational costs. Consequently, achieving better data efficiency, that is, the trade-off between the size of the training set and the accuracy of the output model, becomes a key problem in ML applications. In this research, we systematically investigate the data efficiency of Univariate Time Series Anomaly Detection (UTS-AD) models. We first experimentally examine the performance of nine popular UTS-AD algorithms as a function of the training sample size on several benchmark datasets. Our findings confirm that most algorithms become more accurate when more training samples are used, whereas the marginal gain for adding more samples gradually decreases. Based on the above observations, we propose a novel framework called FastUTS-AD that achieves improved data efficiency and reduced computational overhead compared to existing UTS-AD models with little loss of accuracy. Specifically, FastUTS-AD is compatible with different UTS-AD models, utilizing a sampling- and scaling law-based heuristic method to automatically determine the number of training samples a UTS-AD model needs to achieve predictive performance close to that when all samples in the training set are used. Comprehensive experimental results show that, for the nine popular UTS-AD algorithms tested, FastUTS-AD reduces the number of training samples and the training time by 91.09–91.49% and 93.49–93.82% on average without significant decreases in accuracy.

Abstract Objective This cross‐sectional study aimed to determine the epidemiology of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions related to COVID‐19 in China. Methods This study was conducted by 45 tertiary Grade‐A hospitals in China. Online and offline questionnaire data were obtained from patients infected with COVID‐19 between December 28, 2022, and February 21, 2023. The collected information included basic demographics, medical history, smoking and drinking history, vaccination history, changes in olfactory and gustatory functions before and after infection, and other postinfection symptoms, as well as the duration and improvement status of olfactory and gustatory disorders. Results Complete questionnaires were obtained from 35,566 subjects. The overall incidence of olfactory and taste dysfunction was 67.75%. Being female or being a cigarette smoker increased the likelihood of developing olfactory and taste dysfunction. Having received four doses of the vaccine or having good oral health or being a alcohol drinker decreased the risk of such dysfunction. Before infection, the average olfactory and taste VAS scores were 8.41 and 8.51, respectively; after infection, they decreased to 3.69 and 4.29 and recovered to 5.83 and 6.55 by the time of the survey. The median duration of dysosmia and dysgeusia was 15 and 12 days, respectively, with 0.5% of patients having symptoms lasting for more than 28 days. The overall self‐reported improvement rate was 59.16%. Recovery was higher in males, never smokers, those who received two or three vaccine doses, and those that had never experienced dental health issues, or chronic accompanying symptoms. Conclusions The incidence of dysosmia and dysgeusia following infection with the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus is high in China. Incidence and prognosis are influenced by several factors, including sex, SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination, history of head‐facial trauma, nasal and oral health status, smoking and drinking history, and the persistence of accompanying symptoms.

Abstract Solid‐state sodium batteries (SSSBs) are poised to replace lithium‐ion batteries as viable alternatives for energy storage systems owing to their high safety and reliability, abundance of raw material, and low costs. However, as the core constituent of SSSBs, solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) with low ionic conductivities at room temperature (RT) and unstable interfaces with electrodes hinder the development of SSSBs. Recently, composite SSEs (CSSEs), which inherit the desirable properties of two phases, high RT ionic conductivity, and high interfacial stability, have emerged as viable alternatives; however, their governing mechanism remains unclear. In this review, we summarize the recent research progress of CSSEs, classified into inorganic–inorganic, polymer–polymer, and inorganic–polymer types, and discuss their structure–property relationship in detail. Moreover, the CSSE–electrode interface issues and effective strategies to promote intimate and stable interfaces are summarized. Finally, the trends in the design of CSSEs and CSSE–electrode interfaces are presented, along with the future development prospects of high‐performance SSSBs.

Multivariate time series anomaly detection has garnered significant attention in fields such as IT operations, finance, medicine, and industry. However, a key challenge lies in the fact that anomaly patterns often exhibit multi-scale temporal variations, which existing detection models often fail to capture effectively. This limitation significantly impacts detection accuracy. To address this issue, we propose the MFAM-AD model, which combines the strengths of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and bi-directional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM). The MFAM-AD model is designed to enhance anomaly detection accuracy by seamlessly integrating temporal dependencies and multi-scale spatial features. Specifically, it utilizes parallel convolutional layers to extract features across different scales, employing an attention mechanism for optimal feature fusion. Additionally, Bi-LSTM is leveraged to capture time-dependent information, reconstruct the time series and enable accurate anomaly detection based on reconstruction errors. In contrast to existing algorithms that struggle with inadequate feature fusion or are confined to single-scale feature analysis, MFAM-AD effectively addresses the unique challenges of multivariate time series anomaly detection. Experimental results on five publicly available datasets demonstrate the superiority of the proposed model. Specifically, on the datasets SMAP, MSL, and SMD1-1, our MFAM-AD model has the second-highest F1 score after the current state-of-the-art DCdetector model. On the datasets NIPS-TS-SWAN and NIPS-TS-GECCO, the F1 scores of MAFM-AD are 0.046 (6.2%) and 0.09 (21.3%) higher than those of DCdetector, respectively(the value ranges from 0 to 1). These findings validate the MFAMAD model’s efficacy in multivariate time series anomaly detection, highlighting its potential in various real-world applications.

Multivariate time series anomaly detection is a crucial data mining technique with a wide range of applications in areas such as IT applications. Currently, the majority of anomaly detection methods for time series data rely on unsupervised approaches due to the rarity of anomaly labels. However, in real-world scenarios, obtaining a limited number of anomaly labels is feasible and affordable. Effective usage of these labels can offer valuable insights into the temporal characteristics of anomalies and play a pivotal role in guiding anomaly detection efforts. To improve the performance of multivariate time series anomaly detection, we proposed a novel deep learning model named EDD (Encoder-Decoder-Discriminator) that leverages limited anomaly samples. The EDD model innovatively integrates a graph attention network with long short term memory (LSTM) to extract spatial and temporal features from multivariate time series data. This integrated approach enables the model to capture complex patterns and dependencies within the data. Additionally, the model skillfully maps series data into a latent space, utilizing a carefully crafted loss function to cluster normal data tightly in the latent space while dispersing abnormal data randomly. This innovative design results in distinct probability distributions for normal and abnormal data in the latent space, enabling precise identification of anomalous data. To evaluate the performance of our EDD model, we conducted extensive experimental validation across three diverse datasets. The results demonstrate the significant superiority of our model in multivariate time series anomaly detection. Specifically, the average F1-Score of our model outperformed the second-best method by 2.7% and 73.4% in both evaluation approaches, respectively, highlighting its superior detection capabilities. These findings validate the effectiveness of our proposed EDD model in leveraging limited anomaly samples for accurate and robust anomaly detection in multivariate time series data.

The quality of meat can differ between grazing and feedlot yaks. The present study examined whether spectral fingerprints by visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy and chemo-metrics could be employed to identify the meat of grazing and feedlot yaks. Thirty-six 3.5−year−old castrated male yaks (164 ± 8.38 kg) were divided into grazing and feedlot yaks. After 5 months on treatment, liveweight, carcass weight, and dressing percentage were greater in the feedlot than in grazing yaks. The grazing yaks had greater protein content but lesser fat content than feedlot yaks. Principal component analysis (PCA) was able to identify the meat of the two groups to a great extent. Using either partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) or the soft independent modeling of class analogies (SIMCA) classification, the meat could be differentiated between the groups. Both the original and processed spectral data had a high discrimination percentage, especially the PLS-DA classification algorithm, with 100% discrimination in the 400–2500 nm band. The spectral preprocessing methods can improve the discrimination percentage, especially for the SIMCA classification. It was concluded that the method can be employed to identify meat from grazing or feedlot yaks. The unerring consistency across different wavelengths and data treatments highlights the model's robustness and the potential use of NIR spectroscopy combined with chemometric techniques for meat classification. PLS-DA's accurate classification model is crucial for the unique evaluation of yak meat in the meat industry, ensuring product traceability and meeting consumer expectations for the authenticity and quality of yak meat raised in different ways.

Summary: The cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is essential to elicit type I interferon cascade response; thus, the activity of cGAS must be strictly regulated to boost the antiviral innate immunity. Here, we report that cGAS is responsible for the DNA-induced ISG15 conjugation system. The E3 HERC5 catalyzes the ISGylation of cytoplasmic cGAS at lysine 21, 187, 219, and 458, whereas Ubl carboxy-terminal hydrolase 18 removes the ISGylation of cGAS. The interaction of cGAS and HERC5 depends on the cGAS C-terminal domain and the RRC1-4 and RRC1-5 domains of HERC5. Mechanically, HERC5-catalyzed ISGylation promotes DNA-induced cGAS oligomerization and enhances cGAS enzymatic activity. Deficiency of ISGylation attenuates the downstream inflammatory gene expression induced by the cGAS-STING axis and the antiviral ability in mouse and human cells. Mice deficient in Isg15 or Herc6 are more vulnerable to herpes simplex virus 1 infection. Collectively, our study shows a positive feedback regulation of the cGAS-mediated innate immune pathway by ISGylation.

The light plays a key role in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants. However, the molecular basis of anthocyanin synthesis in grape skins irradiated at night with supplemental white light (W), red light (R), blue light (B), and blue light for 3 h, 6 h, 9 h, and 12 h (B3, B6, B9, and B12) is not known. In the present study, the total anthocyanin content in grape skins was significant under different light (DL) and blue-light time (DT) treatments, and the best result was obtained with B9. Analysis of RNA-seq data determined that the key genes in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway, PAL, CHS, DFR, GT, CFIP, VIT_14s0068g00920, VIT_06s0009g02860, and VIT_06s0004g08150, were significantly up-regulated under night-time supplemental light treatments, which led to the significant expression of the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, and the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, which were significantly expressed, promoting the accumulation of anthocyanin. The B caused significant expression of PAL (VIT_08s0040g01710), CFIP (VIT_13s0067g03820, VIT_13s0067g02870) and DFR (VIT_18s0001g12800), which may be one of the reasons for the better effect of B compared to W anthocyanin enrichment in grape skins. The DT treatment resulted in significant expression of GT (VIT_11s0052g01600), Peroxidase, VIT_09s0018g01190, and VIT_11s0037g00570. In addition, many TFs such as bHLH, MYB, ERF, WRKY, C2H2, MYB-related, and NAC were found to be involved in the synthesis of anthocyanins under light regulation. These results provide new insights into plants’ nocturnal supplemental-light regulation of anthocyanin accumulation.

Acute myeloid leukemia （AML） is a kind of myeloid clonal proliferative tumor with strong heterogeneity. Chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are the main treatment methods for AML. Although patients can achieve better therapeutic effects, the elderly people cannot tolerate conventional chemotherapy due to many reasons such as advanced age, physiological and cognitive impairment, and increased complications, with limited treatment options and shorter survival period （only 2 months）. Venetoclax is the first approved B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 inhibitor （BCL-2） in the world. Many studies have shown that hypomethylating agents (HMA) such as azacytidine or dexcitabine and other low-intensity chemotherapy regimens combined with venetoclax has good efficacy in elderly patients, significantly improving combined overall response rate and overall survival （CR/Cri 66.4%, median OS 14.7 months）, enable more patients to transition to the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation stage （allo-HSCT）. This article briefly reviews the mechanism of action of venetoclax, its clinical application in AML and some related issues including drug resistance.

AIM:To observe the effect of implantable collamer lens V4c(ICL V4c)implantation on high myopia, and the changes in anterior segment morphology.METHODS:A prospective study was conducted on 100 patients(200 eyes)with high myopia who were treated with ICL V4c implantation in the hospital from February 2018 to March 2021. The best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), intraocular pressure, higher-order aberration, anterior segment morphology [iridocorneal angle(ICA), central anterior chamber depth(ACD), anterior chamber volume(ACV), central corneal thickness(CCT)and K-value(K)], photopic and scotopic contrast sensitivity before operation and 6 and 12mo after operation were comparatively analyzed.RESULTS:All patients were followed-up. UCVA and BCVA were significantly improved at 6 and 12mo after operation(P0.05). Spherical aberration, ICA, ACD and ACV at 6 and 12mo after operation were significantly smaller than those before operation(P0.05).CONCLUSION:Although ICA, ACD and ACV in patients with high myopia are reduced after ICL V4c implantation, the operation can effectively improve visual acuity and visual quality.

Several studies have reported the efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), while some ophthalmologists are concerned that TCM may be a risk factor for CSC as some chinese herbs contain hormonal ingredients. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TCM in treating patients with CSC. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies of TCM for CSC were searched up to July 10, 2023 on the following biological databases without language and publication time restrictions: PubMed, Ovid Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, The Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure Database (CNKI), Technology Periodical Database (VIP), Wanfang, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Service System (SinoMed). Review Manager V.5.4.1 and Stata 14 software were used for data analysis. Finally, thirty-eight studies were finally included including 23 RCTs and 15 cohort studies. The meta-analysis showed that compared with the routine treatment alone, the combination of TCM can not only reduce the recurrence rate (OR = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.21,0.40; I2 = 0%) and central retinal thickness (CRT) (MD = - 35.63, 95% CI: - 45.96,-25.30; I2 = 89%) of CSC, but improve patients' best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (SMD = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.62,1.11; I2 = 77%); additionally, it has no obvious side effects compared with routine treatment (OR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.39,1.34; I2 = 10%). Overall, this study shows that the use of TCM does not increase the risk of CSC recurrence; on the contrary, the combination of TCM may reduce the recurrence of CSC and improve BCVA and CRT in patients with CSC compared with conventional treatment.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the two blood inflammatory markers including the systemic immune-inflammation (SII) index, and the system inflammation response index (SIRI). Methods: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data between the year of 2017–2018 was used for this cross-sectional study. In order to analyze the association of SII index, and SIRI and risk of NAFLD, we used multivariable logistic regression models, restricted cubic spline (RCS) plot, and subgroup analysis to analyze the data. Results: In total, there were 1,199 individuals who participated in the survey. As shown by the RCS plot, SII index, and SIRI were linked with NAFLD risk in a U-shaped pattern. With regard to known confounding variables, when comparing the lowest quartile, the odds ratio with 95 % confidence interval for prevalence of NAFLD across the quartiles of SII index and SIRI were (0.89 (0.57, 1.41), 0.56 (0.35, 0.89) and 1.01 (0.64, 1.59)), and (0.77 (0.48, 1.23), 0.79 (0.50, 1.24) and 0.94 (0.60, 1.47)), respectively. Additionally, SII index, and SIRI and NAFLD risk also were U-curve correlated among the participants in age ≥60 years, female, without hypertension, and BMI of ≥30 kg/m2. Conclusions: There was a U-shaped association of SII index and SIRI with prevalence of NAFLD, indicating that SII index and SIRI should be monitored dynamically.

Abstract Objectives To investigate the relationship between auditory pathway function and cochlear size in deaf children with a radiologically normal inner ear or Mondini malformation. Methods Thirty‐five deaf children without inner ear malformations (IEMs) and forty cases with Mondini malformation were included in this study. The electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses (EABRs) evoked by electrical stimulation at the round window niche (RWN) and round window membrane (RWM) were recorded during cochlear implantation (CI) surgery. The anatomical parameters of the cochlea were assessed by high‐resolution computed tomography and OTOPLAN 3‐D construction software. Correlations between EABRs and cochlear sizes were analyzed. Results The EABR thresholds and/or latencies were negatively correlated with the basal cochlear diameter, cochlear width and/or cochlear duct length in both patients without IEMs and those with Mondini malformation. Conclusion The physiological function of the peripheral auditory system depends on the anatomical structure of the cochlea to an extent. A larger cochlear size appears to be associated with better auditory conduction function. Our findings may be beneficial to selection of the proper electrode type and prediction of postoperative auditory rehabilitation. Level of Evidence Level 4.

AIM: To investigate the effect of different degrees of traction power on the survival rate of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)and nerve conduction in rats, and to discuss the effect of autophagy level of RGCs on the above parameters.METHODS: A total of 30 healthy male Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into empty group, sham-operation group, 0.15N, 0.3N and 0.6N group, with 6 rats in each group.Modeling group was performed the transverse quantitative traction to make a rat model of optic nerve injury. In addition, rats in empty group were not operated and rats in sham-operation group only got optic nerve exposed. Flash visual evoked potentials(f-VEP)were performed respectively on 1 and 3d after modeling.The survival of retinal ganglion cells was observed by Brn-3a staining at 3d after modeling, autophagy bodies were observed by transmission electron microscope, and the expression level of LC3B II/I protein was detected by Western blotting.RESULTS: Compared with sham-operation group, the f-VEP P2 peak was significantly delayed and the amplitude reduced at 3d after modeling. In addition, the survival rate of RGCs was decreased, and the expression level of LC3B II/I protein were decreased. Autophagy bodies were observed in the retinal tissue of rats in all groups.CONCLUSION: Optic nerve traction reduced early retinal autophagy level, death of RGCs and corresponding nerve conduction dysfunction in rats,and different traction caused different degrees of injury. In addition,there was a correlation between the autophagy level and the survival of RGCs.

Changes in vegetation responses to precipitation may be hydroclimate dependent. Here the authors reveal contrasting trends of vegetation sensitivity to precipitation in drylands vs. wetter ecosystems over the last 4 decades and identify increased CO2 as a major contributing factor.

This study identified two palynological assemblages, namely Bayanhuasporites-Cycadopites-Protoconiferus and Cicatricosisporites-Cedripites-Perinopollenites, in the Tongbomiao Formation in the Hongqi Sag in the Hailar Basin, Inner Mongolia, China for the first time. The former is distributed in the lower part of the Tongbomiao Formation and is characterized by abundant gymnosperm pollen and diverse fern spores. Among them, the gymnosperm pollen is dominated by Paleoconifer (4.98%–31.62%) and Cycadopite (8.55%–25.23%) pollen grains and also includes other pollen grains such as Classopollis, Parcisporites, Erlianpollis, Callialasporites, and Jiaohepollis. The fern spores in the former palynological assemblage contain Bayanhuasporite (0–8.96%), Granulatisporites (0.93%–6.97%), and some important Cretaceous genera, such as Cicatricosisporites, Concavissimisporites, Densoisporites, Hsuisporites, Foraminisporis, and Leptolepidites. The Cicatricosisporites-Cedripites-Perinopollenites palynological assemblage is distributed in the upper part of the Tongbomiao Formation. Gymnosperm (77.30%), Pinaceae (31.9%), and Paleoconiferus (19.02%) pollen predominate this palynological assemblage, and Quadraeculina, Erlianpollis, and Jiaohepollis pollen are also common in this assemblage. The fern spores in this palynological assemblage include abundant Cicatricosisporites (4.29%). Besides, Concavissimisporites, Aequitriradites, and Leptolepidites are also common in this palynological assemblage. No angiosperm pollen has been found in both palynological assemblages. The identification of both palynological assemblages provides important evidence for the biostratigraphic correlation between the Hailar Basin and its adjacent areas. It also enables the reconstructions of the Berriasian-Valanginian (Early Cretaceous) vegetation and the paleoclimate on the eastern Mongolian Plateau during 141–132 Ma. The vegetation reconstructed on the palynological data of the represented by Hailar Basin in eastern Mongolian Plateau (141.6–141.4 Ma), form conifer forest or conifer broad-leaved mixed forest to conifer forest with shrubs and grassland, the climate belongs to warm temperate and warm-subtropicalt, the highest temperature is estimated to reach 35–38°C. Form 132.3 Ma, the vegetation type is conifer forest, and its paleoclimate is sub-humid warm temperate, the highest temperature is estimated to reach 24–29°C.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.

IntroductionCombination therapeutic mode is likely to be the key to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy in a wider range of cancer patients. Herein, we conducted an open-label, single-arm, multicenter, phase II clinical trial that enrolled patients with advanced solid tumors who had progressed after standard treatments.MethodsRadiotherapy of 24 Gy/3 fractions/3-10 days was given to the targeted lesions. Liposomal irinotecan (80mg/m2, dose could be adjusted to 60 mg/m2 for intolerable cases) was intravenously (IV) administered once within 48 hours after radiotherapy. Then, camrelizumab (200mg IV, q3w) and anti-angiogenic drugs were given regularly until disease progression. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR) in the target lesions evaluated by investigators per RECIST 1.1. The secondary endpoints were disease control rate (DCR) and treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs).ResultsBetween November 2020 and June 2022, 60 patients were enrolled. The median follow-up was 9.0 months (95% confidence interval (CI) 5.5-12.5). Of 52 evaluable patients, the overall ORR and DCR were 34.6% and 82.7%, respectively. Fifty patients with target lesions were evaluable, the ORR and DCR of the target lesions were 35.3% and 82.4%, respectively. The median progression-free survival was 5.3 months (95% CI 3.6, 6.2), and the median overall survival was not reached. TRAEs (all grades) occurred in 55 (91.7%) patients. The most common grade 3-4 TRAEs were lymphopenia (31.7%), anemia (10.0%), and leukopenia (10.0%).ConclusionThe combination of radiotherapy, liposomal irinotecan, camrelizumab, and anti-angiogenesis therapy demonstrated promising anti-tumor activity and well tolerance in various advanced solid tumors.Clinical trial registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/home, identifier NCT04569916.

Background: This study aims to unravel the genetic intricacies regulating the reproductive prolificacy of Tibetan sheep, an indigenous breed prominently found in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Methods: We employed meticulous sequencing and analytical strategies to discern the differential expressions of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in the ovarian tissues of ewes with varying lambing numbers. Result: In our study, we identified 817 genes with differential expression in twin-bearing ewes compared to those bearing single lambs. This group comprised 495 upregulated and 322 downregulated genes, featuring key candidates like COL1A1, COL1A2, BMPRIB, GDF9, BMP15 and TGFB2. Furthermore, we discovered a notable difference in the expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in ewes birthing twins as opposed to singles, with 210 differentially expressed lncRNAs identified, including 91 upregulated and 119 downregulated. Key genes and lncRNAs associated with reproductive efficiency were identified, contributing valuable insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms and offering a robust foundation for enhancing breeding strategies and overall livestock productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the growth performance, serum biochemical indicators, rumen fermentation parameters, rumen bacterial structure, and fecal bacterial structure of cattle and yaks fed for two months and given a feed containing concentrate of a roughage ratio of 7:3 on a dry matter basis. Compared with cattle, yak showed better growth performance. The serum biochemical results showed that the albumin/globulin ratio in yak serum was significantly higher than that in cattle. Aspartate aminotransferase, indirect bilirubin, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and total cholesterol were significantly lower in yaks than in cattle. The rumen pH, acetate to propionate ratio, and acetate were lower in yaks than in cattle, whereas the lactate in yaks was higher than in cattle. There were significant differences in the structure of ruminal as well as fecal bacteria between cattle and yaks. The prediction of rumen bacterial function showed that there was a metabolic difference between cattle and yaks. In general, the metabolic pathway of cattle was mainly riched in a de novo synthesis of nucleotides, whereas that of yaks was mainly riched in the metabolic utilization of nutrients. This study provides a basis for understanding a rumen ecology under the condition of a high concentrate diet.

Objective. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has been explored in Huntington disease (HD) as a potential therapeutic approach; however, a complete synthesis of these results is lacking. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of MSCs on HD. Method. Eligible studies published before November 2022 were screened from Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, and Cochrane in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. ClinicalTrial.gov and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform were also searched for registered clinical trials. The outcomes in rodent studies evaluated included morphological changes (striatal volume and ventricular volume), motor function (rotarod test, wire hang test, grip strength test, limb-clasping test, apomorphine-induced rotation test, and neuromuscular electromyography activity), cognition (Morris water maze test), and body weight. Result. The initial search returned 362 records, of which 15 studies incorporating 346 HD rodents were eligible for meta-analysis. Larger striatal and smaller ventricular volumes were observed in MSC-treated animals compared to controls. MSCs transplanted before the occurrence of motor dysfunction rescued the motor incoordination of HD. Among different MSC sources, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were the most investigated cells and were effective in improving motor coordination. MSC therapy improved muscle strength, neuromuscular electromyography activity, cortex-related motor function, and striatum-related motor function, while cognition was not changed. The body weight of male HD rodents increased after MSC transplantation, while that of females was not affected. Conclusion. Meta-analysis showed a positive effect of MSCs on HD rodents overall, as reflected in morphological changes, motor coordination, muscle strength, neuromuscular electromyography activity, cortex-related motor function, and striatum-related motor function, while cognition was not changed by MSC therapy.

BackgroundIn recent years, an increasing number of patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have received acupuncture treatment, but there has been no systematic review to evaluate the effect of acupuncture on patients with AMD.PurposeThis meta-analysis aims to review the clinical efficacy of acupuncture in the treatment of AMD.MethodsRandomized controlled trials up to September 4, 2022 were searched in the following databases: PubMed, Ovid Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, The Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure Database, VIP, Wanfang, and SINOMED. Two reviewers independently performed literature screening and data extraction. RevMan 5.4 was used for the meta-analysis.ResultsNine of the 226 articles were finally included. A total of 508 AMD patients (631 eyes) were enrolled, including 360 dry eyes and 271 wet eyes. The results showed that acupuncture alone or as an adjunct therapy improved both the clinical efficacy and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of AMD patients and reduced their central macular thickness. The certainty of the evidence ranged from "low" to "very low".ConclusionThere is no high-quality evidence that acupuncture is effective in treating patients with AMD; patients with dry AMD may benefit from acupuncture treatment. Considering the potential of acupuncture treatment for AMD, it is necessary to conduct a rigorously designed randomized controlled trials to verify its efficacy.

The phenomenon of the drying-wetting cycle is a component of the weathering process and has a significant impact on the characteristics of rock materials. In order to examine the physical and dynamic tensile properties of red sandstone subjected to drying-wetting cycles, physical tests and dynamic splitting tensile tests were performed on red sandstone specimens under varying drying-wetting conditions. First, the split Hopkins pressure bar was used to perform dynamic tensile tests on red sandstone samples after varying numbers of drying-wetting cycles (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80). Second, the effects of the loading rate and drying-wetting cycles on dynamic tensile strength and energy dissipation of red sandstone were studied. Finally, taking into account the effect of the loading rate, a model was developed to predict the trend of decay in the dynamic tensile strength of red sandstone following drying-wetting cycles. The findings indicate that as the number of drying-wetting cycles increases, there is a decrease in longitudinal wave velocity and a marked degradation of the red sandstone due to the effects of the drying-wetting cycles. The dynamic tensile strength and dissipation energy density of red sandstone samples increase with the increasing loading rate. Under consistent loading rate conditions, the dynamic tensile strength and dissipative energy density of red sandstone samples exhibit a decrease as the number of drying-wetting cycles increases.

In this paper, the slit Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) experiments were conducted to investigate the dynamic mechanical characteristics of red sandstone during acid dry-wet cycles. The appearance of the samples was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, and the process of red sandstone degradation under acid dry-wet cycles was examined. The results reveal that, as compared to neutral solution, acid solution enhances the degree of degradation induced by dry-wet cycles in red sandstone. The dynamic compressive strength and elastic modulus of red sandstone steadily decline as the number of dry-wet cycles increases, and the lower the pH of solution, the greater the reduction. The mechanism of degradation of red sandstone during acid dry-wet cycles may be explained in two ways. First, the chemical interaction between the mineral components in the sample, such as cement and feldspar, and H+ in the acid solution has accelerated the formation of secondary pores and fractures, resulting in a decrease in the cementation capacity between mineral particles. Second, partial breakdown of the major mineral particles softens the mineral skeleton.

Predictions, the bridge between the internal and external worlds, are established by prior experience and updated by sensory stimuli. Responses to omitted but unexpected stimuli, known as omission responses, can break the one-to-one mapping of stimulus-response and can expose predictions established by the preceding stimulus built up. While research into exogenous predictions (driven by external stimuli) is often reported, that into endogenous predictions (driven by internal percepts) is rarely available in the literature. Here, we report evidence for endogenous predictions established by the Zwicker tone illusion, a phantom pure-tone-like auditory percept following notch noises. We found that MMN, P300, and theta oscillations could be recorded using an omission paradigm in subjects who can perceive Zwicker tone illusions, but could not in those who cannot. The MMN and P300 responses relied on attention, but theta oscillations did not. In-depth analysis shows that an increase in single-trial theta power, including total and induced theta, with the endogenous prediction, is lateralized to the left frontal brain areas. Our study depicts that the brain automatically analyzes internal perception, progressively establishes predictions and yields prediction errors in the left frontal region when a violation occurs.

Herein, we successfully fabricated an Al-doped α-Ga2O3 nanorod array on FTO using the hydrothermal and post-annealing processes. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that an Al-doped α-Ga2O3 nanorod array on FTO has been realized via a much simpler and cheaper way than that based on metal–organic chemical vapor deposition, magnetron sputtering, molecular beam epitaxy, and pulsed laser deposition. And, a self-powered Al-doped α-Ga2O3 nanorod array/FTO photodetector was also realized as a photoanode at 0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in a photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell, showing a peak responsivity of 1.46 mA/W at 260 nm. The response speed of the Al-doped device was 0.421 s for rise time, and 0.139 s for decay time under solar-blind UV (260 nm) illumination. Compared with the undoped device, the responsivity of the Al-doped device was ~5.84 times larger, and the response speed was relatively faster. When increasing the biases from 0 V to 1 V, the responsivity, quantum efficiency, and detectivity of the Al-doped device were enhanced from 1.46 mA/W to 2.02 mA/W, from ~0.7% to ~0.96%, and from ~6 × 109 Jones to ~1 × 1010 Jones, respectively, due to the enlarged depletion region. Therefore, Al doping may provide a route to enhance the self-powered photodetection performance of α-Ga2O3 nanorod arrays.

The Bering sea is susceptible to ocean acidification driven by both human activities (anthropogenic CO2) and distinctive natural processes. To assess the situation of ocean acidification, we investigated the spatial variability of aragonite saturation states (ΩAr) in July 2010 during the 4th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition (CHINARE). The surface waters were all oversaturated with respect to aragonite (ΩAr > 1) due to high biological removal, and ΩAr ranged from 1.43 to 3.17. The relatively low ΩAr values were found in the western Bering Strait and eastern nearshore region of the Bering Sea Shelf, which were associated with the upwelling and riverine input, respectively. In the subsurface, the ΩAr decreased to generally low saturation states and were observed to be strongly undersaturated (ΩAr

With the rapid development of inclusive finance, the popularity of financial services is increasing, and the level of financial literacy of residents has gained. Using data from the years 2013, 2015, and 2017 China General Social Surveys (CGSS) and the China Digital Inclusive Finance Development Index to analyze residents' investment behavior in China, this study finds that inclusive finance significantly increased residents' investment participation and decrease their sense of happiness at the same time. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of China's financial inclusion policy and provides ideas for its further improvement.

Classical notion claims that a memory is implicit if has nothing to do with consciousness during the information retrieval from storage, or is otherwise explicit. Here, we demonstrate event-related potential evidence for involuntary consciousness during implicit memory retrieval. We designed a passive oddball paradigm for retrieval of implicit memory in which an auditory stream of Shepard tones with musical pitch interval contrasts were delivered to the subjects. These contrasts evoked a mismatch negativity response, which is an event-related potential and a neural marker of implicit memory, in the subjects with long-term musical training, but not in the subjects without. Notably, this response was followed by a salient P3 component which implies involvement of involuntary consciousness in the implicit memory retrieval. Finally, source analysis of the P3 revealed moving dipoles from the frontal lobe to the insula, a brain region closely related to conscious attention. Our study presents a case of involvement of involuntary consciousness in the implicit memory retrieval and suggests a potential challenge to the classical definition of implicit memory.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to establish a novel rat model for ligamentum flavum (LF) hypertrophy using increased motion of lumbar and to elucidate the etiology of (LFH). Methods A total number of 30 male rats were used. The increased motion of lumbar was induced by surgical resection of L5/6 posterior elements (n = 15). The other rats underwent a sham operation (n = 15). After 8 weeks, all rats were taken lateral plain X-rays. The LF from L5/6 in both groups were harvested to investigate histological, immunohistological, and real-time PCR analysis. Results According to radiological results, the disc height ratio, flexion ratio, and extension ratio were larger in the rats in the experimental group than that of in the sham group. The HE staining showed that the LF thickness in the experimental group significantly increased in comparison to the sham group. The Masson trichrome staining showed that the ratio of elastic fibers to collagen fibers in experimental group was lower than that in the sham group. The protein and gene expression of TGF-β1, TNF-α, IL-1β, and Col 1 were significantly higher in the experimental group than that in the sham group. Conclusion A relatively safe, simple, and rapid rat model of LFH using increased motion of lumbar was established. The increased motion of lumbar could lead to high expression of inflammatory and fibrotic factors in LF, causing the accumulation of collagen fibers and decreasing of elastic fibers.

The concentration of an electrolyte is an optical characteristic of drinking water. We propose a method based on the multiple self-mixing interference with absorption for detecting the Fe2+ indicator as the electrolyte sample at a micromolar concentration. The theoretical expressions were derived based on the lasing amplitude condition in the presence of the reflected lights considering the concentration of the Fe2+ indicator via the absorption decay according to Beer’s law. The experimental setup was built to observe MSMI waveform using a green laser whose wavelength was located in the extent of the Fe2+ indicator’s absorption spectrum. The waveforms of the multiple self-mixing interference were simulated and observed at different concentrations. The simulated and experimental waveforms both contained the main and parasitic fringes whose amplitudes varied at different concentrations with different degrees, as the reflected lights participated in the lasing gain after absorption decay by the Fe2+ indicator. The experimental results and the simulated results showed a nonlinear logarithmic distribution of the amplitude ratio, the defined parameter estimating the waveform variations, versus the concentration of the Fe2+ indicator via numerical fitting.

Oxaliplatin resistance is a major challenge in the clinical treatment for advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in tumorigenesis and progression as critical regulators, while their potential roles in chemoresistance are poorly understood. In this study, we report that the LINC00460-miR-149-5p/miR-150-5p-mutant p53 feedback loop is responsible for oxaliplatin resistance in CRC. First, LINC00460 was found to exhibit higher expression in oxaliplatin-resistant CRC (CRC/OxR) cells compared with parental oxaliplatin-sensitive ones, and this expression pattern depends on mutant p53 (SW480/OxR), not wild-type p53 (HCT116/OxR). Oxaliplatin-induced LINC00460 in SW480/OxR cells was mainly located in the cytoplasm and was associated with AGO2 protein. LINC00460 functions as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to promote oxaliplatin resistance through sequestering miR-149-5p/miR-150-5p and upregulating the expression of the microRNA (miRNA) target p53. Knockdown of LINC00460 sensitized SW480/OxR cells to oxaliplatin by modulating p53 in vitro and in vivo. In turn, mutant p53 positively regulated the expression of LINC00460, thus forming a feedback loop. Clinical data showed that LINC00460 was upregulated in CRC tissues compared with paired normal tissues and was significantly correlated with clinical stage and node (N) status. Our findings uncover a mechanism for the LINC00460-miR-149-5p/miR-150-5p-mutant p53 feedback loop in oxaliplatin resistance of CRC, and they provide potential therapeutic targets for tumor chemoresistance.

Abstract Background Allergic rhinitis (AR) is one of the most prevalent allergic diseases in children. This study aimed to investigate the association between serum concentrations of vitamin E and AR to determine if the vitamin E level is correlated with the occurrence and severity of AR. Methods A total of 113 children were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Sixty-five children in the outpatient group were diagnosed with AR, and 48 healthy children were recruited as controls. All subjects underwent serum vitamin E (adjusted for total cholesterol and triglycerides) measurements. Serum to total IgE (tIgE), the five most common allergen-specific IgE (sIgE) levels and skin prick test (SPT) were measured in children with AR. The severity of AR was assessed with the nasal symptoms score, and the situation of exposure to passive smoking were inquired. Results Serum vitamin E levels were significantly lower in the AR group than in the normal children (P

Exosomes, membranous nanovesicles, naturally carry proteins, mRNAs, and microRNAs (miRNAs) and play important roles in tumor pathogenesis. Here we showed that gastric cancer (GC) cell-derived exosomes can function as vehicles to deliver miR-155 to promote angiogenesis in GC. In this study, we first detected that the expression of miR-155 and c-MYB was negatively correlated in GC and that c-MYB was a direct target of miR-155. We next characterized the promotional effect of exosome-delivered miR-155 on angiogenesis and tumor growth in GC. We found that miR-155 could inhibit c-MYB but increase vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and promote growth, metastasis, and tube formation of vascular cells, causing the occurrence and development of tumors. We also used a tumor implantation mouse model to show that exosomes containing miR-155 significantly augment the growth rate of the vasculature and tumors in vivo. Our results illustrate the potential mechanism between miR-155 and angiogenesis in GC. These findings contribute to our understanding of the function of miR-155 and exosomes for GC therapy. Keywords: exosomes, miR-155, c-MYB, angiogenesis, VEGF

In vitro gynogenesis is an important tool used in haploid or homozygous double-haploid plant breeding. However, because of low repeatability, embryoid induction rate and quality, the molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Heat shock treatment can promote the transformation of the gametophytic pathway into the sporophyte pathway, which induces the occurrence of haploid. In this study, unfertilized ovaries were heat shocked for 0 h (A0) before flowering and for 0 h (A1), 4 h (A3), 8 h (A5), 12 h (A7), and 24 h (A8), respectively, at 37°C at the first day of the flowering stage. The ovule enlargement rate was increased from 0% at 25°C to 96.8% at 37°C (24 h treatment). Thus, we aimed to investigate the gene expression patterns in unfertilized ovules of watermelon after different periods of heat shock by using RNA-Seq technology. The results showed that compared with A3, A5, A7, and A8, the biosynthesis of amino acid, glycine, serine and threonine metabolic pathways in A1 has changed significantly. This indicated that heat shock treatment affected the synthesis and transformation of amino acids during ovule expansion. The transcriptome data suggested gene expressions of ovule growth were significantly changed by heat-specific influences. The results provide new information on the complex relationship between in vitro gynogenesis and temperature. This provides a basis for further study of the mechanism of heat shock affecting the expansion of watermelon ovule.

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne viral infection which is prevalent in Taiwan. The virus circulates in an enzootic cycle in pigs which serve as amplifying hosts. Outbreaks typically occur during summer. A universal vaccination program using 4-shot mouse brain-derived inactivated vaccine has successfully controlled JE epidemics in Taiwan since 1968. More than 90% of JE cases in recent years were older than 20 years in Taiwan. Because of several drawbacks, mouse brain-derived vaccine has been replaced by newer generation JE vaccines, including inactivated Vero cell-derived vaccine and live chimeric vaccine. The present article describes the recommendations in Taiwan for the use of new JE vaccines and the schedules for shifting between different JE vaccines. Key Words: epidemiology, immunization schedule, Japanese encephalitis, vaccination

Photocatalysis is regarded as a green technology to degrade organic dyes driven by light energy. The selection of photocatalyst restricts the development of photocatalytic technology. Aluminate is a kind of potential broad-gap semiconductor photocatalyst and also an excellent phosphor substrate materials. The physical and chemical properties of aluminate are strongly dependent on the preparation method. Insight into the influence of synthesis methods on photocatalytic activity of aluminate based photocatalysts is helpful for the development of novel aluminate based photocatalysts. In this paper, the typical synthesis methods of aluminate photocatalysts, ion-doped aluminate based photocatalysts and heterojunction type aluminate photocatalysts, and their photocatalytic activities are reviewed. Based on the energy band theory, the photocatalytic mechanisms of single component aluminate photocatalyst, ion-doped aluminate based photocatalyst, and heterojunction type aluminate photocatalyst were reviewed. The future development of aluminate based photocatalyst will give priority to the salinization of aluminate modified by silver and other metal particles and the photocatalytic application of activated ion modified aluminate based phosphors.

White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) of presumed vascular origin are one of the most important neuroimaging markers of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), which are closely associated with cognitive impairment. The aim of this study was to elucidate the pathogenesis of WMHs from the perspective of inflammation and hypoperfusion mechanisms. A total of 65 patients with WMHs and 65 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Inflammatory markers measurements [hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2)], cognitive evaluation, and pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) MRI scanning were performed in all the subjects. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that Lp-PLA2 was an independent risk factor for WMHs. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the whole brain, gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), left orbital medial frontal gyrus [MFG.L (orbital part)], left middle temporal gyrus (MTG.L), and right thalamus (Tha.R) in the patients was lower than those in the controls and CBF in the left triangular inferior frontal gyrus [IFG.L (triangular part)] was higher in the patients than in the controls. There was a significant correlation between Lp-PLA2 levels and CBF in the whole brain (R = −0.417, p < 0.001) and GM (R = −0.278, p = 0.025), but not in the WM in the patients. Moreover, CBF in the MFG.L (orbital part) and the Tha.R was, respectively, negatively associated with the trail making test (TMT) and the Stroop color word test (SCWT), suggesting the higher CBF, the better executive function. The CBF in the IFG.L (triangular part) was negatively correlated with attention scores in the Cambridge Cognitive Examination-Chinese Version (CAMCOG-C) subitems (R = −0.288, p = 0.020). Our results revealed the vascular inflammation roles in WMHs, which may through the regulation of CBF in the whole brain and GM. Additionally, CBF changes in different brain regions may imply a potential role in the modulation of cognitive function in different domains.

The selection of testis size can improve the reproductive capacity of livestock used for artificial insemination and has been considered as an important strategy for accelerating the breeding process. Although much work has been done to investigate the mechanisms of testis development in various species, there is little information available in regard to the differences in transcriptomic profiling of sheep testes at different developmental stages. In this work, we aimed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by RNA-Seq in sheep during different growth stages, including 0 month old (infant, M0), 3 months old (puberty, M3), 6 months old (sexual maturity, M6) and 12 months old (body maturity, M12). A total of 4,606 (2,381 up and 2,225 down), 7,500 (4,368 up and 3,132 down), 15 (8 up and seven down) DEGs were identified in M3_vs_M0, M6_vs_M3, and M12_vs_M6 comparison, respectively. Of which, a number of genes were continuously up-regulated and down-regulated with testicular development, including ODF3, ZPBP1, PKDREJ, MYBL1, PDGFA, IGF1, LH, INSL3, VIM, AMH, INHBA, COL1A1, COL1A2, and INHA. GO analysis illustrated that DEGs were mainly involved in testis development and spermatogenesis. KEGG analysis identified several important pathways and verified several reproduction-associated DEGs such as COL1A1, COL1A2, PDGFA, and IGF1. In addition, two gene modules highly associated with testis development and core genes with testis size were identified using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), including hub genes positively associated with testis size such as RANBP9, DNAH17, SPATA4, CIB4 and SPEM1, and those negatively associated with testis size such as CD81, CSK, PDGFA, VIM, and INHBA. This study comprehensively identified key genes related to sheep testicular development, which may provide potential insights for understanding male fertility and better guide in animal breeding.

Huang-Huai-Hai Plain is the most important region for grain production in China. In this area, long-term rotary tillage in winter wheat and no tillage in summer maize have significantly increased soil bulk density, which impede maize root growth and reduce the grain yield. Subsoiling tillage is an effective practice to improve soil properties and crop growth. The objective of this study was to investigate the integrated effects of subsoiling tillage in both winter wheat and summer maize seasons on soil bulk density, maize root growth and spatial distribution. A two-year field experiment was conducted in winter wheat–summer maize rotation system. Tillage treatments included rotary tillage (RT) and subsoiling tillage (ST) in wheat season, and no tillage (NT), inter–row subsoiling tillage (STIR), and on–row subsoiling tillage (STOR) in maize season. It was found that in the second year, i.e., in 2018, ST decreased soil bulk density by 3.87% and increased porosity by 5.86% at 30–40 cm soil depth at maize maturity. Meanwhile, maize root length density at 40–50 cm depth increased by 30.00% and grain yield increased by 4.70% under ST. In maize season tillage treatments, STOR decreased soil bulk density by 4.52% and increased soil porosity by 6.96% at 20–30 cm soil depth. Compared with NT, the STOR significantly increased maize root length density at 20–30 cm soil depth by 78.45%, and increased root length density in a horizontal area 0–10 cm for both years, with a significant increase of 58.89% in 2018. Therefore, this study demonstrated that in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, which has a tidal soil type, subsoiling tillage in winter wheat season and on–row subsoiling tillage in maize season can loosen the soil and improve vertical extension of maize root system in the soil.

Background: While a cochlear implant (CI) can restore access to audibility in deaf children, implanted children may still have difficulty in concentrating. Previous studies have revealed a close relationship between sensory gating and attention. However, whether CI children have deficient auditory sensory gating remains unclear.Methods: To address this issue, we measured the event-related potentials (ERPs), including P50, N100, and P200, evoked by paired tone bursts (S1 and S2) in CI children and normal-hearing (NH) controls. Suppressed amplitudes for S2 compared with S1 in these three ERPs reflected sensory gating during early and later phases, respectively. A Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham IV (SNAP-IV) scale was performed to assess the attentional performance.Results: Significant amplitude differences between S1 and S2 in N100 and P200 were observed in both NH and CI children, indicating the presence of sensory gating in the two groups. However, the P50 suppression was only found in NH children and not in CI children. Furthermore, the duration of deafness was significantly positively correlated with the score of inattention in CI children.Conclusion: Auditory sensory gating can develop but is deficient during the early phase in CI children. Long-term auditory deprivation has a negative effect on sensory gating and attentional performance.