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Wrinkles, crucial for age estimation and skin quality assessment, present challenges due to their uneven distribution, varying scale, and sensitivity to factors like lighting. To overcome these challenges, this study presents facial wrinkle detection with multiscale spatial feature fusion based on image enhancement and an adaptively spatial feature fusion squeeze-and-excitation Unet network (ASFF-SEUnet) model. Firstly, in order to improve wrinkle features and address the issue of uneven illumination in wrinkle images, an innovative image enhancement algorithm named Coiflet wavelet transform Donoho threshold and improved Retinex (CT-DIR) is proposed. Secondly, the ASFF-SEUnet model is designed to enhance the accuracy of full-face wrinkle detection across all age groups under the influence of lighting factors. It replaces the encoder part of the Unet network with EfficientNet, enabling the simultaneous adjustment of depth, width, and resolution for improved wrinkle feature extraction. The squeeze-and-excitation (SE) attention mechanism is introduced to grasp the correlation and importance among features, thereby enhancing the extraction of local wrinkle details. Finally, the adaptively spatial feature fusion (ASFF) module is incorporated to adaptively fuse multiscale features, capturing facial wrinkle information comprehensively. Experimentally, the method excels in detecting facial wrinkles amid complex backgrounds, robustly supporting facial skin quality diagnosis and age assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin wrinkles result from intrinsic aging processes and extrinsic influences, including prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation and tobacco smoking. Hence, the identification of wrinkles holds significant importance in skin aging and medical aesthetic investigation. Nevertheless, current methods lack the comprehensiveness to identify facial wrinkles, particularly those that may appear insignificant. Furthermore, the current assessment techniques neglect to consider the blurred boundary of wrinkles and cannot differentiate images with varying resolutions. This research introduces a novel wrinkle detection algorithm and a distance-based loss function to identify full-face wrinkles. Furthermore, we develop a wrinkle detection evaluation metric that assesses outcomes based on curve, location, and gradient similarity. We collected and annotated a dataset for wrinkle detection consisting of 1021 images of Chinese faces. The dataset will be made publicly available to further promote wrinkle detection research. The research demonstrates a substantial enhancement in detecting subtle wrinkles through implementing the proposed method. Furthermore, the suggested evaluation procedure effectively considers the indistinct boundaries of wrinkles and is applicable to images with various resolutions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Facial wrinkles are important indicators of human aging. Recently, a method using deep learning and a semi-automatic labeling was proposed to segment facial wrinkles, which showed much better performance than conventional image-processing-based methods. However, the difficulty of wrinkle segmentation remains challenging due to the thinness of wrinkles and their small proportion in the entire image. Therefore, performance improvement in wrinkle segmentation is still necessary. To address this issue, we propose a novel loss function that takes into account the thickness of wrinkles based on the semi-automatic labeling approach. First, considering the different spatial dimensions of the decoder in the U-Net architecture, we generated weighted wrinkle maps from ground truth. These weighted wrinkle maps were used to calculate the training losses more accurately than the existing deep supervision approach. This new loss computation approach is defined as weighted deep supervision in our study. The proposed method was evaluated using an image dataset obtained from a professional skin analysis device and labeled using semi-automatic labeling. In our experiment, the proposed weighted deep supervision showed higher Jaccard Similarity Index (JSI) performance for wrinkle segmentation compared to conventional deep supervision and traditional image processing methods. Additionally, we conducted experiments on the labeling using a semi-automatic labeling approach, which had not been explored in previous research, and compared it with human labeling. The semi-automatic labeling technology showed more consistent wrinkle labels than human-made labels. Furthermore, to assess the scalability of the proposed method to other domains, we applied it to retinal vessel segmentation. The results demonstrated superior performance of the proposed method compared to existing retinal vessel segmentation approaches. In conclusion, the proposed method offers high performance and can be easily applied to various biomedical domains and U-Net-based architectures. Therefore, the proposed approach will be beneficial for various biomedical imaging approaches. To facilitate this, we have made the source code of the proposed method publicly available at: https://github.com/resemin/WeightedDeepSupervision. • Improved learning loss calculation considering the spatial dimension, resulting in 1 % to 5 % performance enhancement. • Sharing experimental results on a semi-automated labeling technique with higher consistency than human labeling. • Applying the proposed method to a U-Net-like structure and confirming performance improvement. • Demonstrating outstanding performance not only in wrinkle detection but also in retinal vessel segmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wrinkles play an important role in the face-based analysis. They have been widely used in applications, such as facial retouching, facial expression recognition, and face age estimation. Although a few techniques for a wrinkle analysis have been explored in the literature, poor detection limits the accuracy and reliability of wrinkle segmentation. Therefore, an automated wrinkle detection method is crucial to maintain consistency and reduce human error. In this paper, we propose Hessian line tracking (HLT) to overcome the detection problem. HLT is composed of Hessian seeding and directional line tracking. It is an extension of a Hessian filter; however, it significantly increases the accuracy of wrinkle localization when compared with existing methods. In the experimental phase, three coders were instructed to annotate wrinkles manually. To assess the manual annotation, both intrareliability and interreliability were measured, with an accuracy of 94% or above. The experimental results show that the proposed method is capable of tracking hidden pixels; thus, it increases connectivity of detection between wrinkles, allowing some fine wrinkles to be detected. In comparison to the state-of-the-art methods such as the Cula Method, Frangi Filter, and Hybrid Hessian Filter, the proposed HLT yields better results, with an accuracy of 84%. This paper demonstrates that the HLT is a remarkably strong detector of forehead wrinkles in 2-D images.

Wrinkles can be embedded in several image-based applications as a descriptor for human skin. However, wrinkle-based age estimation research has not been widely addressed. In this paper, we introduce a Multi-scale Wrinkle Patterns (MWP) representation, investigate the effect of wrinkles on face age estimation and propose Hybrid Ageing Patterns (HAP) for face age estimation. To define the wrinkle regions more precisely, a template consisting of 10 regions constructed relatively to a set of automatically located facial landmarks is used. We extract the multi-scale wrinkles in each region and encode them into MWP. We use Support Vector Regression to estimate age from the combination of such patterns. The performance of the algorithms is assessed by using Mean Absolute Error (MAE) on three state-of-the-art datasets - FG-NET, FERET and MORPH. We observe that MWP produces a comparable MAE of 4.16 on FERET to the state of the art. Finally we propose HAP, which combines the features from MWP and the facial appearance model (FAM), and demonstrate improved performance on FERET and MORPH with MAE of 3.02 (±2.92) and 3.68 (±2.98), respectively. Therefore, we conclude that MWP is an important complementary feature for face age estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The visual and mechanical quality of paperboard packaging components formed by deep drawing closely corresponds to the wrinkle distribution within the material wall section. Assessing this quality of paperboard packaging components currently relies on very slow or even subjective methods. Therefore, counting the number of wrinkles and measuring the mean distance between wrinkles proved to be a sensitive strategy for the evaluation of quality levels in deep drawing formed paperboard containers like cups or trays. A method introduced by Hauptmann proposes the measurement of the distances between 10 wrinkles in machine direction and 10 wrinkles in cross direction for each sample. However, this method is unsatisfactory because it can only observe a small part of each sample and is subject to deviation through the individual judgement of the person carrying out the survey. Further methods, as well as their respective application range, are listed in Table [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facial wrinkles are important features of aging human skin which can be incorporated in several image-based applications related to aging. Facial wrinkles are 3D features of skin and appear as subtle discontinuities or cracks in surrounding skin texture. However, facial wrinkles can easily be masked by illumination/acquisition conditions in 2D images due to the specific nature of skin surface texture and its reflective properties. Existing approaches to image-based analysis of aging skin are based on the analysis of wrinkles as texture and not as curvilinear discontinuity/crack features. Previously, we proposed a stochastic approach based on Marked Point Processes (MPP) to localize facial wrinkles as curves. In this paper, we present a fast deterministic algorithm based on Gabor filters and image morphology to improve localization results. We propose image features based on Gabor filter bank to highlight the subtle curvilinear discontinuities in skin texture caused by wrinkles. Then, image morphology is used to incorporate geometric constraints to localize curvilinear shapes of wrinkles at image sites of large Gabor filter responses. Experiments are conducted on two sets of low and high resolution images and results are compared with those of MPP modeling. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm not only is significantly faster than MPP-based approach but also provides visually better results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]