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Shuo Zhang,1,* Yishu Wang,1,* Shuai Zhang,1 Chengqi Huang,1 Qiyang Ding,2 Ji Xia,2 Daocheng Wu,1 Wei Gao2 1The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science & Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Daocheng Wu, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86-29-82663941, Email wudaocheng@mail.xjtu.edu.cn Wei Gao, Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science & Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 15209225834, Email gaowei2906@xjtufh.edu.cnAbstract: Anesthetics, which include both local and general varieties, are a unique class of drugs widely utilized in clinical surgery to alleviate pain and promote relaxation in patients. Although numerous anesthetics and their traditional formulations are available in the market, only a select few exhibit excellent anesthetic properties that meet clinical requirements. The main challenges are the potential toxic and adverse effects of anesthetics, as well as the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which makes it difficult for most general anesthetics to effectively penetrate to the brain. Loading anesthetics onto nanocarriers as anesthetic nanomedicines might address these challenges and improve anesthesia effectiveness, reduce toxic and adverse effects, while significantly enhance the efficiency of general anesthetics passing through the

Dui Qin,1,2,* Lei Zhang,1,* Hongrui Zhu,1 Junjie Chen,1 Daocheng Wu,1 Ayache Bouakaz,3 Mingxi Wan,1 Yi Feng1 1The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 3UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, F-37032, France*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Mingxi Wan; Yi FengThe Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’ an Jiaotong University, Xi’ An, 710049, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 29 82667924Fax +86 29 82668668Email mxwan@mail.xjtu.edu.cn; fengyi@mail.xjtu.edu.cnBackground: Photothermal therapy (PTT) has attracted considerable attention for cancer treatment as it is highly controllable and minimally invasive. Various multifunctional nanosystems have been fabricated in an “all-in-one” form to guide and enhance PTT by integrating imaging and therapeutic functions. However, the complex fabrication of nanosystems and their high cost limit its clinical translation.Materials and Methods: Herein, a high efficient “one-for-all” nanodroplet with a simple composition but owning multiple capabilities was developed to achieve ultrasound (US) imaging-guided and cavitation-enhanced PTT. Perfluoropentane (PFP) nanodroplet with a polypyrrole (PPy) shell (PFP@PPy nanodroplet) was synthesized via ultrasonic emulsification and in situ oxidative polymerization. After characterization of the morphology, its photothermal effect, phase transition performance, as well as its capabilit