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In order to establish an effective mechanism for predicting spoilage of chilled goose breast meat, the microfloral succession was investigated by high-throughput sequencing and the dominant spoilage bacteria of chilled goose breast meat were determined. Meanwhile, the effects of three dominant spoilage bacteria on the volatile flavor substances of chilled goose breast meat were characterized by using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). The results showed that the diversity of microflora was richer during the early and late storage periods. The dominant phylum was Amoeba, and the dominant spoilage bacterium was Pseudomona. Pseudomona began to grow significantly starting from day 3 and reached a peak with a relative abundance of 96.79% on day 9. Contamination with the dominant spoilage bacteria significantly affected the composition of volatile components in goose breast at the end of storage, resulting in higher proportions and contents of esters and ketones than fresh goose breast. Orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) showed that methyl palmitoleate, methyl palmitate, ethyl oleate, methyl linoleate, ethyl linoleate, ethyl palmitoleate, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, methyl trans-oleate, ethyl trans-oleate and neopentyl hexanoate were the major contributors to the volatile flavor of spoiled goose breast.

Research Findings: The present study investigated the effects of a 12-week inquiry-based science and engineering (IBSE) program on preschoolers' science and engineering learning experiences. The treatment versus control condition was randomly assigned to four preschool classes, which included 122 preschoolers (M = 61.10 month, SD = 3.73). Statistical analysis revealed that the IBSE treatment group (N = 62) had experienced greater gains over time in physical science knowledge, problem-solving skills, and competence motivation as compared to those in the control group (N = 60), with the between-group effect sizes (Cohen's d) ranging from 0.27 to 1.28. The baseline functioning was found to moderate the program effects. The IBSE group of children who scored higher in science-relevant problem-solving skills at baseline demonstrated more significant improvements in engineering problem-solving skills relative to the control group. Practice or Policy: This study demonstrates that teaching strategies of engineering design process (EDP) and the 5Es instructional model are supportive of young children's learning with enhanced scientific understanding and skills.

Objective: To assess the positional reproducibility of sedated and non-sedated pediatric tumor patients during radiotherapy through a retrospective analysis of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and planned computed tomography (CT) scan data. Methods: The positional reproducibility of 40 pediatric tumor patients, aged 2 to 17 years with a median age of 4.5 years, who received radiotherapy under sedated and non-sedated states was retrospectively compared. The first CBCT images obtained during CT-based treatment planning were analyzed. The analysis encompassed six-dimensional positional changes, including vertical (Vrt), longitudinal (Lng), lateral (Lat), rotational (Rtn), pitch, and roll directions. Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z nonparametric rank-sum testing was employed to evaluate the positional deviations, considering absolute values regardless of directionality. Data were further stratified based on different fixation methods used during treatment. Results: Sedated patients exhibited significantly smaller positional deviations in Vrt, Lng, Lat, and Rtn directions in the body membrane group compared with their non-sedated counterparts (P<0.05). Similarly, sedated patients demonstrated reduced positional deviations in Vrt, Lng, Lat, Rtn, pitch and Roll directions in the head and neck group compared with non-sedated patients (P<0.05). Meanwhile, compared with vacuum bag plus body membrane fixation, the head and shoulder film fixation technique proved superior in terms of positional reproducibility during sedated treatment, specifically in Vrt, Lng, Lat, Pitch, and Roll directions (P<0.05). Similarly, compared with the alternative fixation method, the head and shoulder film fixation method showed better positional deviations in six-Dimensional directions in non-sedated patients (P<0.05). Conclusion: While sedated radiotherapy may offer advantages in terms of positional reproducibility, the present study underscores the importance of considering non-sedated radiotherapy as a viable option for pediatric tumor patients. Non-sedated treatment not only provides effective tumor control but also mitigates the psychological trauma and long-term side effects associated with repeated sedative drug use. Future studies should further explore the optimal sedation and fixation strategies for pediatric radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The delayed match-to-sample task (DMS) is used to probe working memory (WM) across species. While the involvement of the PFC in this task has been established, limited information exists regarding the recruitment of broader circuitry, especially under the low- versus high-WM load. We sought to address this question by using a variable-delay operant DMS task. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained and tested to determine their baseline WM performance across all (0- to 24-sec) delays. Next, rats were tested in a single DMS test with either 0- or 24-sec fixed delay, to assess low-/high-load WM performance. "c-Fos" mRNA expression was quantified within cortical and subcortical regions and correlated with WM performance. High WM load up-regulated overall "c-Fos" mRNA expression within the PrL, as well as within a subset of mGlu5+ cells, with load-dependent, local activation of protein kinase C (PKC) as the proposed underlying molecular mechanism. The PrL activity negatively correlated with choice accuracy during high load WM performance. A broader circuitry, including several subcortical regions, was found to be activated under low and/or high load conditions. These findings highlight the role of mGlu5- and/or PKC-dependent signaling within the PrL, and corresponding recruitment of subcortical regions during high-load WM performance.