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Emotions are linked to wide sets of action tendencies, and it can be difficult to predict which specific action tendency will be motivated or indulged in response to individual experiences of emotion. Building on a functional perspective of emotion, we investigate whether anger and shame connect to different behavioral intentions in dignity, face, and honor cultures. Using simple animations that showed perpetrators taking resources from victims, we conducted two studies across eleven countries investigating the extent to which participants expected victims to feel anger and shame, how they thought victims should respond to such violations, and how expectations of emotions were affected by enacted behavior. Across cultures, anger was associated with desires to reclaim resources or alert others to the violation. In face and honor cultures, but not dignity cultures, shame was associated with the desire for aggressive retaliation. However, we found that when victims indulged motivationally-relevant behavior, expected anger and shame were reduced, and satisfaction increased, in similar ways across cultures. Results suggest similarities and differences in expectations of how emotions functionally elicit behavioral responses across cultures.

Based on the aircraft measurements on 28 February 2021, combined with ERA5 reanalysis data and sounding data, the weather background and the characteristics of cloud structure of a severe icing case on the aircraft are analyzed. The severe icing process is induced by the joint influence of high-level trough, low-level shear line, low-level jet and cold front. The ERA5 reanalysis data show that the maximum value area of supercooled water is mainly distributed at the height of 700 hPa to 600 hPa on the warm side of the front area and the ambient temperature is -4 to -12℃, accompanied by an upward movement of -0.2 to -0.8 Pa·s-1. The sounding data show that the cloud system is distributed in multiple layers. There is a deep dry layer between the upper ice crystal cloud and the lower supercooled water cloud. The temperature in the aircraft detection area is -9 to -3℃ and the dew-point spread is 0℃, which are favorable for icing. During the icing process, the air temperature is -8 to -5℃. Aircraft measurements show that there is abundant supercooled water in clouds. The average liquid water content by cloud particles probe is 0.35 g·m-3, and the maximum value is 0.7 g·m-3. The average liquid water content by total water content measurement probes is 0.5 g·m-3, the maximum value is 0.85 g·m-3, and for 11 minutes the liquid water content is larger than 0.45 g·m-3. The average median volume diameter of cloud particles is 20.3 μm, and the number concentration of cloud particles is 149.3 cm-3 on average. The number concentration of cloud particles tends to increase from low level to high level and vice versa for the median volume diameter of cloud particles. Finally, the conditions with different icing intensity that the King-air 350 aircraft may encounte during weather modification work in the cloud are discussed. The calculation shows that the King-air 350 aircraft carries out observation research or weather modification tasks when the liquid water content in the cloud is higher than 0.04 g·m-3, 0.15 g·m-3 and 0.45 g·m-3, it may encounter light, moderate, and severe icing, under certain conditions.

Objective To explore the epidemiological status and related factors for comorbidities of osteoarthritis (OA) among adult residents in Beijing. Methods Based on the medical records of all designated medical institutes in Beijing from 2015 to 2017, relevant data of adult OA patients were collected, and the prevalence of major comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, depression, hypertension and dyslipidemia in this population was statistically described and analyzed, and the differences among populations with different sociodemographic characteristics were compared. Results A total of 3 048 304 adult OA patients were included, with a mean age of 58.2±14.5 years, and females accounting for 62.2%. 79.8% of the subjects had at least 1 comorbidity, with the males (82.6%) having a higher prevalence than the females (78.1%). The prevalence of OA comorbidities was increased with age and statistically significant among different age groups (P < 0.05). The prevalence in the patients living in the rural areas (82.7%) was higher than that in urban areas (78.8%). The top 4 most common comorbidities were hypertension (68.0%), dyslipidemia (63.8%), type 2 diabetes (36.3%), and depression (8.2%). The males were more likely to suffer from hypertension, dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes, while the females from depression. The proportion of OA patients with 1, 2, 3 or more kinds of comorbidities was 17.7%, 30.7%, 31.4% respectively. The risk factors for OA comorbidities included: male (OR=1.15, 95%CI: 1.14~1.16), ≥55 years old (OR=1.07, 95%CI: 1.07~1.07), living in rural areas (OR=1.66, 95%CI: 1.64~1.67), and taking manual labor (OR=1.02, 95%CI: 1.01~1.02). Conclusion The adult OA patients in Beijing have relatively high prevalences of comorbidities, including dyslipidemia, hypertension, type 2 diabetes and other diseases. More attention should be paid to the middle-aged and elderly patients and those in rural areas.

Objective To investigate the correlation of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components with arterial stiffness, and to analyze the gender difference. Methods Questionnaires, physical examinations and blood biochemical tests were conducted among 6 737 rural residents in Beijing. The diagnosis of MS is identified based on the 2017 modified standard of Diabetes Society of Chinese Medical Association, and arterial stiffness is defined as brachia-ankle pulse wave velocity (BAPWV) ≥1 700 cm/s. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the correlation of MS and its components with arterial stiffness. Results In the subjects, arterial stiffness and MS patients accounted for 41.7% and 64.4%, respectively. The MS patients was at a risk of arterial stiffness by 2.36-fold (95%CI: 2.06~2.71) higher than that in the non-MS subjects. Except for the reduced high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), the other MS components were all significantly correlated with arterial stiffness, including elevated blood pressure, blood glucose and triglyceride, and central obesity. The correlation between MS and arterial stiffness was stronger in the women than the men. Conclusion MS is correlated with an increased risk of arterial stiffness, with elevated blood pressure being the most significant component. The effect of MS and its components on arterial stiffness is stronger in female population.