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8. Cerebrovascular Complications After Adult-Onset Varicella-Zoster Virus Encephalitis in the Central Nervous System: A Literature Review

Author

Wu,Hangfei, Wang,Ruoru, Li,Yuanyuan, Sun,Xu, Li,Jiasi, and Bi,Xiaoying

Subjects
Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
Abstract

Hangfei Wu,* Ruoru Wang,* Yuanyuan Li, Xu Sun, Jiasi Li, Xiaoying Bi Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Xiaoying Bi; Jiasi Li, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, No. 168, Changhai Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, People’s Republic of China, Email bixiaoying2013@163.com; lijiasisissi@163.comBackground: Cerebrovascular complications after adult-onset varicella-zoster virus (VZV) encephalitis have been increasingly recognized. The aim of this study was to analyze clinical and neuroimaging findings, treatment and outcome of these patients.Methods: Literature review from January 2000 to December 2019. We searched for studies published in PubMed, Embase and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database. Clinical symptoms, neuroimaging findings, treatment and outcome were evaluated.Results: We analyzed 31 articles with a total of adult-onset 34 cases, including 25 cases of ischemic stroke, 6 of intracerebral hemorrhage and 3 with venous sinus thrombosis. Ischemic stroke was the major complication after VZV encephalitis accounting of 73.35%. There were more males than females in ischemia or venous sinus thrombosis groups. The middle-aged was prone to cerebral infarction, the elderly was for cerebral hemorrhage, and the young was for venous sinus thrombosis. Cognitive impairment was the most common symptom either in the ischemic group or hemorrhagic group. The lesions of VZV-associated cerebral infarction or hemorrhage were multifocal and mostly involved in the parietal lobe, followed by frontal or temporal lobes. Venous sinus thrombosis was common in the transverse sinus. Multiple stenosis of the anterior and posterior circulation vessels was found. A 60.87% of the patients with antiviral treatment in the ischemic group had favorable prognosis. All patients with anticoagulant therapy in venous sinus thrombosis group improved well; however, 60% of the patients with intracerebral hemorrhage had a poor prognosis or died.Conclusion: Ischemic stroke was the majority of cerebrovascular complications after VZV encephalitis, which mainly occurred in middle-aged men. The lesions of VZV-associated cerebral infarction or hemorrhage were multifocal and did not accord with the characteristics of cerebrovascular diseases induced by atherosclerosis. The patients with venous sinus thrombosis had a relatively good prognosis. When the patient represents with some neurological symptoms about one month after VZV encephalitis, and multiple lesions probably induced by vasculitis are showed in neuroimaging, cerebrovascular complications related to VZV infection should be considered.Keywords: varicella-zoster virus encephalitis, ischemic stroke, cerebral infarction, intracerebral hemorrhage, venous sinus thrombosis, vasculitis

Published
2022

18. Wider range of allodynia in a rat model of repeated dural nociception compared with infraorbital nerve chronic constriction injury.

Author

Zhang, Mingjie, Wang, Xiaolin, Dong, Zhao, Yu, Shengyuan, Hu, Guanqun, Su, Min, Zhang, Qing, and Wu, Hangfei

Subjects
*ALLODYNIA, *NERVOUS system injuries, *MIGRAINE, *TRIGEMINAL neuralgia, *LABORATORY rats
Abstract

Background To identify differences in allodynia and grooming behaviours between rat models of either repeated dural nociception with inflammatory soup (IS) or infraorbital nerve chronic constriction injury (IoN-CCI). Methods Repeated dural nociception was induced via the application of IS to the dural meninges and IoN-CCI was applied to model neuropathic pain. All surgeries were performed on the right side and a sham operation was performed on the control group. Mechanical and thermal withdrawal thresholds were tested on different facial areas and hindpaw during the interictal period and grooming behaviours were recorded. Results A significant decreases was found in the mechanical withdrawal thresholds of the bilateral vibrissa pad and right periorbital area in both the IS and the IoN-CCI groups, but only in the left periorbital area of the IS group. Hindpaw thermal allodynia was evident only in the IS group. Ipsilateral hindpaw grooming behaviour increased in the IS group and facial grooming behaviour increased in the IoN-CCI group. Conclusions Repeated dural nociception induced by IS and IoN-CCI in rats effectively simulated chronic migraine (CM) and trigeminal neuralgia (TN), respectively. The IS group exhibited a wider range of allodynia than the IoN-CCI group, but further studies are necessary to determine underlying mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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19. Manipulating the surface states of BiVO 4 through electrochemical reduction for enhanced PEC water oxidation.

Author

Yang P, Shi H, Wu H, Yu D, Huang L, Wu Y, Gong X, Xiao P, and Zhang Y

Abstract

Bismuth vanadate (BiVO 4 ) is a prospective candidate for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation, but its commercial application is limited due to the serious surface charge recombination. In this work, we propose a novel and effective electrochemical reduction strategy combined with co-catalyst modification to manipulate the surface states of the BiVO 4 photoanode. Specifically, an ultrathin amorphous structure is formed on the surface of BiVO 4 after electrochemical reduction ascribed to the breaking of the surface metal-O bonds. Photoelectrochemical measurements and first-principles calculation show that the electrochemical reduction treatment can effectively reduce the surface energy, thereby passivating the recombined surface states (r-ss) and increasing the mobility of photogenerated holes. In addition, the FeOOH co-catalyst layer further increases the intermediate surface states (i-ss) of BiVO 4 , stabilizes the surface structure and enhances its PEC performance. Benefiting from the superior charge transfer efficiency and the excellent water oxidation kinetics, the -0.8/BVO/Fe photoanode achieves 2.02 mA cm -2 photocurrent at 1.23 V RHE (2.4 times that of the original BiVO 4 ); meanwhile, the onset potential shifts 90 mV to the cathode. These results provide a new surface engineering tactic to modify the surface states of semiconductor photoanodes for high-efficiency PEC water oxidation.

Published
2023
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