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Phyllachora species are biotrophic, obligate plant parasitic fungi featuring a high degree of host specificity, a high degree of species richness, and worldwide distribution. In this study, two Phyllachora species were collected from different hosts in Yunnan province, China. Based on morphological characteristics and multigene (LSU, ITS, SSU) phylogenetic analyses, they are introduced as two new taxa. Photographs, detailed descriptions, and notes are provided.

Phyllachora yuanjiangensis H.X. Wu & J.C. Li. sp. nov. Fig. 3 MycoBank: 845540 Etymology— Epithet derived from the type locality. Holotype — IFRD9466 Parasitic on leaves and stems of Arundinella setosa (Poaceae). Sexual morph: Stromata 360–750 × 105–195 μm (x = 570 × 147.5 μm, n = 10), fusiform or cymbiform, domed above the leaf surface, amphigenous, scattered, sometimes gregarious, like black nevus, black and carbonaceous. Section of stroma 190–340 μm high, multilocular, peridium, composed of brown to dark brown cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses 2–3 μm wide, numerous, persistent, filiform, unbranched, aseptate, many guttules, slightly longer than asci. Asci 71–112 × 11–22 μm (x = 84.6 × 13.2 μm, n = 20), thin-walled, 8-spored, persistent, cylindrical to clavate, apex obtuse, with pedicel. Ascospores 15–21 × 7–9 μm (x = 17.9 × 8.3 μm, n = 20), 1-seriate, tear-shaped, rounded at the apex, tapered at the base, hyaline, aseptate, verrucous, with guttules and a mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Not observed. Material examined— CHINA. Yunnan Province: Yuanjiang County, on stems and leaves of Arundinella setosa, 101.47°E, 23.27°N, 1532.65 m, 27 November 2021, H. X. Wu & J. C. Li. IFRD9466, holotype. GenBank accession numbers: LSU: OP359417; ITS: OP359399; SSU: OP359400 Note: In the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1), P. yuanjiangensis is closely related to P. arundinellae and P. xinpingensis. P. yuanjiangensis and P. arundinellae both occur on Arundinella sp. Morphologically, the asci and ascospores of P. yuanjiangensis are longer and wider than those of P. arundinellae (asci 71–112 × 11–22 μm vs 70–100 × 7–10 μm, ascospores 15–21 × 7–9 μm vs 10–18 × 5–8.5 μm). The ascospores of P. yuanjiangensis are tear-shaped, rounded at the apex, tapered at the base, while P. arundinellae is narrowly oval to ovoid. Differences in morphological characteristics and their hosts are also supported by the phylogenetic tree. Four Phyllachora species have been recorded on Arundinella spp., namely P. arundinellae, P. graminicola, P. graminis, and P. shiraiana. P. yuanjiangensis can be distinguished from these species by the shape of its ascospores. The closest hits using LSU and ITS sequences had the highest similarity to P. arundinellae isolate MHYAU:108 (GenBank LSU: MG269815, identities = 809/899 (90%); ITS: MG269761, identities = 440/534 (82%)) and P. graminis MM-166 (GenBank ITS: KX451869, identities = 317/556 (57%)). P. yuanjiangensis had the highest similarity to P. xinpingensis IFRD 9465 (GenBank LSU: OP359416, identities = 885/899 (98%); ITS: OP359399, identities = 496/519 (96%)) but these two species can be distinguished by the host plants and asci length. A synopsis of P. yuanjiangensis and other Phyllachora species recorded from Arundinella spp. is provided (Table 2).

Key to species of Phyllachora recorded in China (2009–2022) 1. Parasitic on eudicots...................................................................................................................................................... P. hainanensis 1. Parasitic on monocots.........................................................................................................................................................................2 2. Parasitic on bamboo plants.................................................................................................................................................................3 2. Parasitic on graminicolous plants.......................................................................................................................................................4 3. Parasitic on Phyllostachys sp........................................................................................................................................ P. heteroclada 3. Parasitic on Dendrocalamus sp.........................................................................................................................................................5 4. Stromata on the upper leaf surface................................................................................................................................ P. isachnicola 4. Stromata on both sides of the leaf......................................................................................................................................................6 5. Parasitic on Dendrocalamus membranaceus....................................................................................... P. dendrocalami-membranacei 5. Parasitic on Dendrocalamus hamiltonii............................................................................................ P. dendrocalami-hamiltoniicola 6. Stromata surrounded by a pale yellow halo................................................................................................................ P. jianfengensis 6. Stromata not surrounded by a pale yellow halo.................................................................................................................................7 7. Stromata shiny black..........................................................................................................................................................................8 7. Stromata black....................................................................................................................................................................................9 8. Ascospores with a central concave depression................................................................................................................ P. panicicola 8. Ascospores with no central concave depression..............................................................................................................................10 9. Parasitic on Cenchrus sp.................................................................................................................................................................11 9. Parasitic on other graminicolous plants............................................................................................................................................12 10. Parasitic on Sphaerocaryum sp................................................................................................................................... P. sphaerocaryi 10. Parasitic on Chloris sp........................................................................................................................................................ P. virgatae 11. Asci P. flaccidudis 11. Asci> 100 µm, ascospores> 12 µm............................................................................................................................... P. sandiensis 12. Ascospores oval to ellipse.................................................................................................................................................... P. jiaensis 12. Ascospores tear-shaped....................................................................................................................................................................13 13. Parasitic on Chrysopogon aciculatus........................................................................................................................... P. xinpingensis 13. Parasitic on Arundinella setosa................................................................................................................................ P. yuanjiangensis, Published as part of Li, Jin-Chen, Wu, Hai-Xia & Song, Jia-Yu, 2023, Two new Phyllachora species in Southwest China, pp. 275-285 in Phytotaxa 578 (3) on page 283, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7523156

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Helminthosporium velutinum Link [as ‘Helmisporium’], Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1–2): 10, tab. 1:9 (1809) (FIGURE 4) Index Fungorum Number: IF250075 Description. Saprobic on dead twigs, dark brown, effuse, velvety. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Mycelium immersed, composed of branched, septate, thick-walled hyphae. Conidiophores mononematous, macronematous, mostly unbranched, proliferating, dark brown, 96–296 × 5–7 µm (x̅ = 153 × 6 µm, n = 10), 7–12 septate, erect or flexuous, tapering towards apex, bulbous at base with cells near apex of conidiophore guttulate and fertile. Conidiogenous cells polytretic integrated, intercalary and terminal. Conidia 99–131 × 20–36 µm (x̅ = 115 × 28 µm, n = 20)single, obclavate, pale brown to brown, 6–9 distoseptate, smooth, straight or curved, base slightly truncate, cicatrized and wider than apex, dark brown, apical cell paler than other cells, rounded at apex, guttulate when young, non-guttulate at maturity. Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA, reaching 21 mm diam., after 2 weeks at 20–25 oC, medium dense, circular to slightly irregular, slightly raised and cottony surface, colony from above: at first white, becoming buff; from below: blackish white at the margin, black to ash at the center; mycelium blackish. Material examined: CHINA, Guizhou Province, Huaxi District, Guizhou university garden (South), on a dead branch of Platanus sp., 05 October 2019, Nalin N. Wijayawardene, NWGUP01 (HKAS 107064, new host record, a new record from Guizhou Province), ex-type living culture, KUMCC 20–0029 Known hosts and distribution: Guizhou province, China (this study), Yunnan Province, Dali, WanHua stream, China (Zhu et al. 2016). Known hosts: Platanus sp. (this study), saprobic on decaying wood submerged in stream (Zhu et al. 2016). GenBank Numbers: LSU: MW273148, SSU: MW273295, ITS: MW 273144 Notes: Helminthosporium velutinum, the type species of Helminthosporium was re-visited by Voglmayr & Jaklitsch (2017) and designated the epitype and the ex-epitype. The genus was reported with the sexual morph however, Helminthosporium velutinum lacks the sexual morph (Voglmayr & Jaklitsch 2017). According to Voglmayr & Jaklitsch (2017), distribution of the species was reported as ‘Widespread and common in temperate Eurasia and America, probably almost cosmopolitan’. Zhu et al. (2016) reported Helminthosporium velutinum from submerged wood from Yunnan Province, China. In this study, we collected Helminthosporium velutinum on dead branches of Platanus sp. from Guizhou Province, China. According to Farr & Rossman (2021), a taxon named Helminthosporium spiciferum (Nicot 1953) (current name: Curvularia spicifera Index Fungorum 2021) was reported from Platanus occidentalis. Besides this record, as far as we know, Helminthosporium species have not been reported from Platanus species. Moreover, this is the first record of this genus from terrestrial habitats from China., Published as part of Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Dissanayake, Lakmali S., Li, Qi-Rui, Dai, Dong-Qi, Xiao, Yuanpin, Wen, Ting-Chi, Karunarathna, Samantha C., Wu, Hai-Xia, Zhang, Huang, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Wang, Yong, Shen, Xiang- Chun, Tang, Li-Zhou, Deng, Chun-Ying, Liu, Yanxia & Kang, Yingqian, 2021, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: a mycological hotspot, pp. 1-31 in Phytotaxa 523 (1) on pages 8-9, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.523.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5571977, {"references":["Zhu, D., Luo, Z. L., Baht, D. J., Mckenzie, E. H. C., Bahkali, A. H., Zhou, D. Q., Su, H. Y. & Hyde, K. D. (2016) Helminthosporium velutinum and H. aquaticum sp. nov. from aquatic habitats in Yunnan Province, China. Phytotaxa 253: 179 - 190 https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / PHYTOTAXA. 253.3.1","Voglmayr, H. & Jaklitsch, W. M. (2017) Corynespora, Exosporium and Helminthosporium revisited - new species and generic reclassification. Studies in Mycology 87: 43 - 76.","Farr, D. F. & Rossman, A. Y. (2021) Fungal Databases, U. S. National Fungus Collections, ARS, USDA. Available from: https: // nt. ars-grin. gov / fungaldatabases / (Retrieved 8 April 2021)","Nicot, J. (1953) Un Helminthosporium saprophyte du sol: Helminthosporium spiciferum (Bain.) nov. comb. Osterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 100: 478 - 485.","Index Fungorum (2021) Available from: http: // www. indexfungorum. org / names / names. asp (accessed 20 May 2021)"]}

Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Dissanayake, Lakmali S., Li, Qi-Rui, Dai, Dong-Qi, Xiao, Yuanpin, Wen, Ting-Chi, Karunarathna, Samantha C., Wu, Hai-Xia, Zhang, Huang, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Wang, Yong, Shen, Xiang- Chun, Tang, Li-Zhou, Deng, Chun-Ying, Liu, Yanxia, Kang, Yingqian (2021): Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: a mycological hotspot. Phytotaxa 523 (1): 1-31, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.523.1.1

Immersidiscosia eucalypti (Pat.) Kaz. Tanaka, Okane & Hosoya, Persoonia 26: 94 (2011) (FIGURE 3) Index Fungorum Number: IF519747 Foliicolous, the host plant is Quercus palustris. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: coelomycetous. Conidiomata 354–522 μm (x = 427 μm, n = 5) diameter, 287 μm high, conspicuous, pycnidial, subglobose to sometimes lenticular in section view, semi-immersed, scattered, unilocular, with relatively thin stromatic base, black, glabrous. Beak of conidiomata long, 384 μm long, 13 – 61 μm wide. Peridium 18–42 μm wide (upper wall 25–42 μm (x = 33 μm, n = 7) wide; basal wall 18–26 μm (x = 27 μm, n = 7) wide), composed of 4 – 7 layers, with outer 3–5 layers light brown and inner layer hyaline, composed of thin-walled cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores up to 45 μm long, cylindrical, branched. Conidia 15.4 – 17 × 2.6 – 3.3 μm (x = 16.1 × 3 μm, n = 10), cylindrical to subcylindrical, slightly curved, 3-septate, hyaline, with an appendage at both ends; basal cell 2–2.8 μm long (x = 2.5 μm, n = 10), obconic, truncate at the base; 2 median cells 10.5–12.2 μm long (x = 11.3 μm, n = 10), cylindrical (second cell from the base 4.7–6.6 μm long (x = 5.6 μm, n = 10), third cell 4.6–6.7 μm long (x = 5.7 μm, n = 10)); apical cell 1.7–3.1 μm long (x = 2.7 μm, n = 10). Appendage single, cellular, unbranched, filiform, flexuous or straight appendage; apical appendage 7.9–9.1 × 0.8–1.1 μm (x = 8.7 × 1 μm, n = 6); basal appendage 7.8–9.3 × 0.7–1.1 μm (x = 8.5 × 0.9 μm, n = 6). Material examined:— CHINA, Yunnan Province, Dali; 25°43′27″N 100°6′54″E, 2260 m alt.; 11 August 2019; Hai-Xia Wu leg; collected on a fallen leaf of Quercus palustris (IFRD 500-20) (new country record) . Known hosts and distribution (based on molecular data):— Thailand, Yunnan China Notes:— The genus, Immersidiscosia Kaz. Tanaka et al. (2011) was introduced by Tanaka et al. (2011) with I. eucalypti as the type species. The genus, morphologically resembles Discosia but phylogenetically distinct. Immersidiscosia eucalypti was reported from both temperate and tropical countries such as France, Italy, Japan and Tunisia (Tanaka et al. 2011; Hyde et al. 2017; Wijayawardene et al. 2017; Farr & Rossman 2021). This is the first report of I. eucalypti in China. Further collections are essentially required to study whether this taxon is pathogenic on Quercus species.

Mucispora hydei Wijayaw., Q.R. Li, Y.C. Deng, L.S. Dissan & D-Q Dai sp. nov. (FIGURE 1) Index Fungorum number: IF558463 Etymology:— Named in honour of British mycologist, K.D. Hyde for his immense contributions to mycology Holotype:— GMB0028 Saprobic on decaying wood. Asexual morph Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores 60–110 × 8–12 µm (x̅ = 78.6 × 9.8 µm, n = 30), macronematous, mononematous, erect, solitary or in small groups on compactly aggregated cells, simple, cylindrical, smooth, brown, straight or slightly flexuous, percurrently proliferate 2–3 times, 1–2-septate. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, integrated, terminal, cylindrical, smooth, pale brown. Conidia 35-50 × 20-30 µm (x̅ = 41.2 × 25.5 µm, n = 30), acrogenous, solitary, simple, smooth, ellipsoidal to obovoid, hyaline to subhyaline when young, dark brown when mature, with obvious septa in young conidia, paler at basal cell, truncate at base, sometimes covered by a hyaline mucilaginous sheath. Sexual morph Undetermined. Material examined:— CHINA, Guizhou Province, Guiyang, Gaopo Township, Raorao village (106°48’6.54”E, 26°19’3.46”N), on decaying submerged wood, 9 th December 2019, Nalin N. Wijayawardene, Q. R Li, (GMB0028, holotype, NNW56, isotype). LSU: MW797122, SSU MW 800164, ITS MW 797039 (Supplementary Table 1) Known distribution:— Guizhou Province, China Notes:— Yang et al. (2016) introduced the genus Mucispora Jing Yang et al. with M. obscuriseptata J. Yang et al. as the type species. Besides the type species, the genus comprises two species viz. M. phangngaensis J. Yang & K.D. Hyde (Yang et al. 2017) and M. infundibulata J. Yang & K.D. Hyde (Hyde et al. 2020). All these species have been reported from submerged plant materials in Southern Thailand (Prachuap Khiri Khan Province and Phang Nga Province). In morphology, Mucispora closely resembles Melanocephala but it is specific in its cupulate proliferating conidiogenous cells and its conidia bearing a central downwardly directed collar with a fimbriate margin’ (Hughes 1979; Yang et al. 2017). Our new collection did not germinate in different media (WA, PDA, MEA) and in different temperatures thus we extracted DNA directly from the fruiting body (Zeng et al. 2018). PCR amplification of ITS (ITS 4/ ITS 5), LSU (primers: LR5/ LROR) and SSU (primers: NS 1/ NS 4) were successful. Phylogenetic analyses of combined LSU and ITS genes (Fig. 2) that our new strain is distinct from other taxa. However, the separation value is medium (69% in ML) and PP value is low. Nevertheless, morphological characters, of our collection is well-distinct from other Mucispora species (Table 2). Hence, we introduce the fourth species of the genus, Mucispora hydei. This is the first record of the genus outside Thailand., Published as part of Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Dissanayake, Lakmali S., Li, Qi-Rui, Dai, Dong-Qi, Xiao, Yuanpin, Wen, Ting-Chi, Karunarathna, Samantha C., Wu, Hai-Xia, Zhang, Huang, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Wang, Yong, Shen, Xiang- Chun, Tang, Li-Zhou, Deng, Chun-Ying, Liu, Yanxia & Kang, Yingqian, 2021, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: a mycological hotspot, pp. 1-31 in Phytotaxa 523 (1) on pages 4-5, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.523.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5571977, {"references":["Yang, J., Maharachchikumbura, S. S. N., Bhat, D. J. Al-Sadi, A. M. & Lumyong, S. (2016) Fuscosporellales, a new order of aquatic and terrestrial Hypocreomycetidae (Sordariomycetes). Cryptogamie Mycologie 37: 449 - 475.","Yang, J., Liu, J. K., Hyde, K. D., Jones, E. B. G. & Liu, Z. Y. (2017) Two new species in Fuscosporellaceae from freshwater habitats in Thailand. Mycosphere 8: 1893 - 1903. https: // doi. org / 10.5943 / mycosphere / 8 / 10 / 12","Hyde, K. D., Dong, Y., Phookamsak, R., Jeewon, R., Bhat, D. J., Jones, E. B. G., Liu, N. G., Abeywickrama, P. D., Mapook, A., Wei, D. P., Perera, R. H., Manawasinghe, I. S., Pem, D., Bundhun, D., Karunarathna, A., Ekanayaka, A. H., Bao, D. F., Li, J. F., Samarakoon, M. C., Chaiwan, N., Lin, C. G., Phutthacharoen, K., Zhang, S. N., Senanayake, I. C., Goonasekara, I. D., Thambugala, K. M., Phukhamsakda, C., Tennakoon, D. S., Jiang, H. B., Yang, J., Zeng, M., Huanraluek, N., Liu, J. K., Wijesinghe, S. N., Tian, Q., Tibpromma, S., Brahmanage, R. S., Boonmee, S., Huang, S. K., Thiyagaraja, V., Lu, Y. Z., Jayawardena, R. S., Dong, W., Yang, E. F., Singh, S. K., Singh, S. M., Rana, S., Lad, S. S., Anand, G., Devadatha, B., Niranjan, M., Sarma, VV., Liimatainen, K., Aguirre-Hudson, B., Niskanen, T., Overall, A., Alvarenga, R. L. M., Gibertoni, T. B., Pliegler, W. P., Horvath, E., Imre, A., Alves, A. L., Santos, A. C. S., Tiago, P. V., Bulgakov, T. S., Wanasinghe, D. N., Bahkali, A. H., Doilom, M., Elgorban, A. M., Maharachchikumbura, S. S. N., Rajeshkumar, K. C., Haelewaters, D., Mortimer, P. E., Zhao, Q., Lumyong, S., Xu, J. C. & Sheng, J. (2020) Fungal diversity notes 1151 - 1276: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa. Fungal Diversity 96: 1 - 273. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 020 - 00439 - 5","Hughes, S. J. (1979) Relocation of species of Endophragmia auct. with notes on relevant generic names. New Zealand Journal of Botany 17: 139 - 188. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 0028825 X. 1979.10426887","Zeng, X. Y., Jeewon, R., Wen, T. C., Hongsanan, S., Boonmee, S. & Hyde, K. D. (2018) Simplified and efficient DNA extraction protocol for Meliolaceae specimens. Mycological Progress 17: 403 - 415. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11557 - 018 - 1419 - 0"]}