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Four new sesquiterpenoids, dstramonins A-D (1–4), and one new natural product (5), together with three known compounds (6–8), were isolated from the leaves of Datura stramonium L. The structures of new compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and comparison with the literature. The cytotoxicity of isolates against LN229 cells was assessed and compounds 2–4, and 7 displayed cytotoxic activity with IC50 values ranging from 8.03 to 13.83 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new amide dimer (1), a new labdane-type diterpene (2), and 18 known compounds were isolated from the seeds of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic data analyses and comparison with previously reported spectral date. The absolute configurations of compound 2 was established by analysis of the electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data. In vitro bioassays, none of them were cytotoxic to 4T1, but five compounds exhibited cytotoxicity to LN229 cells with IC 50 <25 μM. [Display omitted] • Two new compounds were isolated from Silybum marianum Gaertn. along with eighteen known compounds. • Three pairs of isomers were isolated from Silybum marianum Gaertn. • Compounds 1 and 2 demonstrated moderate cytotoxicity with IC 50 values of 15.95 ± 1.34 μM and 22.43 ± 1.24 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new compounds (1 and 2), along with thirty-one known compounds (3-33) were isolated from the fruits of Solanum xanthocarpum. The structure of isolates was elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data and the physicochemical methods. Meanwhile, the anti-inflammatory activity of isolates was determined using LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. The results of anti-inflammatory assays indicated that most isolated compounds (3, 4, 6, 8-14, 17-20, and 30) possessed significant nitric oxide (NO) production inhibition in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells with IC50 values ranging from 14.33 to 48.55 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new ent-kaurane diterpenoid, named kaurane daturoside A (1), was isolated from the 70%-EtOH extract of dried pericarps of Datura metel L., along with six known terpenoids, 16α,17-dihydroxy-ent-kauran-19-diglycoside (2), cyclosieversioside F (3), astragaloside II (4), ginsenoside Rg1 (5), astrojanoside A (6), celerioside E (7). The isolated structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic analyses, and the compounds 2, 3, 7 were separated from Solanaceae for the first time. Meanwhile, among isolates, compounds 2 and 5 exhibited anti-inflammatory activities against LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells (IC50<11.00 μM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solubility data for the quaternary system (KCl + MgCl2 + K2B4O7 + MgB4O7 + H2O) is very important for the separation of potassium and boron from the salt lake brines in Qaidam Basin. The solubilities and physicochemical properties including density and refractive index of the quaternary system (KCl + MgCl2 + K2B4O7 + MgB4O7 + H2O) at 318.15 K and 0.1 MPa were investigated experimentally with the method of isothermal dissolution equilibrium. In the phase diagrams of this quaternary system at 318.15 K, there are three invariant points, seven univariant isotherm dissolution curves, and five crystallization regions corresponding to KCl, MgCl2⋅6H2O, K2B4O7⋅4H2O, Mg2B6O11⋅15H2O and double salt KCl⋅MgCl2⋅6H2O, respectively. The solution density and refractive index of the quaternary system at 318.15 K change regularly with the increasing of Mg2+ concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase equilibria and phase diagram of the (Li+, K+//Cl–, ‒H2O) quaternary water–salt system is very important for the separation of potassium and lithium from the salt lake brines in Qaidam Basin. The compositions, densities, and refractive indices of saturated solutions in the (Li+, K+//Cl–, ‒H2O) quaternary system at 288.15 K have been measured experimentally with isothermal dissolution equilibrium method, and the solid phases have been identified by the X-ray powder analysis. In the phase diagrams of this quaternary system at 288.15 K, there are five minerals corresponding to KCl, LiCl·H2O, K2SO4, Li2SO4·H2O, and the double salt Li2SO4·K2SO4 existed in this system. K2SO4 occupies the greatest part of phase region, while LiCl· H2O covers the smallest. These results show that K2SO4 could be easily crystallized and separated from this system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new compounds ( 1 - 2 ), together with six known ones ( 3-8 ), were isolated from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. The structures of two new compounds were elucidated based on HR-ESI-MS, UV, and NMR spectroscopic data analysis. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory activities of compounds 1-8 were determined using LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Compounds 2, 6, and 8 showed the most potent inhibitory activities on NO production with IC 50 values of 17.34 ± 1.5, 27.22 ± 1.3, and 14.79 ± 1.7 μM, respectively. Compounds 4 and 7 showed moderate inhibitory activities. Compounds 3 and 5 showed relatively weak inhibitory activities.

Three new compounds 1-glyceryl 9( β ), 10( α ), 11( β )-trihydroxy-12( Z )-octadecenoate, 2' S -20- O - p -hydroxyphenylpropionyloxy-20-hyd-roxyarachidic acid glycerol ester ( 2 ), 3- O - α -l-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)- β -d-glucopyranoside of ethyl (3 S )-hydroxybutanoate ( 3 ), as well as a new natural product ( 4 ) were isolated from the fruits of Solanum virginianum L. The structures of 26 compounds were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, NMR calculation, chemical methods, and comparisons of spectroscopic data. Compounds 2 and 16 exhibited good anti-inflammatory activity in the LPS-induced RAW 264.7 inflammatory model with IC 50 values of 16.75 ± 1.54 and 22.43 ± 2.01  μ M, respectively.

Objective: To record the discovery of Culex inatomii in Chongming, Shanghai., Methods: Larvae and adult mosquitos of Cx. inatomii were collected in Dongtan of Chongming Island from May to November in 2015 and 2016, and their morphological characteristics were observed. The genomic DNA was extracted from adult mosquitos, PCR was performed to amplify the cytochrome c oxidaseⅠ(COⅠ) gene. Multiple alignment of COⅠ sequence was conducted with ClustalW2. Pairwise distances within and between species were calculated using MEGA v5.10 based on COⅠ sequences of Cx. inatomii, Cx. modestus, Cx. pipiens pallens, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. The phylogenetic tree of the above four species was constructed using neighbor joining, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods., Results: One hundred and fifty-six adult female mosquitos and 36 larvae of Cx. inatomii were collected. Larvae were reared to adult stage in the laboratory (17 female, 19 male). Morphologically, the subapical lobe of the sidepiece in male genitalia was divided into two parts, the anterior part having 2 bladed setae, and the posterior part having 1 bladed setae and 1 lanceolar strong setae. This strucutre can be used to distinguish Cx. inatomii from Cx. modestus. PCR of COⅠ resulted in products of approximately 650 bp. They were sequenced and the sequencing result was submitted to GenBank (accession number, KX555565-KX555570). Multiple sequence alignment revealed a 96% sequence similarity of COⅠ between Cx. inatomii and Cx. modestus. The genetic distance between Cx. inatomii and Cx. modestus was 0.047, and that within them each was 0.003 and 0.011, respectively. The phylogenetic tree showed that the four species clustered as a monophyletic clade, and each formed an individual lineage. Cx. inatomii had a closer relationship with Cx. modestus, while distant from the other two species., Conclusion: We recorded the discovery of Cx. inatomii in Chongming, Shanghai.

Objective: To compare the schizontocidal activity of recrystallized or crude daphnetin against malaria parasites in vivo., Methods: Schizontocidal activity of recrystallized or crude daphnetin at various dosages was assessed in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA using a "4-day suppress assay"., Results: The comparison of the reduction rate of parasitemia caused by either recrystallized or crude dephnetin showed that ED(50) of crude daphnetin was 18.36 mg/kg, with 95% confidence limit of 5.96-56.54 mg/kg while ED50 of recrystallized daphnetin was 11.46 mg/kg, with 95% confidence limit of 8.63-15.22 mg/kg., Conclusion: The results indicate that the efficacy of recrystallized daphnetin is 37.6% higher than that of crude daphnetin.

Objective: To investigate the effects of artemether on Schistosoma mansoni harboured in mice, with particular consideration on single dose-efficacy relationship, hepatic shift and artemether-induced alterations in worm morphology and histopathology., Methods: Groups of mice, infected with 21 d old S. mansoni, were treated with artemether at single oral doses of 12.5 mg/kg to 600 mg/kg. Worm burden reduction was assessed 28 d post-treatment. The hepatic shift was investigated in mice infected with 46 d old S. mansoni and treated with artemether at a single oral dose of 400 mg/kg within a period of 14 d post-treatment. Morphological and histopathological observations were made in adult worms in mice, subject to single oral dose of artemether at 400 mg/kg., Results: The minimum effective dose of oral artemether against juvenile worms in mice was 200 mg/kg, resulting in a worm burden reduction of 81%. The hepatic shift commenced 8 h post-treatment, and all worms shifted to the liver 3-7 d post-treatment. Fourteen days post-treatment, 31% of the worms returned to the mesenteric veins. Treatment with artemether resulted in decreased worm body size, expansion of the pharynx and dilation of the gut with marked reduction in pigment. Focal tegumental damage was observed among female worms with adherence of host leukocytes and degeneration of ovary and vitelline glands, as well as atrophy of testis in male worms. Artemether-damaged worms were surrounded and infiltrated by eosinophils., Conclusion: The minimum effective dosage of artemether against 21 d old S. mansoni in mice is 200 mg/kg. Artemether also exhibits effect against adult schistosomes, including shrinkage and degeneration, and can lead to worm death. The predominant inflammatory cell surrounded and infiltrated into the artemether-damaged worm is eosinophil.

Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effect of a combination of artemether and daphnetin against Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain in mice., Methods: Groups of P. berghei infected mice were treated with various oral doses of artemether and daphnetin according to "4-day suppress assay". Thin blood smears were made on the fifth day after inoculation of parasites and the parasitemia reduction rate was calculated. The ED50 values obtained were plotted on isobolograms. A combined action of artemether and daphnetin was assessed., Results: Artemether 0.4 mg/(kg x d) x 4d exhibited no detectable antimalarial effect, while artemether 0.4 mg/(kg x d) x 4d combined with daphnetin 7.7 mg/kg. d x 4d showed potent antiparasile efficacy. The ED50s of artemether in combination with daphnetin were lower than that of single artemether or daphnetin. The R-values were higher than 0.4, but lower than 2.7., Conclusion: The combination of artemether with daphnetin showed an additive antiparasile effect.