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The centre of the highest region of muscle spindle abundance (CHRMSA) in the intramuscular nerve‐dense region has been suggested as the optimal target location for injecting botulinum toxin A to block muscle spasms. The anterior forearm muscles have a high incidence of spasticity. However, the CHRMSA in the intramuscular nerve‐dense region of the forearm anterior muscle group has not been defined. This study aimed to accurately define the body surface position and the depth of CHRMSA in an intramuscular nerve‐dense region of the anterior forearm muscles. Twenty‐four adult cadavers (57.7 ± 11.5 years) were included in this study. The curved line close to the skin connecting the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus was designated as the horizontal reference line (H line), and the line connecting the medial epicondyle of the humerus and the ulnar styloid was defined as the longitudinal reference line (L line). Modified Sihler's staining, haematoxylin–eosin staining and computed tomography scanning were employed to determine the projection points (P and P′) of the CHRMSAs on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the forearm. The positions (PH and PL) of point P projected onto the H and L lines, and the depth of each CHRMSA, were determined using the Syngo system. The PH of the CHRMSA of the ulnar head of pronator teres, humeral head of pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, ulnar part of flexor digitorum superficialis, radial part of flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor pollicis longus, ulnar part of flexor digitorum profundus, radial portion of flexor digitorum profundus and pronator quadratus muscles were located at 42.48%, 45.52%, 41.20%, 19.70%, 7.77%, 25.65%, 47.42%, 53.47%, 12.28%, 38.41% and 51.68% of the H line, respectively; the PL were located at 18.38%, 12.54%, 28.83%, 13.43%, 17.65%, 32.76%, 57.32%, 64.12%, 20.05%, 45.94% and 88.71% of the L line, respectively; the puncture depths were located at 21.92%, 27.25%, 23.76%, 18.04%, 15.49%, 31.36%, 26.59%, 41.28%, 38.72%, 45.14% and 53.58% of the PP' line, respectively. The percentage values are the means of individual values. We recommend that the body surface puncture position and depth of the CHRMSA are the preferred locations for the intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin A to block anterior forearm muscle spasms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partitioning the contributions of climate, economic growth, and policy to a region's carbon flows is an important process for the Chinese government seeking to optimize their regional development policies to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. A combination of the carbon emission analysis and human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) framework was applied to a village in the Lhasa river valley, Tibet, to quantify the contributions of these different factors to carbon flows and neutrality. From 2010 to 2019, the average annual net sequestration of CO2 was 374.9 g CO2 m−2 a−1. Changes in climate conditions and the regional policy of Grassland Ecological Protection Subsidy and Reward increased carbon sequestrations by 409.5 and 25.7 g CO2 m−2 a−1, respectively. Socioeconomic development, policies for reducing poverty, and promotion of forage production led to the increase in CO2 emissions by 103.5, 88.8, and 4.3 g CO2 m−2 a−1, respectively. The cumulative CO2 emissions (including HANPP) caused by land use were 298.92 Tg CO2 (2479.63 g CO2 m−2; 1 Tg = 1012 g), while the cumulative CO2 emissions due to energy use were only 11.22 Tg CO2 (93.07 g CO2 m−2), equal to 3.75% of the CO2 emissions driven by land use. Livestock grazing and cropland cultivation were the two main land use factors affecting the carbon balance. We argue that unhooking economic growth from traditional nomadic animal husbandry and lifestyles through policy optimizations would highly contribute the carbon neutrality in Tibet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's urbanization process, premised on the belief that migration contributes to economic growth, has entailed extensive population movement. However, the overall effects of population migration on regional sustainable development goals (SDGs) remain unclear. China's achievement of SDGs hinges on the sustainable development of Tibet, which is economically less developed and ecologically fragile. We established county-level SDG indicators for Tibet using pixel-level maps and statistical data on diverse socioeconomic and environmental topics: GDP, population density, health, employment, agricultural productivity, ecosystem services, and vegetative cover. Our underlying assumption was that regional differences in economic development and Tibet's eco-migration policy have induced extensive domestic migration. Moreover, we assumed that migration affects the achievement of SDGs directly and indirectly through its economic impacts. Accordingly, we developed and tested a conceptual framework using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results revealed that from 2000 to 2015, there was progress toward achievement of all of the selected SDGs, with Tibet achieving an average increased score of 11.0. The hypothesized SEM explained the total SDG score and those of SDGs 1, 2, 6, 11, and 15. Population migration accounted for 16% of the variation in SDG scores. Migration had direct negative impacts and indirect positive impacts on the total SDG score via its effect on economic development. Specifically, population migration had stronger positive effect on out-migration counties than on in-migration counties, with higher SDG scores for the former associated with public services and ecological systems. To reverse the negative impacts of migration on certain in-migration counties, we recommend pursuit of high-quality urbanization, entailing the provision of more educational and medical facilities, livelihood resources, and off-farm jobs for migrant settlers. Promoting grass-based animal husbandry in rural areas could increase rural employment and ameliorate the side effects of migration on the SDGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]