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Pulp writing materials made from wood-based origin and incorporating other fibers such as hemp waste, rags, and fishnets has been in existence since 105 CE when Cai Lun, a Chinese political official and inventor in the court of Emperor Hedi of Han, created the machinery and effective process of papermaking in China using the inner bark of the mulberry plant, hemp, rags from used clothing, and used fishnets. The mulberry bark was boiled down to create strands of fibers and macerated with hemp, rags, and fishnets to create the pulp used in processing the paper. Lun was assisted by his apprentice, Zuo Bo, who helped improve the overall process in 150 CE. Lun’s paper products superseded bamboo tablets and cloth made of pure silk as the primary writing material in China at that time [2] . The secret of papermaking was closely held by the Chinese until the sixth century, when the Japanese acquired the knowledge to produce their own paper. Then, by the eighth century, the Arab world began utilizing fine grades of hemp and linen with water to create pulp that they processed into a high grade of paper that was coated with rice starch when dried so it would be more receptive to inks. Unfortunately, the rice starch coating served also as a source of food for insects that destroyed many of the finished goods.

Teaching aids at the higher education level are not something strange and rare, because the level of need in terms of material presentation is felt more useful and easy. Especially for the basic education level, a tool for delivering material to elementary school children which have been more conventional in the form of teachers reading or writing material, meanwhile, students copy what the class teacher writes. This habit of course will be slow and monotonous and can increase boredom in following the teaching and learning process. To reduce the level of boredom and the less attractive way of delivering this teaching material, it is necessary to have a way that can arouse learning enthusiasm for students at the basic education level, namely in the form of visual displays using computers as the main tool with more material content. new and innovative. This is even more so if it is applied in the form of introduction to nature reserves, history, and cultural heritage. The enthusiasm of the students while trying the puzzle game application based on the introduction of Bengkulu's culture and natural wealth encouraged the students to get to know and understand more about the importance of maintaining and being proud of the natural and cultural wealth of the Bengkulu people.

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of online learning of Arabic writing materials (kitabah) with creative thinking during the covid-19 period. In general, online learning is good, but to find out students' views on the reality of learning during COVID-19 in terms of impact. The research method used is descriptive qualitative to 110 active students from classes A, B, and C Semester V 2019-2020 Academic Year majoring in Arabic Language Education STIQ Amuntai South Kalimantan. The result of the study is to explain the impact of online learning of Arabic writing material (kitabah) with creative thinking during the Covid-19 period, there are 2 categories, namely the category of the impact of learning strategies and the category of the impact of learning experiences. The impact of the learning strategy is in the form of learning by analyzing and completing tasks with sufficient time, network preparation, role models, note-making, time management, learning environment, following the direction of lecturers, attending online seminars, active learning, self-evaluation. The impact of the learning experience are independent learning, familiarization with technology, repetition, decreased motivation and interest in learning, unstable network conditions, more efficiency. From this impact, students and lecturers hope that the learning process can be carried out in the classroom. Keywords: Impact, Online Learning, Writing, Creative Thinking, Covid-19

This research was aimed to develop an Intructional design in teaching procedural text using project based learning. The instructional design assisted for teaching writing for ninth grade students at SMP Negeri 2 Pontianak. This research applied development research and ADD procedure. On the analysis stage the researcher found the fundamental problems and needs of the students as well as the teacher expectation of writing material. On the designing and developing stage, the researcher collected the sources that needed and developed the instructional design. After the product assessed by the material expert, the instructional design considered as valid and applicable to use. The researcher hope that, this product can be applied in the classroom. As for the future research, the researcher suggested to conduct the instructional design based on the needs of the students. Drawing a clear design is needed to lead a good development of product.

This research is mainly intended to find out whether the writing materials based on English grammar in the student’s textbook for Vocational High school is compatible or not with English material. This research applies descriptive research. In collecting data, the researcher does content analysis. The data are analyzed by steps, (1) presenting the materials (2) comparing the materials (3) judging whether materials of English textbook appropriate with the grammar of writing materials or not (4) drawing conclusions. The result of the analysis shows that the percentage of the compatibility of writing skills developed writing materials in the textbook is 73,68%, it means the textbook is good and compatible with writing material and the other skill which are developed in the textbook involve the compatibility of the listening materials, reading materials and speaking materials are 26,31%. This research implies the textbook entitled “Modul Bahasa Inggris” at first grade for Vocational High School is good writing materials to support the learning process of English grammar. Keywords : content analysis, writing materials,textbook

Early observations made on the Indonesian language teacher, Henny Indriany, S.Pd. at SMAN 3 Medan, explained that the assessment instrument carried out by the teacher was only on the selected assessment technique according to the characteristics or abilities of students. Whereas the assessment process in writing scientific papers is very good and effective if the principles of this assessment are considered when the teacher is: (1) there are clear restrictions on what is prioritized for assessment. (2) the selected assessment technique must be in accordance with the characteristics or abilities to be measured. (3) comprehensive assessment requires various types of assessment techniques. (4) should be aware that the assessment techniques used have limitations. (5) the assessment must be used to improve the learning achievement of students. Data regarding the quality of the character assessment instrument based on rational data (validator assessment) is taken using a validation sheet filled in by experts in the field of educational assessment, and the preparation of a psychological scale. The expert validation sheet consists of four answer scores, namely 1, 2, 3, and 4. The number of questions is 20 items so that the range of scores obtained is between 20-80. The results obtained are converted into the following eligibility criteria. Learning Indonesian, especially writing poetry based on character education which is served to students, aims to train students to be skilled in language, especially writing by expressing ideas and feelings creatively and critically. Learning to write poetry in high school according to the 2013 Curriculum aims to improve the skills of students in appropriate and creative language, increase the ability to think logically, critically and reason, and increase the sensitivity of feelings and the ability of students to understand and implement the values of character education in everyday life. day and in the school environment.

Application of Problem Based Learning (PBL) model on Drama Text Writing SkillsThe purpose of this research is to describe the application of problem based learning learning models in drama writing skills. The problem is that the eighth grade students of SMPN 4 Pandak are still having trouble finding ideas or ideas in writing drama texts. The location of the study was at SMP Negeri 4 Pandak. The study was conducted in class VIII Cpada Semester II of the 2018/2019 Academic Year. The research subjects were students of class VIII C, with 28 students consisting of 13 male students and 15 female students. The data collection technique was carried out through observations on the skills of writing text and the practice of playing drama. The results of the study showed that there was an improvement in the learning outcomes and skills of students in class VIII C Drama Text Writing material. Before using the PBL model students who achieved mastery learning outcomes were 15 students or 53.6%, while 13 students or 46.4% were not yet finished. After using the PBL learning model there was an increase in student learning outcomes ie all students (28 students) completed their learning outcomes or 100%. Thus there was an increase in completeness by 46.4%.

This study aims to describe the process of developing problem-based learning models (Problem Based Learning) to write explanatory texts of students in class XI SMK PAB 03 Medan. This research was conducted at SMK PAB 3 Medan located on Jl. Mosque No. 1, Medan Estate, Medan, Medan Baru District The research will be conducted in July 2019 to October 2019. The population of this research is all students of class XI SMK PAB 3 Medan in 2019/2020 academic year. The process of developing problem-based learning models on explanatory text writing material in class XI students of SMK PAB 03 Medan is in general aspects of the assessment given by reviewers, the product design of problem-based learning model development is very good (SB) with an average overall score of 89.5% with very good assessment criteria.

The purpose of this study (1) to test the development of poetry writing teaching materials planning with a combination of demonstration models and class VIII word giving techniques in junior high school; (2) test the feasibility of the design of poetry writing teaching materials with a combination of demonstration models and class VIII word grammar techniques; and (3) testing the effectiveness of developing poetry writing teaching materials with a combination of demonstration models and class VIII word syllabic techniques. This development research refers to the 10 stages of Borg & Gall which are simplified into 3 stages, namely information gathering, product manufacturing planning, and product development. The results showed that the development of planning poetry writing teaching materials with a combination of demonstration models and class VIII word syllabary techniques has 14 important parts. The average score of assessment and validation by media experts, material experts, and Indonesian language teachers was obtained 4.43, this value means teaching poetry writing material with a combination of demonstration models and class VIII word giving techniques is very suitable to be used as an independent teaching material for students Class VIII Middle School. The results of the trial evaluation and validation of each aspect obtained an average score of 4.58, this value means the teaching material of writing poetry with a combination of demonstration models and class VIII wordbearing techniques is very effective according to the responses of students of class VIII SMP.

This research is an analysis of the needs of students and lecturers to determine the basis to be used in developing a product in the form of teaching essays in English. Analysis of this need is a step or procedure that must be done in research and development. This research was conducted at an English Education Program at STKIP Kusuma Negara Jakarta. One of the motivation of researcher to conduct this research is the existence of information on the ability of most students in writing English essays that are still below the average and one reason is because the English essay writing material used is less interesting and difficult to understand, so students not interested in studying thoroughly. With this, researcher was inspired to develop teaching material models for writing essays in English. One of the procedures carried out in developing the teaching material is needs analysis. Based on the needs analysis, the researcher found the characteristics of teaching materials in writing English essays needed by students and lecturers, these characteristics are almost similar to the characteristics of brainwriting learning strategies. Thus a brainwriting strategy will be integrated into the preparation of English essay writing teaching material.

This research was conducted to describe the analysis of the needs of students and teachers towards the development of picture book learning media based on sacred local wisdom in grade V elementary school students. Making prototypes of learning media picture books on Indonesian subjects poetry writing material for fifth grade elementary school students. the use of learning media Indonesian picture books subject matter poetry writing for elementary school students in grade V.Using research and development methods, or also called Research and Development. Research and Development method (RnD) is a research method used to produce certain products, and test the effectiveness of these products. The research was conducted at SD 4 Peganjaran, SD 4 Gribig, SD 1 Gribig and SD NU Kartika in Kudus City. The research subjects were all teachers, fifth grade students from four different schools namely 3 Peganjaran Public Elementary School in Bae sub-district, 4 Gribig Public Elementary School in Gebog sub-district, 1 Gribig Public Elementary School in Gebog sub-district and Nawa Kartika elementary school in Kota sub-district.The test results of the effectiveness of picture book learning media are based on holy local wisdom in Indonesian language. Testing effectiveness is done by comparing the results of each school's pretest and posttest. Based on the value of t test at SD 3 Peganjaran obtained So the acquisition of t count = 4, 542 while T table = 1.79, t test can be concluded t count t table So Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted, so Ha is accepted and media of effective picture book applied. Based on the test value at SD 4 Gribig obtained t count = 4.73 while T table = 1.73 t test can be concluded t count t table Then Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted so that Ha is accepted and media picture book is effectively applied. Based on the t test on SD 1 Gribig obtained t value = 6.98 while T table = 1.68 t test can be concluded t count t table Then Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted, so that Ha is accepted and media picture book is effectively applied, Based on the value Nawa Kartika's NU SD test obtained t count = 8.07 while T table = 1.68 t test can be concluded t count t table So Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted, so Ha is accepted and media picture book is effectively applied.

Writing is not only as academic skills but also it as as important skills to facilitate the career and life needs. Writing material must be designed to realize the skills that are directly implemented in daily life. Therefore, the needs analysis process is a necessity to find out those needs. The aim of study was to get the students’ needs of Arabic guided writing material through task-based learning. Writing has to create as task learning because it needs more practice. This study needs to design guided material. The research used qualitative research using descriptive qualitative method. The process of collecting data used documentation, interview and questionnaire. Data analysis used descriptive qualitative technique and judgment experts. The result of finding show that teacher and students need authentic material refers to practice. Task-based learning has offered the variation of task. Almost the participant answered that the types of task is available with the Arabic guided writing learning. This study is not oriented to the writing material content but also combined with the variation task activity. It can be implemented in guided writing subject. The consortium is able to develop in the material arranging.

The purpose of this study is to explain the interference of the pondok’s words in the composition written by the first semester students of English department of UNSIQ Wonosobo. There are ten students who can fulfil the required criteria to be the subjects of research. The reason for choosing them is because they have not received extensive writing material. This research is a descriptive qualitative research. Data are collected by observing the compositions made by students. Data are analyzed using comparative analysis. The research findings are that all students studied still used pondok’s words their English compositions. Keywords: pondok, interference, mother tongue

This study aims to develop appropriate English writing materials by using Genre-Based Approach. This study was conducted by Research and Development (R&D) design through six stages; gathering data and information, analyzing data, designing new materials, validating by experts, revising and final product. It was conducted at SMA Negeri 14 Medan for grade XI, consisting of 32 students. Instrument for collecting data was document, questionnaire and interview. Based on the data, it found some writing material, which has inappropriate instruction related to writing a text that should be developed based on syllabus and students’ needs. In analyzing students’ needs, the questionnaire was distributed to 32 students and also conducting an interview to the teacher and students. Then, the researchers design the new materials that validated by experts. The results of validating show 91,6% from English lecturer and 80% from English teacher. It means the developing materials are categorized as “relevant” for the grade XI students at SMA Negeri 14 Medan.

The aims of this study is to find out the development of module teaching material of writing short story of literacy based in Senior High School Parulian 1 medan. The research method of this study is qualitative research. The result show that The development of module teaching materials is carried out by determining the title, objectives, material selection, framework preparation, and collection of relevant materials with short story writing material and the techniques used in writing short stories. In addition, to assess the feasibility of the product being developed, validation tests were conducted involving expert lecturers, and Indonesian language teachers, as well as limited student testing. Feasibility assessment of this module includes 4 aspects, namely aspects of content / material, presentation, language, and graphics.

The application of the learning model is an operational step to achieving maximum learning goals. Based on the results of the author's observation on Indonesian Language subjects, especially in the field of writing skills, the Report on Observation Results (LHO) is often found to be a problem, students find it difficult to make sentences and paragraphs of LHO text. This is because the teacher often implements an inappropriate learning model, so students have not been able to fully understand the concept of the LHO text. The selection of creative and innovative learning methods and models can influence the ability of students to construct their knowledge well. The application of creative and innovative learning models can also be developed from a local wisdom in each region, for example the local wisdom of Bawi Kuwu folklore in Central Kalimantan. Folklore Bawi Kuwu can be modified into a learning model by paying attention to the cultural value of the story. The Bawi Kuwu (BK) learning model is a group learning model based on the cultural value of folklore in Central Kalimantan and the collaboration between the concept of cooperative jigsaw learning models and peer teaching. The application of the Bawi Kuwu learning pattern in writing the Observation Results Text is very suitable to be applied because in its application the students in the group try to construct their knowledge and convey it to a student in his group with the guidance of the teacher.

Writing is a skill which is consider as difficult skill in teaching learning process because it need an effort to collect ideas and words on the paper. Most of student said that writing process is very difficult and often make them lazy and bored to write and to make student motivated and enthusiastic to study the teachers probably have the strategy, method or a technique to teach their students and this research attempt to describe the Dictogloss technique that is implemented by the teacher in teaching writing of procedure text in the ninth grade of SMPI Bahrul-Huda sumber anyar. From this research, the researcher want to know the process of dictogloss technique and the advantage of that technique in writing material. In this research, the resercher use qualitative approach. Data collection procedures that used in this research are observation, interview, and documentation. The result show that implementation of Dictogloss technique that is implemented by the teacher in the class room is run well and teaching learning process is successful by using the technique. Students get progress to write than before and they get many vocabularies as guided writing, they also know how to arrange words to be sentence then write it to be one paragraph but in the other side the technique is need much time and sometimes it affect student in learning.

Digital marketing has become a new way to exchange things, starting from information to selling things. UniversitasNegeri Medan (UNIMED) as one of the educational university tries to engage to this digital world. Since the currentfacility of multimedia laboratorybased on Computer Assisted Language learning (CALL), the implementation of e-learning has been developed. Through English for Spesific Purposes (ESP), the students learn further on e-world. The aim of this research is to find out the students’ ability in writing an advertisement using social media. This research used a development research approach (R & D) that adopts a model developed by Borg & Gall and the questionnares were analyzed by Linkert Scale formula. The research activities wasin the second semester consist of 30 english literature students carried out pre- and post-test, expert validation, and final product. The result shown: 1) social media like Instagram can be developed as the writing material; 2) students’ ability in writing using social media can be implemented in e-marketing to design an advertisement. Furthermore, it’s suggested to do more research on digital marketing to offer a wider opportunies to students in deciding the best job in the future.

This paper deals with The Development of Contextual Text Based Exposition Writing Teaching Materials of Class X Students in State 16 Senior High School, Medan. The method used in the development of teaching material research is the Borg and Gall models which used to develop a product. The product of the learning module that was developed was a contextual text-based exposition writing material for class X students in state 16 Senior High School, Medan. This research and development refers to the theory of teaching material development proposed by Borg and Gall. The finding shows that Teaching Materials Development of Exposition Text Writing Based on Contextual is the development of teaching materials is needed by students and teachers in the learning process. This is due to improving the quality of learning to be better and more interesting. The use of contextual text-based teaching writing materials is considered more effective than the textbooks used by students. This is evidenced by better student learning outcome that is the use of textbooks (Pretest) 70.68% with sufficient categories while the use of teaching materials for exposition text writing is based on contextual (Posttest) 81.40% with good categories. The effectiveness of teaching material based on the results of the pretest to posttest exposition text writing increased with a difference of 10.72%. Based on this, the product developed has been good and tested in improving students' ability in writing exposition texts in class X students in state 16 Senior High School, Medan.

Writing Learning must still be based on Core Competencies (KI) which are then announced in Basic Competencies (KD) and Indicators through learning material. Similarly, the writing material results from field observations and observations. Add another competition for scientific publication of adolescents conducted at the District / City, Provincial and National Level. While the material can be achieved and competitions can be followed. In this paper, it is discussed giving habit transformation of writing through concepts and for example making students see general writing, then students look for references and field data. Only to discuss the substance of scientific writing needs field reinforcement data carried out by students and must be guided directly by the guidance teacher through habit transformation of writing so that the validity and writing of scientific writings can be accounted for. The results of habit transformation in adolescent students are quite significant, so that the 5 texts that have begun to be seen develop and several texts in the process of improvement. Of the seven texts prepared the results are quite encouraging. 2 manuscripts have started the results of their writings by fulfilling the rule of writing.

A Textbook is a reference for teachers and students on learning. (Awasthi, 2006) Says textbooks are learning material for both teachers and students in the learning and teaching process, especially in students for learning activities. This study aims to analyze the material and student activity in textbooks. The analysis is focused on the presentation of the materials and assignments written by the students. This research is descriptive qualitative using content analysis. From the aspect of presenting writing material and activities, all writing materials and assignments are in the form of a guide. writing, because students are asked to write responses, in limited length, to the instructions given. This study shows that writing assignments in textbooks are proportionately covered. The findings suggest that independent references to vocabulary and grammar are required for independent study. With written assignment activities presented in the textbook material, students understand better the previous lesson and are more active in the learning process. The topics presented are diverse so that students have the opportunity to explain the topic in different ways.

The purpose of this study was to describe the relevance of writing learning materials in the grade 5 textbooks of elementary schools and the basic competencies of the 2013 Curriculum. This research is library research (library research), which is research based on searching the literature related to the issues to be discussed. The approach used in this study is a qualitative approach. The results of the data analysis show that between the writing learning material in the 5th grade textbooks of elementary schools and the basic competencies of the 2013 Curriculum, there is a very significant relevance. This conclusion is based on the results of data analysis on two research problems which show the following results: (1) There is a very significant relevance between writing learning materials in grade 5 textbooks of elementary schools and basic competencies of knowledge in the 2013 curriculum; (2) There is a very significant relevance between writing learning materials in grade 5 textbooks of elementary schools and basic competency skills in the 2013 curriculum.

The development of interactive media on learning to write experience-based short stories is designed according to the needs and characteristics of students who are expected to be able to overcome all the problems in learning activities to write short stories and make students more active, independent and able to think critically. This research was carried out at Amanah Islamic Modern School Middle School in Medan. The data in this study are the results of observations, interviews, results of questionnaires validation of material and design of learning media, the results of questionnaires teacher perceptions of learning media developed, and student learning outcomes totaling 32 people. Data from observations in the form of learning values writing short stories totaling 32 students so far and the results of interviews in the form of opinions of two Indonesian language teachers related to learning to write short stories obtained from students and teachers of Indonesian. Learning outcomes in short story text writing material based on the experience of students of class IX-1 Amanah Middle School Islamic Modren School Medan after using interactive learning media are in the category of "very good" with an average value of 80 and average values before using interactive multimedia learning media for 69.37 which is in the "good" category.

The purposes of study into identify the needs of Indonesian short story writing material for foreign students at ACS Jakarta school. The method used qualitative research. The process of collecting data used observation activities, interviews, and questionnaire. Validation of data is triangulation process. The results showed that the foreign students need materials have a variation level in accordance with the context of learning which is Indonesian. Students expect Indonesian language short story writing material that is relevant to their language cultural context and culture in the Indonesian language. While the teaching materials is supported by the use of learning media is able to stimulate the learning activities of writing.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kebutuhan bahan ajar menulis cerita pendek bahasa Indonesia bagi siswa penutur asing di sekolah ACS Jakarta. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif. Proses pengumpulan data menggunakan kegiatan observasi, wawancara, dan kuesioner. Validasi data menggunakan proses triangulasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa siswa penutur asing membutuhkan bahan ajar yang memiliki tingkat variasi sesuai dengan konteks pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia. Para siswa mengharapkan adanya sajian materi ajar menulis cerita pendek yang relevan dengan konteks dan budaya dalam bahasa Indonesia. Selain itu, materi ajar didukung oleh penggunaan media belajar yang mampu menstimulasi kegiatan pembelajaran menulis.

Historically, a palimpsest is a manuscript or piece of writing material on which the original writing has been effaced to make room for later writing but of which traces remain; or by analogy, anything reused or altered but still bearing visible traces of its earlier form. Although this practice was most often done with little regard to the original, primarily serving a pragmatic purpose not to waste parchment, it can instead be utilized as methodology for a sort of physical sublation, as it both preserves and changes the original. Or put another way, critically doing a palimpsest allows the physical alteration to become the dialectic interplay between the original and some other term, concept, or object. If contextualized then as a review, this process retains the basic premise of analysis, but changes it from a form of external evaluation to one of synthesis.

The adoption of paper in the Middle East changed literacy practices and improved economic performance, yet current accounts remain unhelpful for understanding why and how it happened. This paper offers a new analysis of the long-term factors behind the adoption of paper in the Middle East, combining insights from economic theory, economic history and evidence from quantitative studies. The paper establishes a long-term trend in the price of writing material and books in the Middle East, and suggests an explanation based on economic factors which led to a decline in the price of inputs in paper production.

The Instructional Writing Material of Opinion and Essays with Problem Based Learning. This study aims to describe the feasibility and effectiveness of writing articles of opinion and project-based essay articles. Teaching materials were developed using the ADDIE model at the Muhammadiyah University of Makassar. The results showed that the developed teaching materials have been feasible and effectively used in the study of opinion writing and essay. The teaching materials are worthy of use because they meet the aspects of eligibility that are content feasibility, presentation feasibility, and language feasibility. Effective teaching materials are used because there are significant differences in student learning outcomes before using and after using teaching materials.

Research on Gregorian chant in Poland is necessary to establish the origin, specificity and the uniqueness of the Polish musical culture which grew on the foundation of the European artistic creation. Tracing the development of the Gregorian chant in Poland is also of great interest on account of its impact on other forms of sacred music which develop in our country already since the 14th century. Furthermore, this research has another significance as well, namely complement- ing the general musicological literature with information contained in Polish medieval sources. The reason for this is that Western European publications sometimes present our medievalistic culture in a one-sided manner without taking into account the results of research of Polish musicologists in this field. Source analyses of Polish medieval liturgical manuscripts are of a particular importance these days as only a tiny percentage of their former corpus has survived in Poland. That is undeni- ably evidenced by the information provided in early library inventories and records from bishops’visitations. The subject matter of this paper is focused on the physical description of the three- volume Jan Olbracht Gradual. In dealing with this issue, I used heuristcs, the method commonly used in the first stage of source analyses. The paper begins with presenting the subject literature. Afterward, it contains the physical description of the codex, comprising the circumstances and the date of produc- tion of the gradual, book format, bindings’ description of all three volumes, writing material, internal structure of the books’ blocks and their losses, foliation, additions and palimpsest, and also the state of preservation. The last section of the paper is dedicated to the paleographic analysis focused on the issues such as: the visual aspect of the leaf, textual and musical script, and decoration.

Research on Gregorian chant in Poland is necessary to establish the origin, specifity and the uniqueness of the Polish musical culture which grew on the foundation of the European artistic creation. Tracing the development of the Gregorian chant in Poland is also of great interest on account of its impact on other forms of sacred music which develop in our country already since the 14th century. Furthermore, this research has another significance as well, namely complement- ing the general musicological literature with information contained in Polish medieval sources. The reason for this is that Western European publications sometimes present our medievalistic culture in an one-sided manner without taking into account the results of research of Polish musicologists in this field. Source analyses of Polish medieval liturgical manuscripts are of a particular importance these days as only a tiny percentage of their former corpus has survived in Poland. That is undeni- ably evidenced by the information provided in early library inventories and the records from bish- ops’ visitsations. The subject matter of this paper is focused on the collation of the three-volume Jan Olbracht Gradual. In dealing with this issue, I used heuristcs, the method commonly used in the irst stage of source analyses. The paper begins with presenting the subject literature. Afterward, it contains the physical decsription of the codex, comprising the circumstances and the time of production of the gradual, book format, bindings’ description of all three vulumes, writing material, internal structure of the books’ blocks and their losses, foliation, additions and palimpset, and also the state of preservation. The last section of the paper is dedicated to the paleographic analysis focused on the issues such as: the visual aspect of the leave, textual and musical script, and decoration.

This research is aimed at finding out the suitable writing material for deaf students. This research belongs to research and development. The participants of this research were the eleventh graders of SLB Muhammadiyah Dekso Kalibawang of semester 1 in academic year 2013/2014 which consisted of two students. The instruments used in collecting data were questionnaires. The questionnaires were used in the need analysis, material evaluation and students� response. The data were analyzed descriptively by using percentage. Based on the need analysis, it was found out that students� need is suitable with material for writing. In developing �syllabus, existing syllabus must be added with some exercises. In developing material is in the form of hand out. The hand out is writing material for the deaf students. The developed material is for the first semester academic year of 2013/2014. It consists of �three �units, five topics and nineteen activities. In the material evaluation from two experts, the developed materials facilitate the deaf students to write. Based on the student�s response, the developed material is appropriate with their English level competence.

The lack of news writing skills of grade VIII student is caused by several factors including: students speak more often, so they do not focus on writing habits that cause students to be lazy. In this study the object of research in class VIII SMP N 2 SAWIT Boyolali consisted of 10 students. Data collected by several techniques such as observation and tests. Analysis of the data is a research procedure that is data in the form of written words. Data collection instruments used in the study are guidelines or observations and test. Audio visual results of observations and assesment about the use of media in news writing material have a change in direction for the better. In the first cycle using an audivisual media score reached 31 with a score of 60 included in the exellent category. From the written test results in cycle 1 the average score of 70 students with classical completeness of 46.6% and written test results in cycle 2 the average score of student was 83.9% with classical completeness of 93.3%. improvements obtained by students in earch cycle prove that the use of audio visual media on news text writing material can be said to be effective

This research is based on some problems faced most of senior high school students in Pesisir Selatan Regency in English writing, especially in writing kinds of genre based on the 2013 curriculum; the students get poor performance in English writing. For example, it is difficult for them to express their ideas in written form as they often wrote it ungrammatically. In other word, the students often encounter difficulties in keeping up with their work, particularly in producing written work. It caused by lack of practical, compatible, useful of the English teachers’ preparation even, the lesson plan, the teaching aids or media and the English writing material in helping the students learn English writing skill as suggested by genre - based writing instruction in the 2013 curriculum. By seeing the facts, the researchers are interested to evaluate qualitatively about the English teachers’ management for the preparation in teaching and learning process of genre - based writing instruction in 2013 curriculum at senior high school in Pesisir Selatan Regency. So that, the research aims to know how the English teachers prepare the the lesson plan, the teaching aids or media and the English writing material in helping the students learn English writing skill as suggested by genre - based writing instruction in the 2013 curriculum. The kind of this research is a qualitative evaluation with ethnography method. The data are mostly gained from the classroom analysis done through observation supported by field notes and videotaping, interview and document analysis. The subjects of this research were English teachers from six senior high schools that had implemented the 2013 curriculum in Pesisir Selatan Regency. The result shows that; firstly mostly the English teachers had prepared the lesson plan in helping the students learn English writing skill as suggested by genre - based writing instruction in the 2013 curriculum, nevertheless some English teachers’lesson plan hadn’t based on process standard as stated at the minister of national education regulation no 22 year 2016 in the 2013 curriculum. It proved that the document analysis result of some English teachers’ lesson plans got bad quality. Secondly, mostly English teachers hadn’t prepared the teaching aids or media in helping the students learn English writing skill as suggested by genre - based writing instruction in the 2013 curriculum, so that they seldom used the teaching aids or media in their learning process of writing skill. Thirdly, mostly English teachers had prepared the English writing materials, the English text books. Nevertheless, it is only adapted from the English text books or ready use books, most of them seldom create English writing materials by her/his self ; English module or diktat. Based on the data analysis, the researcher concludes that the English teachers’ management for the preparation in teaching and learning process of genre - based writing instruction in 2013 curriculum at senior high school in Pesisir Selatan Regency has not been managed by the English teachers optimally.

Palm-leaf manuscripts are ancient documents primarily used as writing material in South Asia and South-East Asia. Over hundreds of years, these manuscripts have been damaged. In an attempt to preserve these potentially valuable documents, many organizations have surveyed and digitized palm-leaf manuscripts in form of digital images. It is more desirable to transform the palm-leaf images into machine-encoded texts so that the document can be edited, retrieved, accessed and processed conveniently. Optical handwritten character recognition (OHCR) is a viable option for the purpose. Challenges in OHCR are often associated with types of writing media and the complexity of the alphabet under consideration. Several OHCR techniques for palm-leaf manuscripts have been developed during the past decade. In this chapter, we illustrate the problems associated with performing OHCR on palm-leaf manuscripts. The state-of-the-art OHCR techniques which have been successfully applied to palm-leaf manuscripts are outlined. We finally conclude the chapter with a working example of an ancient Lanna Dhamma character recognition system.

This paper introduces the project EFFE that applies and develops a methodology for data collection primarily intended for the study of the correlation between oral and written production in European Portuguese, and that also aims to serve a broad range of studies in different areas. It comprehends (i) a brief review of two scientific contexts occupied with learning to read and write, which are at the basis of the methodological planning of future corpora; (ii) the methodology adopted for the collection of speech and writing material of 48 children of a private school in Lisbon, and a summary of the quantitative data already observed; (iii) some considerations on unconventional forms (UF) observed in written production that reflect the speech of those children.

The level of scientific publications of Indonesian students at the international level is still very minimal. Even when compared to Malaysia and Thailand, Indonesia is still lagging behind. The Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education targets that in 2019 Indonesia will reach 30,000 international publications. Therefore, students' interest in writing must be increased, especially writing based on sources. Therefore, this study would like to find students' perspectives and perceived challenges in writing based on sources. This research was based on a case study. The research involved 68 students from one of the state universities in Bandung, and it analyzed 20 selected scientific papers written by students. The instruments for data collection included questionnaire and observation. The results of this study found that 59% of students perceived that writing scientific papers is very difficult. The students found it difficult to find suitable sources for writing material and develop their ideas. They tended to use articles as the sources from the internet whose originality is unclear. One reason this happens was because 80% of students did not know where to find or get indexed journals to use as references for their writing. In addition, many students also preferred not to use journals that were majorly English-based because of their limitation of English skills. The implication is that students should be given further understanding of how to access journals and use reference sources in writing. It is expected that every lecturer will give more source-based writing assignments so that the ability of students to write and develop ideas based on existing sources can be further improved.

The objectives of this study was to develop the writing materials in recount text for the eight grade students at SMP RK Serdang Murni Lubuk Pakam. This was a Research and Development (R&D) study. The subjects of the study were the students of eighth grade of SMP RK Serdang Murni Lubuk Pakam. The research procedures, were adapted from Jolly and Bolitho’s model in Tomlinson (1998) with some modifications, consisting of conducting the need analysis, writing the course grid, developing the first draft, getting expert judgment and evaluating the first draft, also revising the first draft of the materials.The instruments to collect the data were need analysis questionnaire and expert judgment questionnaire. The data from the need analysis were analyzed quantitatively using frequency and precentage, then the results were used to develop the course grid. The data from the expert judgment were analyzed quantitatively through descriptive statistics while the suggestions were used to revise the first draft of the materials. The product of this study is a set of writing materials of recount text entitled “Guide for Writing” for students of eighth grade of SMP RK Serdang Murni Lubuk Pakam. The writing material is “My Unforgettable Experience”. It consists of Pre-writing, Drafting, Responding, and Editing tasks ranging 15 tasks. Based on the research findings from the expert judgment, the whole aspects of the developed materials were 3.76 which was in the range of 3.25 < x ≤ 4 and can be categorized as “very good”. Keywords: Recount Text, Writing Materials, R&D Method

Vocational High School is course with aim to prepare the students to have specific skills by having practical activities based on its study program. It has the same purpose with English for specific purposes (ESP) course which aims to meet the students’ specific language need. ESP courses help students to use English appropriately as well as accurately to perform their jobs in a various situations where they encounter their English language function. ESP course often begins with the students’ need. Students’ need analysis is needed to be identified to be able to meet the effective learning material based on what the students really need. This study aims to investigate the writing materials needs of eleventh grade students of Office Administration study program in Vocational High School from viewpoints of students. This study used descriptive qualitative analysis with questionnaire and interview method to collect the data. The subjects of the research were eleventh grade of Office Administration students that consisted of 34 students by using purposive sampling. The result indicated that the students have several needs in terms of target needs and learning needs. Target needs are divided into necessities, wants, and lacks. Based on the result of target needs, the students are lack of component of writing skills including express ideas, write with correct organization, use correct grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling, and use appropriate vocabulary based on the context of the text. Thus, the students need and want to learn those components of writing skills. Meanwhile, learning needs are divided into input, procedure, setting, and accessibility. The input is divided into content of materials, activities, and design. The teachers should pay attention more on those aspects to fulfill the students’ need to help them transition successfully to their future careers after graduation.

The purpose of the offered article is determination of the characteristic tendency of progress of genre of miniature trends for brass wind instruments in the Ukrainian musical culture of 30–70-th of ХХ of century. Methodology of the research is based on the usage of methods: textual and source studies – while working with different genre sources of the select issue, analytical and typological – for the detection of immanent features of certain examples of analysable genre and their association in corresponding typology groups. The scientific novelty of work lies in the introduction to scientific turnover of the certain note writing material firstly analysed and generalization of leading genre-stylish tendencies of development of the mentioned genre outlined chronologically. Conclusions. On the basis of analysis of the number of corresponding works there are exposed their genre-stylish features, and also the basic stages of evolution of the mentioned genre are determined: formation (1930–50), stabilization (1960–70) and modification (1980–90)

The purpose of this study was to describe the variant of student thesis on learning to write Arabic language and description of the students’ thesis results. This research used descriptive qualitative research method by using content analysis. The author analyzed 42 related theses of writing Arabic in accordance with the variant of kitâbah discussion and the results of those theses. The results of this study were 1) the study variant of Arabic writing consisted of 6 studies on Arabic painting, 16 studies on writing imlâ, 19 studies on the making of insyâ, and 1 study on Arabic writing material analysis. 2) The result of this thesis research was that experimental study about the use of technique, method, and media was effective in improving learning result except one research stating ineffective. The results of this research showed that there were alternatives that can solve the problem of learning to write Arabic nowadays.

The chapter presents a philosophical approach to teaching and learning mathematics in which five philosophical methods are translated into methods of reading and writing mathematical texts. The philosophical approaches are Hermeneutics, Analytical philosophy, Dialectics, Experience based (phenomenological) and Speculative philosophy. We use the acronym HADES for the combination of these approaches. For each of them we present reading and writing material which can be used for teaching peer tutors and by them in their interaction with students.