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Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata is redescribed, and the expansion of its geographic distribution is presented based on abundant new records. Morphological analysis, meristic comparison and osteological description were performed. No one autapomorphy was identified for P. nigrolineata, but the species is identified by an exclusive combination of characters of coloration of the body, morphometric and meristic data (snout length, maxillary and outer mental barbels length; number of vertebrae). A discussion of its geographic distribution, coloration pattern of the body, the putative relationships among some species of the genus, and its conservation status are presented. Resumo Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata é redescrita e a expansão de sua distribuição geográfica é apresentada com base em abundantes novos registros. Foram realizadas análises morfológicas, comparação merística e descrição osteológica. Nenhuma autapomorfia foi identificada para P. nigrolineata, mas a espécie é identificada por uma combinação exclusiva de caracteres de colorido do corpo, dados morfométricos e merísticos (comprimento do focinho, comprimento dos barbilhões maxilares e mentais externos; número de vértebras). Uma discussão dessa distribuição geográfica, padrão de coloração do corpo, as supostas relações entre algumas espécies do gênero e seu estado de conservação são apresentados.

Menticirrhus cuiaranensis sp. nov. Figure 5, Tables 3, 4 Menticirrhus littoralis (not of Holbrook 1847).— Chao 1977: 29 (in part; FAO fact sheets; description).— Chao 1978: 31 (in part; basis for classifying the western Atlantic sciaenids; description).— Menezes & Figueiredo 1980: 45 (in part; guide to the fishes from the southeastern Brazilian coast; short description).— Jardim 1988: 182 (in part; synopsis of Menticirrhus).— Camargo & Isaac 2001:143 (estuarine fishes of the northern Brazilian coast; listed).— Chao 2003:1627 (in part; FAO species identification guide; western Central Atlantic; description).—Casatti & Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003: 87 (in part; catalog of the marine fishes of Brazil; listed). Doubtful references to this species Menticirrhus littoralis (not of Holbrook 1847).— Cervigón 1992: 406 (fishes of Venezuela; list, short description).— Cervigón 1993: 282 (fishes of Venezuela; list and short description).— Marín 2000: 75 (fishes of Venezuela; listed) Material Examined. Holotype: MPEG 38944 (1, 222 mm SL), Cuiaraná, Salinópolis, Pará, Brazil. Paratypes: MPEG 33252 (1, 184 mm SL), Cuiaraná, Salinópolis, Pará, Brazil; MPEG 33255 (12, 187– 220 mm SL), Cuiaraná, Salinópolis, Pará, Brazil; MPEG 35241 (3, 94– 117 mm SL), Ajuruteua, Bragança, Pará, Brazil; MPEG 35242 (9, 78– 102 mm SL), Ajuruteua, Bragança, Pará, Brazil; AZUSC 5030 (3, 154– 174 mm SL), Bragança, Pará, Brazil; LBP 28919 (1, 169 mm SL), baía do Caeté, Bragança Pará; MZUSP 125779 (1, 204 mm SL), baía do Caeté, Bragança Pará; MPEG 32830 (1), Furo da Ostra, Bragança, Pará, Brazil. Non-type specimens: UFPB 397 (1), Praia do Forte, Paraíba, Brazil; UFPB 618 (1), praia do Tibau, Paraíba, Brazil; AZUSC 5935 (7, 170– 199 mm SL), Praia da Caueira, Aracajú, Sergipe, Brazil; MZUSP 69826 (3, 154– 184 mm SL), Vitória, Espírito Santo Brazil; MZUSP 7955 (2, 185 mm SL), Atafona, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Diagnosis. Menticirrhus cuiaranensis, which occurs from the northern, northeast and eastern coasts of Brazil, is distinguished from its congeners in the western Atlantic as follows: from M. americanus, which is found in the United States and the Gulf of Mexico, by having 16–19 pectoral-fin rays (vs. 20–23, rarely 19, Table 3), pectoral fin barely reaching tip of depressed pelvic fin (vs. surpassing tip of pelvic fin, Fig. 7), body without dark bars (vs. with irregular dark bars, Fig. 7); from M. gracilis, which is found on the southern coast of Brazil, by having 22–24 dorsal-fin rays (vs. 18–21, Table 3); from M. martinicensis, which occurs from the Caribbean and South America, by having 16–19 pectoral-fin rays (vs. 20–24, rarely 19, Table 3), pectoral-fin tip barely reaching tip of depressed pelvic fin (vs. extending beyond tip of the pelvic fin, Fig. 7), body without irregular dark bars (vs. with irregular dark bars, Fig. 7); from M. littoralis, which is found in the United States and the Gulf of Mexico, by having 6–11 gill rakers in the first arches (vs. 12–15, Table 3), a dusky caudal fin, without a distinctive dark spot on the dorsal lobe (vs. pale caudal fin, with a dark spot on the upper lobe, Fig. 7); and from M. saxatilis, which is found in the United States and the Gulf of Mexico, by body without irregular dark bars (vs. with dark bars, Fig. 7), and pectoral-fin tip barely reaching tip of depressed pelvic fin (vs. surpassing tip of pelvic fin, Fig. 7). Menticirrhus cuiaranensis can also be distinguished from its congeners from the eastern Pacific as follows: from M. elongatus, which occurs from the Gulf of California to Peru, by having pectoral-fin tip barely reaching tip of depressed pelvic fin (vs. surpassing tip of pelvic fin); from M. nasus, ranging from California to Peru, by having 16–18, rarely 19, pectoral-fin rays (vs. 19–22), scales present along base of soft dorsal fin (vs. soft dorsal fin naked), pectoral-fin tip barely reaching tip of depressed pelvic fin (vs. surpassing tip of pelvic fin); from M. ophicephalus, ranging from Ecuador to Chile, by having 49–55 scales with pores along lateral line to caudal-fin base (vs. 63–66 scales), S-shaped posterior margin of its caudal fin (vs. concave margin), scales present along base of soft dorsal fin (vs. soft dorsal fin naked); from M. paitensis, which occurs from the Gulf of California to Chile, by having 49–55 scales with pores along lateral line to caudal-fin base (vs. 76–98 scales), 16–19 pectoral-fin rays (vs. 21–23), scales present along base of soft dorsal fin (vs. soft dorsal fin naked); from M. panamensis, which ranging from the Gulf of California to Chile, by having 16–19 pectoral-fin rays (vs. 20–23), scales present along base of soft dorsal fin (vs. soft dorsal fin naked), pectoral-fin tip barely reaching tip of depressed pelvic fin (vs. surpassing tip of pelvic fin); and from M. undulatus, found in California, in the United States, by scales present along base of soft dorsal fin (vs. soft dorsal fin naked), and the body without lines or dark bars (vs. with dark lines). Description: D. X-XI+I,22–24; A. I+7; P. 16–19; C. 17; GR. 7–11; LL. 50–55; SA. 8–11; SB. 13–18 (Tables 3, 4). Body slender in lateral view, not compressed, ventral profile flat; maximum depth at first dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile slightly convex, steeply ascending, from snout to eye-level, convex to first dorsal-fin origin, nearly straight on first dorsal-fin base, slightly convex, descending at second dorsal-fin base, caudal peduncle slightly concave. Ventral profile convex on snout, concave below anterior eye border, descending over head to pelvic-fin origin, straight from pelvic-fin base to vent, ascending, slightly concave along anal-fin base to caudal-fin base. Snout short, deep, blunt, slender at tip in lateral view, mouth subterminal, dorsal profile naked. Premaxilla with 4–6 rows of acicular teeth, external most 9–15 teeth large, caniniform, 3–5 rows on dentary. Eye round, shorter than snout length, not adjoining dorsal profile. Interorbital space smaller than orbital diameter, slightly convex, covered with ctenoid scales. Nostrils small, anterior one round, posterior larger, nearly on horizontal line at ventral pupil border. Head with five sensory pores on snout, forming a semicircle around mouth corner, followed by larger central pore; lower jaw with four pores, two on each side encircling mental barbel, pores otherwise absent; mental barbel short, rigid, with blunt tip, without pore. Lateral line slightly arched to second dorsal-fin origin, straight, descending to caudal peduncle, nearly horizontal elsewhere to caudal-fin tip. Preopercle margin rough, with about 10–15 very short spines. Opercle tip angled, with small, fleshy projection, vertical posteriorly, passing through pectoral-fin base. Gill rakers short, 2–3 rudimentary on upper limb. Large, ctenoid scales present on trunk, belly, opercle, preopercle, interorbital, and infraorbital, cycloid on gular region and around nostrils (absent in specimens smaller than 50 mm SL), snout tip naked. Dorsal fins with two rows of small, cycloid scales on interradial membranes, sheath of scales on base of second dorsal; anal fin scaleless; pectoral fin with a cluster of small, cycloid or ctenoid scales on base, rows of corresponding scales along rays, absent on pectoral tip; caudal fin with a cluster of large, ctenoid scales, rows of cycloid scales along three-quarters of rays-length. Spinous dorsal fin short, first spine shortest, second spine longest; second dorsal fin adjoining first one. Origin of second dorsal fin slightly behind vertical line passing through pectoral-fin tip, second dorsal soft rays much shorter than longest dorsal spines. Anal-fin origin on vertical line passing through sixth second dorsal-fin ray; first spine very slender. Pectoral fin falcate, relatively long, reaching vertical line passing through last spine of the first dorsal fin, not surpassing pelvic-fin tip, approximately equal to length of second anal-fin spine. Pelvic fin as long as pectoral fin, its origin nearly at vertical line passing through mid-pectoral fin, as long as pectoral fin. Caudal peduncle short, depth larger than orbital diameter. Caudal fin short, emarginated, central rays short. Color in alcohol. Upper half of body straw-beige, lower half whitish; head darker from dorsal margin to eye, lighter below, with yellowish hue below eye and on ventral opercle margin; caudal fin yellow, with subtle black hue on tip; fins otherwise hyaline (Fig. 5A). Color of fresh material. Background color light gray on dorsum and flanks, silvery ventrally on snout, below eye, near anal fin and belly. Sides of body with slender oblique dark lines accompanying center of scales. First dorsal-fin anterior membrane dirty yellow, dusky on posterior interradial membranes, tip of longest spines blackened. Second dorsal and anal fins light gray, dusky along rays; pectoral fin dirty yellowish, with dark hue on upper anterior third, increasing near tip of upper pectoral rays; pelvic fin yellow to cream beige, with darkened line along spine. Caudal fin dusky, darker along rays; margins of upper and lower caudal-fin lobes irregularly darkened along its length (Fig. 5B). Distribution and habitat. Western South Atlantic along Brazilian coast, from Pará state to northern Rio de Janeiro state (Fig. 4), but probably also present in the area of influenced by Amazon-Orinoco plume. It is often found in shallow coastal waters at depths of up to 10 meters, over soft bottoms, mainly in estuarine areas and the surf zone (Fig. 5C). Fishing. Sometimes targeted by recreational anglers and artisanal fishers using cast-nets and fishing weir. Etymology. Menticirrhus cuiaranensis is named in reference to the artisanal fishermen village of Cuiaraná, at Salinópolis, Pará state, Brazil, where the holotype specimen was collected (Fig. 5C). Remarks. Menticirrhus cuiaranensis is closer to M. gracilis and M. littoralis, but it can be distinguished from these species through a set of morphological features, in addition to the genetic evidence (Fig. 5, Table 3). The new species differs from M. gracilis by having more rays in the second dorsal fin (22–24 dorsal-fin rays vs. 18–21), and from M. littoralis by having fewer rakers in the first gill arch (7–11 vs. 12–15). Live and fresh specimens of M. littoralis also have a dark spot on the upper caudal lobe (Figs. 2B, C), which is absent in all specimens of M. cuiaranensis (Fig. 5) and M. gracilis (Fig. 6). ...Continued on the next page TABLE 4. (Continue d), Published as part of Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Caires, Rodrigo Antunes, Rotundo, Matheus Marcos, Cerqueira, Najila Nolie Catarine Dantas, Siccha-Ramirez, Raquel, Wosiacki, Wolmar Benjamin & Oliveira, Claudio, 2020, Taxonomic revision of the Menticirrhus americanus (Linnaeus, 1758) and M littoralis (Holbrook, 1847) (Percomorphacea: Sciaenidae) species complexes from the western Atlantic, pp. 301-333 in Zootaxa 4822 (3) on pages 309-314, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4822.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4401566, {"references":["Holbrook, J. E. (1847) Southern ichthyology: or, a description of the fishes inhabiting the waters of South Carolina Georgia and Florida. No. II. Wiley, New York and Putnam, London, 32 pp., 4 pls.","Chao, L. N. (1977) Sciaenidae. In: Fischer, W. (Ed.), Identification sheets of Central West Atlantic, fishing area 30 and 31. FAO, Rome, sheets 1 - 48.","Chao, L. N. (1978) A basis for classifying western Atlantic Sciaenidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Technical Report NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) Circular, 415, 1 - 64.","Menezes, N. A. & Figueiredo, J. L. (1980) Manual de peixes marinhos do Sudeste do Brasil. IV. Teleostei (3). Museu de Zoologia da USP, Sao Paulo, 96 pp.","Jardim, L. F. A. (1988) Sinopse das especies de Menticirrhus Gill, 1861 (Osteichthyes, Sciaenidae) do Atlantico ocidental. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 5 (2), 179 - 187. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81751988000200001","Camargo, M. & Isaac, V. (2001) Os peixes estuarinos da regiao norte do Brasil: lista de especies e consideracoes sobre sua distribuicao geografica. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Zoologia, 17 (2), 133 - 157.","Chao, L. N. (2003) Sciaenidae. In: Carpenter, K. E. (Ed.), The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 3. Bony fishes part 2. Opistognathidae to Molidae. FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes and American Society of Ichthyologist and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5. FAO, Rome, pp. 1583 - 1653.","Cervigon, F. (1992) Tiburones, Peces batoideos y Peces oseos. In: Cervigon et al., Fichas FAO de identification de especies para los fines de la pesca. Guia de campo de las especies comerciales marinas y de aguas salobres de la costa septentrional de Sur America. FAO, Rome, pp. 163 - 456, pls. 3 - 40.","Cervigon, F. (1993) Los peces marinos de Venezuela. Fundacion Cientifica Los Roques, 2, 1 - 499. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1446324","Marin, G. (2000) Ichthyofauna and fisheries of the Unare Lagoon, Estado Anzoategui, Venezuela. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 20 (3), 61 - 92."]}

Menticirrhus americanus (Linnaeus, 1758) Figure 1, Tables 3, 4 Alburnus americanus).—Catesby 1736: 2, plate 12 (the Whiting; fishes of Carolina, United States; short description and illustration) Cyprinus americanus Linnaeus 1758: 321. (Nec. Linnaeus, 1766 = Notemigonus bosei Cuvier & Valenciennes, America). Perca alburnus. — Linnaeus 1766: 482 (South Carolina). Centropomus alburnus.— Lacépêde 1802: 249, 257 (description; without locality). Umbrina alburnus.—Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1830: 180-186 (in part; description; New York; cited). Umbrina phalaena.— Girard 1858: 167 (type locality, Texas; syntypes, MCZ 482 [ex USNM 620] (1); USNM 619 (1, not found in 1993), 620 (orig. 4, now 1), 128273 [ex USNM 620] (2), USNM 154721 [ex USNM 620]) Menticirrhus alburnus.— Jordan & Gilbert 1883: 577 (synopsis; listed) Menticirrhus americanus).— Jordan & Eigenmann 1889: 430-431 (description; Chesapeake Bay to Texas).— Jordan & Evermann 1898: 1474 (fishes of North and Middle America; description).— Briggs, 1958: 281 (in part; formerly assigned from New York to Argentina).— Trewavas 1964: 116 (American sciaenids with single mental barbel; definition of Menticirrhus, species list).— Irwin 1971: 69-74 (revision; in part; formerly from Long Island to Argentina; unpublished data).— Chao 1977: 28 (in part; FAO identification sheet; Cape Cod to Buenos Aires).— Hoese & Moore 1977: 203-204 (in part; formerly assigned from New York to Argentina).— Chao 1978: 30, 53 (in part; basis for classifying western Atlantic sciaenids; formerly assigned from North Atlantic to Argentina).— Robins & Ray 1986:187 (Atlantic coast fishes; listed and short description).— Boschung 1992:145 (catalog of the fishes of Alabama; listed).— Murdy et al. 1997:198 (fishes of Chesapeake Bay; listed).— Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999: 372 (ichthyofauna of Mexico; listed).— Chao 2003:1626 (in part; FAO Species Identification Guide of fishes of the Western Central Atlantic; short description).— Nelson et al. 2004:147 (common names of the fishes from the United States and Canada; listed).— McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:431 (fishes of the Gulf of Mexico; list and description).— Page et al. 2013: 152 (common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada and Mexico; listed).— Raz-Guzmán et al. 2018: 346 (checklist; Laguna de Tamiahua, Mexico).— Robins et al. 2018: 436 (guide to the fishes from Florida; listed). Material Examined. Neotype: USNM 196402 (1, 159 mm SL), Gulf of Mexico, Jackson County, Ocean Springs 3 miles north of Horn Island, Mississippi. Non-type specimens: ANSP 168780 (1), Savannah River Estuary, Jasper/ Chatham Co., Georgia / South Carolina, United States; ANSP 168781 (1), Savannah River Estuary, Jasper/ Chatham Co., Georgia / South Carolina, United States; ANSP 168782 (1), Savannah River Estuary, Jasper/ Chatham Co., Georgia / South Carolina, United States; ANSP 168783 (2), Savannah River Estuary, Jasper/ Chatham Co., Georgia / South Carolina, United States; ANSP 168784 (2), Savannah River Estuary, Jasper/ Chatham Co., Georgia / South Carolina, United States; ANSP 79853 (1), Gulf bay at Englewood, Florida, United States; USNM 158610 (1), bay at Clearwater, Florida, United States; MZUSP 69614 (2, 127- 140 mm SL), off Matanzas near St. Augustine, Florida, United States, USNM 22832 (1), Pensacola, Florida, United States; USNM 93594 (1), off Corpus Christi, Texas, United States; USNM 451060 (1, 154 mm SL) Gulf of Mexico, Jackson County, Ocean Springs 3 miles north of Horn Island, Mississippi; ANSP 70907 (2), Galveston, Texas, United States; USNM 155969 (2), New Orleans, Louisiana, United States; USNM 155972 (1), New Orleans, Louisiana, United States; ANSP 151465 (1), Puerto Rico, United States. Diagnosis. Menticirrhus americanus, which is found in the United States and the Gulf of Mexico, can be differentiated from its congeners in the western Atlantic as follows: from M. cuiaranensis, which is found on the northern, northeast and eastern coasts of Brazil, by having 19–23, rarely 19, pectoral-fin rays (vs. 16–19, Table 2), pectoral-fin tip surpassing tip of depressed pelvic fin (vs. barely reaching tip of pelvic fin, Figs. 1, 3), body with irregular dark bars (vs. without dark bars, Figs. 1, 3); from M. gracilis, which is found on the southeastern and southern coast of Brazil, by having 23–25 dorsal-fin rays (vs. 18–21, Table 2), and body with irregular dark bars (vs. without dark bars, Figs. 1, 4); from M. littoralis, which is found in the United States and the Gulf of Mexico, by a dusky caudal fin, with no distinctive dark spot on the dorsal lobe (vs. pale caudal fin, with a dark spot on the upper lobe, Figs. 1, 2), pectoral-fin tip surpassing tip of depressed pelvic fin (vs. barely reaching tip of pelvic fin, Figs. 1, 2), body with irregular dark bars (vs. without dark bars, Figs. 1, 2), and from M. saxatilis, which is found in the United States and the Gulf of Mexico, by having body usually with eight or nine diffuse dark bars, the second and third forming a “V” shape below the nape and spinous dorsal fin (vs. body with seven or eight distinct oblique bars, with the second and third bars forming a “V” shape below the spinous dorsal fin), no longitudinal stripe below lateral line (vs. stripe present, extending to the tip of the caudal fin), spinous dorsal fin low, not reaching to base of the second soft ray (vs. spinous dorsal fin high, its tip reaching beyond the base of the fourth soft ray of the dorsal fin, Fig. 1). The morphology of this species is virtually identical to M. martinicensis, which occurs from the Caribbean to South America, except that many M. americanus specimens present a small hump in the dorsal profile behind head (Fig. 1), whereas the dorsal profile of M. martinicensis is always steep and gently convex in this region (Fig. 5). These taxa are also separated by the molecular evidence (see Molecular Diagnosis). Menticirrhus americanus can also be distinguished from its congeners in the eastern Pacific as follows: from M. elongatus, ranging from the Gulf of California to Peru, by its body with irregular dark bars (vs. without dark bars, Fig. 1); from M. nasus, ranging from the Gulf of California to Peru, by having 10–11 gill rakers in the first arches (vs. 4–9, Table 2), scales present along base of soft dorsal fin (vs. soft dorsal fin naked), body with irregular dark bars (vs. without dark bars, Fig. 1); from M. ophicephalus, ranging from Ecuador to Chile, by 48–52 scales with pores along lateral line to caudal-fin base (vs. 63–66, Table 2), pectoral-fin tip surpassing tip of depressed pelvic fin (vs. barely reaching tip of pelvic fin, Fig. 1), S-shaped posterior margin of caudal fin (vs. concave), scales present along base of soft dorsal fin (vs. soft dorsal fin naked), body with irregular dark bars (vs. without dark bars, Fig. 1); from M. paitensis, ranging from the Gulf of California to Chile, by having 48–52 scales with pores along lateral line to caudal-fin base (vs. 76–98, Table 2), scales present along base of soft dorsal fin (vs. soft dorsal fin naked), body with irregular dark bars (vs. without dark bars, Fig. 1); from M. panamensis, ranging from the Gulf of California to Chile, by having 23–25 dorsal-fin rays (vs. 18–22, Table 2), 10–11 gill rakers in the first arches (vs. 3–8, Table 2), scales present along base of soft dorsal fin (vs. soft dorsal fin naked), body with irregular dark bars (vs. without dark bars, Fig. 1); from M. undulatus, which is found in California, in the United States, by having 20–23, rarely 19, pectoral-fin rays (vs. 17–19, Table 2), scales present along base of soft dorsal fin (vs. soft dorsal fin naked), pectoral-fin tip surpassing tip of depressed pelvic fin (vs. barely reaching tip of pelvic fin, Fig. 1). Description: D. X+23–25; A. I+6–8; P. 19–22; C. 17; GR. 11; LL. 50–52; SA. 8–9; SB. 12–13 (Tables 3, 4). Body slender in lateral view, not compressed, ventral profile flat; maximum depth at first dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile steeply ascending on snout to eye-level, convex over eye, ascending to first dorsal-fin base, frequently with “hump” over pectoral-fin base, convex along first dorsal-fin base, straight, descending along second dorsal-fin base, concave on caudal peduncle. Ventral profile descending from mouth to gular area, sometimes with slight concavity, convex in gular area, horizontal on belly, ascending, nearly concave, along anal-fin base to caudal-fin base. Snout much longer than eye, deep, with blunt tip. Mouth subterminal, upper jaw slender, rear tip barely reaching vertical line passing through middle of eye. Premaxilla with 4–7 rows of acicular teeth, those of external row (about 10–15 on each side) slightly larger, caniniform; dentary with 4–7 tooth rows. Eye slightly oval, nearly two times snout length, not adjoining dorsal profile, pupil slightly elongated dorsoventrally, teardrop shaped. Interorbital space smaller than orbital diameter, slightly convex, covered with ctenoid scales. Nostrils small, anterior nearly round, posterior larger, oval, nearly on horizontal line through ventral pupil border. Head with five sensory pores on snout, in semicircle around mouth corner, followed by larger central pore, lower jaw with four pores, two on each side encircling mental barbel, pores otherwise absent; mental barbel short, rigid, with blunt tip without pore. Lateral line slightly arched to second dorsal-fin origin, straight, descending to caudal peduncle, nearly horizontal elsewhere to caudal-fin tip. Preopercle margin rough, with about 10 subtle spines. Opercle extremity fleshy, blunt, well behind vertical line that passes through pectoral-fin base. Gill rakers short. Ctenoid scales on trunk, belly, pectoral-fin base, opercle, preopercle, infraorbital, and interorbital region to snout, cycloid on gular area and encircling nostrils. Dorsal fin without scales on interradial membranes, second dorsal with basal scale on each interradial membranes; pectoral-fin base covered by small ctenoid scales, rows of cycloid scales along pectoral-fin rays (outer third naked); caudal-fin base covered with large ctenoid scales, rows of cycloid scales along rays (tips naked). Spinous dorsal fin short, first spine shortest, second and third spines longest; second dorsal fin adjoining first one. Origin of second dorsal fin well behind vertical line through pectoral-fin tip, second dorsal soft rays much shorter than longest dorsal spines.Anal-fin origin at vertical line passing through sixth-seventh ray of second dorsal fin; first spine very slender. Pectoral fin falcate, reaching vertical line passing through two thirds of pelvic fin length. Pelvic-fin origin behind pectoral-fin base, as long as pectoral fin. Caudal peduncle short, deep, depth larger than orbital diameter. Caudal fin short, emarginated, lower lobe slightly longer and much stouter than upper lobe. Color in alcohol. Trunk beige or light brown, darker on dorsum, sometimes with dark patches on sides. Snout light brown, opercle and infraorbital region dark brown. First dorsal fin dark brown, dusky in distal third, second dorsal fin light brown, some ray tips lighter or beige. Anal fin dark brown, slightly darkened at tip. Pectoral fin brown, distal half darkened. Caudal fin darkened at the base (Fig. 1B). Color of fresh material. Silvery on head and flanks, grayish silvery dorsally; obscure dark areas on flanks and dorsum, often with irregular bars over the lateral line; nape with dusky bar; opercle and gill opening dusky. Dorsal and anal fins dusky, pectoral fin black with yellow hue on lower rays, lighter at base; pelvic fin yellow, with black line along pelvic spine. Dusky line on the ventral margin to the caudal peduncle (Fig. 1A). Distribution and habitat. Western North Atlantic from the east coast of the United States to the Gulf of Mexico (Fig. 4). This is a coastal species, typically found in estuaries at depths of up to 60 meters. Fishing. Targeted by artisanal fishermen and using castnets and fishing weir. Taken as food in some areas. Remarks. Linnaeus (1758) proposed Cyprinus americanus based on the figure and short account of Catesby (1743) in his description of the fish fauna of the “Carolinas”. Although the image presents certain inaccuracies in fin counts and other features, it clearly represents a Menticirrhus species, and based on Linnaeus’ description, it seems reasonable to conclude that this species is M. americanus from the western North Atlantic. Linnaeus (1766) provided additional information on C. americanus, but Wheeler (1985) concluded that this is different from the data provided by Catesby. In their review of the American sciaenids, Jordan & Eigenmann (1889) indicated that Menticirrhus americanus was distributed along the east coast of the United States, from Chesapeake Bay to Texas. They also synonymized two species with M. americanus, Perca alburnus Linnaeus 1886, based on the specimens Linnaeus received from Charleston, and Umbrina phalaena Girard 1858, based on the description of specimens obtained in Mexico. Jordan and Eigenmann also remarked that M. martinicensis, described originally from the Caribbean by Cuvier and Valenciennes (see notes on this species below) is remarkably similar to M. americanus. Jordan & Evermann (1898) provided a short description of M. americanus and regarded this species to be “exceedingly alike [M. martinicensis] distinguished perhaps by a slightly smaller number of rays in the dorsal fin” and that “Were it not that the Sciaenoid fauna of South America is chiefly different from that of North America, we should scarcely hesitate to place martinicensis in the synonymy of americanus.” The close similarity between these two taxa led Miranda Ribeiro (1915) to assume that Menticirrhus americanus is present in Brazil and included M. martinicensis as its junior synonym. Although some contemporary authors still recognized the validity of M. jamaicensis (e.g., Ihering 1897; Jordan & Evermann 1898; Gilbert 1900; Fowler 1941), the decision of Miranda Ribeiro (1915) was followed in most subsequent studies (e.g. Hoese & Moore 1977; Chao 1977, 1978). Here we consider M. americanus to be restricted to the Gulf of Mexico, based primarily on the genetic evidence, given that the meristic data broadly overlap with those of M. martinicensis from the Caribbean region and the western South Atlantic. One other trait that may be potentially useful for separation of these taxa is the tendency for the M. americanus specimens to have a small “hump” in the dorsal head profile, although this needs to be considered with caution, given that this feature is not depicted, for example, in McEachran and Fechhelm (2005). Menticirrhus americanus was originally described without support of biological material and, until now, no type specimens had been allocated. For this reason, we selected specimen USNM 196402, 159 mm SL, collected east of the Cape Hatteras National Seashore, North Carolina, in the United States, as the neotype of this species., Published as part of Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Caires, Rodrigo Antunes, Rotundo, Matheus Marcos, Cerqueira, Najila Nolie Catarine Dantas, Siccha-Ramirez, Raquel, Wosiacki, Wolmar Benjamin & Oliveira, Claudio, 2020, Taxonomic revision of the Menticirrhus americanus (Linnaeus, 1758) and M littoralis (Holbrook, 1847) (Percomorphacea: Sciaenidae) species complexes from the western Atlantic, pp. 301-333 in Zootaxa 4822 (3) on pages 315-317, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4822.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4401566, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio Eecima, reformata. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542","Linnaeus, C. (1766) Systema naturae sive regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 12 (1). Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 532 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 68927","Lacepede, B. G. E. (1802) Histoire naturelle des poissons. Vol. 4. Chez F. G. Levrault, Paris, 728 pp.","Cuvier, G. & Valenciennes, A. (1830) Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome Cinquieme. Livre Cinquieme. Des Scienoides. Chez F. G. Levrault, Paris, 499 pp.","Girard, C. F. (1858) Notes upon various new genera and new species of fishes, in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution, and collected in connection with the United States and Mexican boundary survey: Major William Emory, Commissioner. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 10, 167 - 171.","Jordan, D. S. & Gilbert, C. H. (1883) Synopsis of the fishes of North America. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 16, 1 - 1018. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.16. i","Jordan, D. S. & Eigenmann, C. H. (1889) A review of the Sciaenidae of America and Europe. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Report of the Commissioner, 14 (3), 343 - 451.","Jordan, D. S. & Evermann, B. W. (1898) The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fishlike vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Part II. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 47, 1241 - 2183. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 39717","Briggs, J. C. (1958) A list of Florida fishes and their distribution. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Sciences, 2 (8), 223 - 318.","Trewavas, E. (1964) The sciaenid fishes with a single mental barbel. Copeia, 1, 107 - 117. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1440838","Irwin, R. J. (1971) Geographical variation systematics and general biology of shore fishes of the genus Menticirrhus, family Sciaendae. Ph. D. dissertation, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, 295 pp.","Chao, L. N. (1977) Sciaenidae. In: Fischer, W. (Ed.), Identification sheets of Central West Atlantic, fishing area 30 and 31. FAO, Rome, sheets 1 - 48.","Hoese, D. & Moore, R. H. (1977) Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Texas, Lousiana, and adjacent waters. Texas A & M University Press, College Station, Texas, 327 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1443203","Chao, L. N. (1978) A basis for classifying western Atlantic Sciaenidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Technical Report NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) Circular, 415, 1 - 64.","Robins, C. R. & Ray, G. C. (1986) A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. The Peterson Field Guide Series, Boston, Massachusetts, 354 pp.","Boschung, H. T. (1992) Catalogue of freshwater and marine fishes of Alabama. Alabama Museum of Natural History Bulletin, 14, 1 - 266.","Murdy, E. O., Birdsong, R. S. & Musick, J. A. (1997) Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 324 pp.","Castro-Aguirre, J. L., Espinosa, P. H. & Schmitter-Soto, J. J. (1999) Ictiofauna estuarino-lagunar y vicaria de Mexico. Noriega- Limusa, IPN. Mexico City, 711 pp.","Chao, L. N. (2003) Sciaenidae. In: Carpenter, K. E. (Ed.), The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 3. Bony fishes part 2. Opistognathidae to Molidae. FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes and American Society of Ichthyologist and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5. FAO, Rome, pp. 1583 - 1653.","Nelson, J. S., Crossman, E. J., Espinosa Perez, H., Findley, L. T., Gilbert, C. R., Lea, R. N. & Williams, J. D. (2004) Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. 6 th Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 29. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland, 386 pp.","McEachran, J. D. & Fechhelm, J. D. (2005) F ishes of the Gulf of Mexico. Vol. 2. Scorpaeniformes to Tetraodontiformes. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, viii + 1004 pp.","Page, L. M., Espinosa-Perez, H., Findley, L. D., Gilbert, C. R., Lea, R. N., Mandrak, N. E., Mayden, R. L. & Nelson, J. S. (2013) Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. 7 th Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 34. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland, 384 pp.","Raz-Guzman, A., Huidobro, L. & Padilla, V. (2018) An updated checklist and characterisation of the ichthyofauna (Elasmobranchii and Actinopterygii) of the Laguna de Tamiahua, Veracruz, Mexico. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 48 (4), 341 - 362. https: // doi. org / 10.3750 / AIEP / 02451","Robins, R. H., Page, L. M., Williams, J. D., Randall, Z. S. & Sheehy, E. G. (2018) Fishes in the Fresh Waters of Florida: an Identification Guide and Atlas. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida, 468 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / j. ctvx 1 ht 6 s","Catesby, M. (1743) The natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands; containing the figures of birds, beasts, fishes, serpents, insects, and plants: particularly the forest-trees, shrubs, and other plants, not hitherto described, or very incorrectly figured by authors: together with their descriptions in English and French, etc. 2 Vols. 3 rd Edition. Printed at the expence of the author, and sold by W. Innys and R. Manby, at the West End of St. Paul's, by Mr. Hauksbee, at the Royal Society House, and by the author, at Mr. Bacon's in Hoxton, London, 100 pp. & 20 pp.","Wheeler, A. C. (1985) The Linnaean fish collection in the Linnean Society of London. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 84, 1 - 76.","Ihering, H. V. (1897) Os peixes da costa do mar no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Revista do Museu Paulista, 2, 25 - 63.","Gilbert, C. H. (1900) Results of the Branner-Agassiz expedition to Brazil. 111. Fishes Proceedings Washington Academy of Sciences, 2, 161 - 183","Fowler, H. W. (1941) A collection of fresh-water fishes obtained in eastern Brazil by Dr. Rodolpho von Ihering. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 93, 123 - 199."]}

Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Caires, Rodrigo Antunes, Rotundo, Matheus Marcos, Cerqueira, Najila Nolie Catarine Dantas, Siccha-Ramirez, Raquel, Wosiacki, Wolmar Benjamin, Oliveira, Claudio (2020): Taxonomic revision of the Menticirrhus americanus (Linnaeus, 1758) and M littoralis (Holbrook, 1847) (Percomorphacea: Sciaenidae) species complexes from the western Atlantic. Zootaxa 4822 (3): 301-333, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4822.3.1

Menticirrhus martinicensis (Cuvier, 1830) Figure 3, Tables 3, 4 Umbrina martinicensis Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1830: 186 (original description; type locality: Martinique Island. Syntypes: MNHN 7498 (1)).— Günther, 1860: 277 (catalog of fishes from the British Museum; Martinique; short description).— Bauchot & Desoutter 1987:20 (catalog of types of MNHN).— González Bencomo et al. 1997:159 (Ichthyofauna of San Carlos, Maracaibo Lake, Venezuela; listed). Umbrina januaria Steindachner 1876:170 (type locality: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Type material not yet found at NMW).— Jordan & Eigenmann 1899: 429 (synonymy with Menticirrhus martinicensis).— Jordan & Evermann 1896: 1474 (fishes of North America; synonymy with Menticirrhus martinicensis). Menticirrhus martinicensis.— Jordan 1887: 539 (type specimens of the species described by Cuvier & Valenciennes; two specimens from Martinique; short description).— Jordan & Eigenmann 1889: 429 (review of American Sciaenidae; West Indies to Patagonia).—Berg 1895: 56 (Argentina; listed).— Jordan & Evermann 1896: 1474 (fishes of North America; description; comparison with Menticirrhus americanus).— Ihering 1897: 40 (fishes of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; listed).— Gilbert 1900: 172 (results of Branner-Agassiz expedition; Maceió, Brazil; listed).— Devincenzi 1924: 240 (Uruguay; listed).—Gliesch 1925: 33 (fish fauna; Torres, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; listed).— Fowler 1941:168 (fishes of Brazil; listed).— Chiesa 1945: 73 (fishes of Buenos Aires; listed).— Buen 1950: 115 (fish fauna of Uruguay; listed); Santos 1952: 149 (marine fishes of Brazil; listed).—Pozzi & Bordale 1953: 168 (systematic summary of Argentinean fishes; listed).— Travassos & Paiva 1957: 141 (Brazilian sciaenids; identification key; listed).— Ringuelet & Aramburu 1960:66 (Argentinean fishes; list and description).— Barcellos 1962: 12 (fishes soled in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; listed).— Travassos & Rêgo-Barros 1971: 66 (Brazilian sciaenids; listed). Menticirrhus americanus (not of Linnaeus 1758).—Miranda Ribeiro 1915: 422 (Fauna Brasiliense; description; synonymy).— Carvalho 1941:65-66 (fish fauna; São Paulo, Brazil; listed).— Carvalho & Ramos 1941: 24 (fish fauna of Rio Ribeira de Iguape, Brazil; listed).— Vasconcelos 1945:115 (Brazilian sciaenids; listed).— Fowler,1951: 26 (fish collected during Wilkes Expedition; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; listed).— Travassos & Paiva 1957: 141 (Brazilian sciaenids; identification key; listed).— Franco 1959: 59 (diet of Brazilian fishes; listed).— Nomura & Menezes, 1964: 369 (marine fishes; listed).—Iheing 1968: 502 (Dictionary of Animals; listed).— Menezes 1969: 55 (expeditions to Torres and Chuí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; listed).— Vazzoler 1969: 14 (fish fauna of Santos, São Paulo, Brazil; listed).— Irwin 1971: 69-74 (in part; unpublished thesis on Menticirrhus).— Travassos & Rêgo-Barros 1971: 66 (Brazilian sciaenids; listed).— Vazzoler & Motonaga 1971: 56 (exploratory fishing; Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; listed).— Jardim 1973: 20-21 (Brazilian sciaenids; listed).— Benvegnú 1973: 496 (Brazil).— Benvegnú-Lé, 1978: 49 (fish fauna of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; listed).— Chao 1977: 29 (in part; FAO fact sheets; description).— Chao 1978: 31 (in part; basis for classifying western Atlantic sciaenids; description).— Menezes & Figueiredo 1980: 44 (in part; guide of the fishes from southeastern Brazilian coast; short description).— Gomes et al. 1983: 187-191 (Cananeia, São Paulo, Brazil; karyotype).—Uyeno & Sato in Uyeno et al. 1983: 366 (fishes trawled off Suriname and French Guyana; short description, image).—Casatti & Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003: 87 (in part; catalog of marine fishes of Brazil; listed). Doubtful references to this species Umbrina arenata Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1830: 190 (type locality: Brazil. Syntypes: Syntypes: MNHN 7472 (1, dry), 7500 (1)).— Jordan & Eigenmann 1899: 429 (synonymy with Menticirrhus martinicensis).— Jordan & Evermann, 1896: 1474 (fishes of North America; synonymy with Menticirrhus martinicensis).— Bauchot & Desoutter 1987:20 (catalog of types of MNHN). Material examined. Holotype: MNHN 7498, Martinique Island, West Indies. Non-type specimens: USNM 300466 (3, 152– 174 mm SL), 2.5 miles east of Dangriga, Belize; USNM 389992 (1), Bocas del Toro, Laguna de Chiriqui, Panama; MPEG 35218 (1, 254 mm SL), 01° 03’ N 47° 49’ W, Amapá, Brazil; MPEG 35090 (1, 301 mm SL), 01° 13’ N 48° 06’ W, Amapá, Brazil; MPEG 35100 (1, 269 mm SL), 01° 15’ N 48° 00’ W, Amapá, Brazil; MPEG 35206 (1, 258 mm SL), 01° 31’ N 48° 03’ W, Amapá, Brazil; AZUSC 5499 (1, 270 mm SL), continental shelf, Amapá, Brazil; AZUSC 5302 (2, 167– 305 mm SL), continental shelf, Pará, Brazil; MPEG 35093 (2, 232– 249 mm SL), 00° 59’ N 47° 49’ W, Pará, Brazil; MPEG 35241 (4, 123– 132 mm SL), Ajuruteua, Bragança, Pará, Brazil; MPEG 34419 (1, 276 mm SL), Ajuruteua, Bragança, Pará, Brazil; MPEG 34513 (1, 232 mm SL), Bragança, Pará, Brazil; MPEG 34527 (3, 284– 287 mm SL), Bragança, Pará, Brazil; MPEG 32957 (1, 175 mm SL), Furo da Ostra, Bragança, Pará, Brazil; MPEG 34649 (8), Canárias, Piauí, Brazil; LBP 20079 (2, 175– 176 mm SL), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; LBP 20084 (4, 152– 175 mm SL), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; MPEG 34285 (3, 126– 259 mm SL), Barra de Santo Antônio, Alagoas, Brazil; MPEG 34245 (1, 199 mm SL), Paripueira, Alagoas, Brazil; MPEG 34339 (1, 203 mm SL), Praia de Jatiúca, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil; MPEG 34352 (2, 132- 167 mm SL), Jaraguá, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil; MPEG 34362 (4, 119– 141 mm SL), Jaraguá, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil; MPEG 34398 (2, 124 mm SL), Jaraguá, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil; AZUSC 5934 (10, 129– 165 mm SL), mouth of the Rio Sergipe, Aracajú, Sergipe, Brazil; MZUSP 7956 (1, 204 mm SL), Aracajú, Sergipe, Brazil; LBP 22929 (3, 149– 193 mm SL), Porto Seguro, Bahia, Brazil; MZUSP 82215 (4, 118– 210 mm SL), Bahia, Brazil; MZUSP 61326 (1, 111 mm SL), Rio Caravelas, Caravelas, Bahia, Brazil; LBP 24080 (1, 169 mm SL), Guarapari, Espírito Santo, Brazil; AZUSC 4549 (8, 172– 214 mm SL), Vitória, Espirito Santo; LBP 10544 (3, 132– 146 mm SL), Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; LBP 21416 (2, 154– 204 mm SL), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; MZUSP 7958 (1, 189 mm SL), Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; AZUSC 421 (1, 189 mm SL), Bertioga, São Paulo, Brazil; LBP 10073 (1, 145 mm SL), Bertioga Channel, Bertioga, São Paulo, Brazil; MZUSP 47525 (1, 118 mm SL), Guarujá, São Paulo, Brazil; MZUSP 69620 (3, 156– 189 mm SL), Cananeia, São Paulo, Brazil; LBP 20752 (1, 170 mm SL), Peruibe, São Paulo, Brazil; AZUSC 1150 (4, 176– 276 mm SL), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; MZUSP 69617 (1, 140 mm SL), 31°15’S 50°07’ W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; MZUSP 69671 (1, 102 mm SL), 31°45’S 49°58’ W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; MZUSP 69674 (4, 136– 154 mm SL), 32°06’S 51°49’ W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; MZUSP 69796 (3, 170– 184 mm SL), 19°08’S 39°58’ W, Espírito Santo, Brazil; MZUSP 69799 (1, 127 mm SL), 28°07’S 48°09’ W, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Diagnosis. Menticirrhus martinicensis, which is found in the Caribbean and Atlantic South America, can be differentiated from its congeners in the Western Atlantic as follows: from M. cuiaranensis, which is found on the northern, northeast and eastern coasts of Brazil, by 19–24, rarely 19, pectoral-fin rays (vs. 16–19, Table 3), pectoralfin tip surpassing tip of depressed pelvic fin (vs. barely reaching tip of pelvic fin, Fig. 5), body with irregular dark bars (vs. without dark bars, Fig. 5); from M. gracilis, which is found on the southern and southeastern coasts of Brazil, by having 22–25 dorsal-fin rays (vs. 18–21, Table 3), body with irregular dark bars (vs. without dark bars, Fig. 5); from M. littoralis, which is found in the United States and the Gulf of Mexico, by a dusky caudal fin, without a distinctive dark spot on the dorsal lobe (vs. pale caudal fin, with a dark spot on the upper lobe, Fig. 5), pectoral-fin tip surpassing tip of depressed pelvic fin (vs. barely reaching tip of pelvic fin, Fig. 5), body with irregular dark bars (vs. without dark bars, Fig. 5), and from M. saxatilis, ranging from the United States to the Gulf of Mexico, by body with eight or nine diffused bars, with the second and third bars forming a faint V-shape below the nape and spinous dorsal fin (vs. body with seven or eight distinct oblique bars, second and third bars forming a V-shape below the spinous dorsal fin, and a longitudinal stripe below the lateral line, extending to the tip of the caudal fin, Fig. 5), spinous dorsal-fin lower, not reaching to base of the second soft ray (vs. spinous dorsal fin high, its tip reaching beyond the base of the fourth soft dorsal-fin ray). This species is virtually identical, morphologically, to M. americanus, which occurs from the western Atlantic, United States and Gulf of Mexico, except that many of the M. americanus specimens have a small hump in the dorsal profile (Fig. 1), behind head, whereas the dorsal profile of M. martinicensis is always steep and gently convex in this area (Fig. 5). These taxa were also differentiated conclusively by the molecular evidence (see Molecular Diagnosis). Menticirrhus martinicensis can also be distinguished from its congeners in the eastern Pacific as follows: from M. elongatus, which occurs from the Gulf of California to Peru, by body with irregular dark bars (vs. without dark bars, Fig. 5); from M. nasus, which occurs from the Gulf of California to Peru, by having scales present along base of soft dorsal fin (vs. soft dorsal fin naked), body with irregular dark bars (vs. without dark bars, Fig. 5); from M. ophicephalus, ranging from Ecuador to Chile, by 47–58 scales with pores along lateral line to caudal-fin base (vs. 63–66), pectoral-fin tip surpassing tip of depressed pelvic fin (vs. barely reaching tip of pelvic fin, Fig. 5), Sshaped posterior margin of the caudal fin (vs. concave), scales present along base of soft dorsal fin (vs. soft dorsal fin naked), body with irregular dark bars (vs. without dark bars, Fig. 5); from M. paitensis, ranging from the Gulf of California to Chile, by having 47–58 scales with pores along lateral line to caudal-fin base (vs. 76–98), scales present along base of soft dorsal fin (vs. soft dorsal fin naked), body with irregular dark bars (vs. without dark bars, Fig. 5); from M. panamensis, ranging from the Gulf of California to Chile, by having 23–25, rarely 22, dorsal-fin rays (vs. 18–22, Table 3), scales present along base of soft dorsal fin (vs. soft dorsal fin naked), body with irregular dark bars (vs. without dark bars, Fig. 5); from M. undulatus, which is found in California, United States, by having 20–24, rarely 19, pectoral-fin rays (vs. 17–19, Table 3), scales present along base of soft dorsal fin (vs. soft dorsal fin naked), pectoral-fin tip surpassing tip of depressed pelvic fin (vs. barely reaching tip of pelvic fin, Fig. 5). Description: D. IX-XII+22–25; A. I+6–8; P. 19–23; C. 17; GR. 7–15; LL. 48–56; SA. 7–11; SB. 12–18 (Tables 3, 4). Body slender in lateral view, not compressed, ventral profile flat; maximum depth at first dorsal fin origin. Dorsal profile convex at snout, nearly straight, ascending over eye-level, slightly convex to occipital region, convex to first dorsal fin, slightly convex from first dorsal-fin base to second dorsal fin, straight, descending to second dorsal-fin base, concave on caudal peduncle. Ventral profile nearly horizontal from mouth to gular region, convex to pelvic-fin origin, concave from pelvic fin base to vent, ascending, slightly concave at anal-fin base, nearly straight on caudal peduncle. Head moderately large, deep, stocky. Snout moderately long, very deep, with blunt tip. Mouth subterminal, upper jaw slender, rear tip on vertical line slightly behind vertical line passing through middle of eye. Teeth conical. Eye nearly 1.5 times snout, slightly oval, almost adjoining dorsal profile. Interorbital space smaller than orbital diameter, slightly convex, covered with ctenoid scales. Nostrils small, close together, anterior oval, posterior larger, slit-like, below horizontal line through border of ventral pupil. Lateral sensory canal on head visible in infraorbital, dentary, and preopercle; lower jaw with four pores, two on each side encircling mental barbel; mental barbel short, rigid, with blunt tip and no pore. Lateral line quite arched to second dorsal-fin origin, straight elsewhere to caudal-fin tip. Preopercle margin rough to serrated, with about 8 spines. Opercle tip blunt, not very evident, on vertical line that passes through pectoral-fin base. Gill rakers short, two or three in upper limb rudimentary. Scales present on trunk, belly, pectoral-fin base, opercle, preopercle, infraorbital to middle of eye (naked elsewhere), and interorbital region to snout; opercle with about eight vertical rows of scales. First dorsal fin without scales, membranes of second dorsal fin and anal fin with one or two series of 5–7 small cycloid scales. Pectoral fin unscaled in smaller specimens, with cycloid scales on basal fourth in larger ones. Caudal-fin base covered with large cycloid scales to one third its length. Spinous dorsal fin short, first spine shortest, second and third spines longest; notch between first and second dorsal fin. Origin of second dorsal fin behind vertical line through pectoral-fin tip, second dorsal soft rays much shorter than longest first dorsal spines. Anal-fin origin on vertical line passing through sixth-seventh ray of second dorsal fin; first spine very slender. Pectoral fin large, wide, reaching vertical line passing through last first dorsal spine and pelvic-fin tip. Pelvic fin origin slightly behind pectoral-fin base, shorter than pectoral fin. Caudal peduncle moderately long, deep, depth larger than orbital diameter. Caudal fin short, emarginated, rays on upper lobe longer than those on lower lobe. Color in alcohol. Background color light brown, darker on head, flanks sometimes with subtle dark brown blotches. Most fins dark brown, longest dorsal spines with black tips; second dorsal fin yellow, lighter along base; pectoral fin with extensive dark hue on lowest rays; pelvic fin yellow, with dense dark hue along pelvic spine. Caudal fin lighter to tip (Fig. 3B). Color of fresh material. Head dark brown, flanks gray with dark brown blotches dorsally, typically forming irregular oblique streaks. First dorsal fin dusky, second dorsal fin gray with two dark areas along base; anal fin dark, pectoral fin black, caudal fin rusty gray, with dark central area, more so at the tip of median rays (Fig. 3B). Distribution and habitat. Western Atlantic from the Caribbean region (Martinique and the West Indies) to Argentina (Fig. 4). Commonly found in coastal waters at depths of up to 60 meters, over muddy or sandy bottoms. Fishing. Targeted by artisanal fisheries and taken as bycatch in otter trawls and by other industrial fisheries. Remarks. Cuvier (Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1830) described Umbrina martinicensis based on a single specimen (MNHN 7498, Fig. 5A), collected from Martinique Island, in the West Indies. In their identification key for Brazilian sciaenids, Travassos & Paiva (1957) considered both Menticirrhus americanus and M. martinicensis to be valid species, contradicting the position of most contemporary authors, but supported their arrangement by showing that the two species can be differentiated by a number of features, such as the second dorsal-fin counts (24–25 rays in M. americanus vs. 22–23 in M. martinicensis), the shape of the mental barbel (the tip is rounded in M. americanus and pointed in M. martinicensis), and orbital diameter (greater in M. americanus). Travassos & Rêgo-Barros 1971, probably based on Travassos’ earlier work (and probably also unaware of Irwin’s work), upheld the validity of the two taxa, but assumed that they occur in practically the same geographic area (M. americanus from Chesapeake Bay to Patagonia and M. martinicensis from the West Indies to Patagonia). Many of the differences identified by Travassos & Paiva (1957) were not recovered in the present study. The meristic data on M. americanus and M. martinicensis broadly overlap, and the orbital diameter also varies with size. Umbrina arenata, which was also described by Cuvier (1830), was proposed based on specimens brought by Delalande from Brazil (Fig. 8A). Although meristic data give in the original description for this taxon are consistent with those of M. cuiaranensis in some features, such as the pectoral (18 rays) and second dorsal-fin counts (23–24 rays, based on Cuvier’s original description), the coloration is more similar to that observed in M. americanus and M. martinicensis, with six oblique dark bands dorsally, and the length of the pectoral fin, which extends beyond a vertical line passing through the tip of the pelvic fin. Jenyns (1842) provided further information on the specimens collected by Charles Darwin in Bahia Blanca and Maldonado (Argentina), which he identified as U. arenata. However, these specimens have more pectoral-fin rays (21) than described in Cuvier’s original description. Günther (1860) also presented data he attributed to U. arenata, based on two specimens he obtained from the Gulf of Mexico and Jamaica, which had 22–25 rays in the second dorsal fin, and 73–78 scales in the lateral line. This species was later synonymyzed with Menticirrhus martinicensis by Jordan & Eigenmann (1889), without details, and this decision was subsequently substantiated in Jordan & Evermann (1898). The authors concluded that the values provided by Günther on the number of scales in the lateral line were probably wrong, and concluded “We see no reason, therefore, for not placing arenata in the synonymy of martinicensis.” We also examined images of two syntypes of U. arenata: MNHN 7472 (Fig. 8B), which is a poorly-preserved stuffed specime, Published as part of Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Caires, Rodrigo Antunes, Rotundo, Matheus Marcos, Cerqueira, Najila Nolie Catarine Dantas, Siccha-Ramirez, Raquel, Wosiacki, Wolmar Benjamin & Oliveira, Claudio, 2020, Taxonomic revision of the Menticirrhus americanus (Linnaeus, 1758) and M littoralis (Holbrook, 1847) (Percomorphacea: Sciaenidae) species complexes from the western Atlantic, pp. 301-333 in Zootaxa 4822 (3) on pages 321-325, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4822.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4401566, {"references":["Cuvier, G. & Valenciennes, A. (1830) Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome Cinquieme. Livre Cinquieme. Des Scienoides. Chez F. G. Levrault, Paris, 499 pp.","Gunther, A. (1860) Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. Catalogue of the acanthopterygian fishes in the collection of the British Museum. Squamipinnes, Cirrhitidae, Triglidae, Trachinidae, Sciaenidae, Polynemidae, Sphyraenidae, Trichiuridae, Scombridae, Carangidae, Xiphiidae. Vol. 2. British Museum, London, xxi + 548 pp.","Bauchot, M. L. & Desoutter, M. (1987) Catalogue critique des types de poissons du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. (Suite) (Famille des Sciaenidae). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 9 (3), 1 - 43.","Gonzalez Bencomo, E. J., Borjas, J. A. & Castillo, E. C. (1997) Ictiofauna del sector San Carlos del Lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela. Boletin del Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas / Universidad del Zulia, 31 (2), 151 - 179.","Steindachner, F. (1876) Ichthyologische Beitrage (IV) [With subtitles i-iv.]. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, 72 (1), 551 - 616.","Jordan, D. S. (1887) Notes on typical specimens of fishes described by Cuvier and Valenciennes and preserved in the Musee d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 9 (593), 525 - 546. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.9 - 593.525","Jordan, D. S. & Eigenmann, C. H. (1889) A review of the Sciaenidae of America and Europe. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Report of the Commissioner, 14 (3), 343 - 451.","Ihering, H. V. (1897) Os peixes da costa do mar no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Revista do Museu Paulista, 2, 25 - 63.","Gilbert, C. H. (1900) Results of the Branner-Agassiz expedition to Brazil. 111. Fishes Proceedings Washington Academy of Sciences, 2, 161 - 183","Devincenzi, G. J. (1924) Peces dei Uruguay. Anales del Museo Nacional de Montevideo, 11 (5), 139 - 283.","Fowler, H. W. (1941) A collection of fresh-water fishes obtained in eastern Brazil by Dr. Rodolpho von Ihering. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 93, 123 - 199.","Chiesa, J. A. L. (1945) Peces. Talleres Graficos Ferrari & Saccone, Buenos Aires, 308 pp.","Buen, F. (1950) EI mar de Solis y su fauna de peces dei Uruguay (2 a pt.). Publicaciones Cientificas, Servicio Oceanografico y de Pesca, Ministerio de Industrias y Trabajo, Montevideo, 1950, 46 - 144.","Santos, E. (1952) Nossos Peixes Marinhos. F. Briguiet & Cia, Rio de Janeiro, 267 pp.","Travassos, H. & Paiva, M. P. (1957) Lista dos Sciaenidae marinhos brasileiros contendo chave de identificacao e proposta de \" nomes vulgares oficiais \". Boletim Instituto Oceanografico, 8 (1 / 2), 139 - 165. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0373 - 55241957000100004","Ringuelet, R. & Aramburu, R. (1960) Peces marinos de la Republica Argentina. Agro Publicaciones Tecnica. No. 5. AGRO, Buenos Aires, 141 pp.","Barcellos, B. N. (1962) Classificacao economica dos peixes do Rio Grande do Sul. Boletim do Instituto de Ciencias Naturais, 14, 5 - 16.","Travassos, H. & Rego-Barros, R. (1971) Lista das especies brasileiras da familia Sciaenidae OWEN, 1846 (Perciformes, Percoidei). Arquivos de Ciencia do Mar, 11 (2), 59 - 71.","Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio Eecima, reformata. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542","Carvalho, J. P. C. & Ramos, F. A. (1941) Contribuicao para o conhecimento da fauna do rio Ribeira de Iguape. Boletim de Industria Animal, 4 (2), 16 - 35.","Vasconcelos, A. (1945) Nossos peixes, part III. Os Cienideos. Boletim da Secretaria de Agricultura, Industria e Comercio do Estado de Pernambuco, 12 (2), 113 - 118.","Fowler, H. (1951) The Brazilian and Patagonian fishes of the Wilkes expedition. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico, 2 (1), 3 - 39. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0100 - 42391951000100001","Franco, G. T. (1959) Nota preliminar sobrea alimentacao de alguns peixes comerciais brasileiros. Anais Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 31 (4), 589 - 593.","Nomura, H. & Menezes, N. (1964) Peixes marinhos. In: Historia Natural de Organismos aquaticos do Brasil. FAPESP, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 452.","Menezes, N. (1969) Primeira pesquisa oceanografica sistematica do Atlantico Sul entre Torres e Chui. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico, 1, 60.","Vazzoler, A. E. M. (1969) Ictiofauna de la bahia de Santos. I. Sciaenidae (Percoidea, Percomorphi). Carpas Documentos Tecnicos, 15, 1 - 13 https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0373 - 55241969000100002","Irwin, R. J. (1971) Geographical variation systematics and general biology of shore fishes of the genus Menticirrhus, family Sciaendae. Ph. D. dissertation, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, 295 pp.","Vazzoler, G. & Motonaga, I. (1971) Relatorio sobre prospeccao e pesca exploratoria na plataforma continental do Rio Grande do Sul. Contracoes Instituto Oceanografico, 25, 1 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1985. tb 01716. x","Jardim, L. F. A. (1973) Sienideos marinhos da costa do Brasil sul (Acanthopterygii-Perciformes-Sciaenidae). Comunicacoes do Museu de Ciencias da PUCRGS, Serie Zoologia, 3, 1 - 64.","Benvegnu, G. Q. (1973) Relacao dos peixes teleosteos. In: Relatorio sobre a segunda pesquisa oceanografica e pesqueira do Atlantico Sul entre Torres e Maldonado. Publicacao Especial do Instituto Oceanografico, 3 (1), pp. 489 - 500.","Benvegnu-Le, G. Q. (1978) Distribuicao dos peixes teleosteos marinhos demersais na plataforma continental do Rio Grande do Sul. Tese de doutorado, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 94 pp.","Chao, L. N. (1977) Sciaenidae. In: Fischer, W. (Ed.), Identification sheets of Central West Atlantic, fishing area 30 and 31. FAO, Rome, sheets 1 - 48.","Chao, L. N. (1978) A basis for classifying western Atlantic Sciaenidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Technical Report NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) Circular, 415, 1 - 64.","Menezes, N. A. & Figueiredo, J. L. (1980) Manual de peixes marinhos do Sudeste do Brasil. IV. Teleostei (3). Museu de Zoologia da USP, Sao Paulo, 96 pp.","Gomes, V., Vazzoler, A. E. A. de M. & Phan, van N. (1983) Estudos cariotipicos de peixes da familia Sciaenidae (Teleostei, Perciformes) da regiao de Cananeia, SP, Brasil: 2. Sobre o cariotipo de Menticirrhus americanus (Linnaeus, 1758). Boletim dos Instituto Oceanografico, 32 (2), 187 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0373 - 55241983000200009","Uyeno, T., Matsuura, K. & Fujii, E. (1983) Fishes trawled off Suriname and French Guiana. Japan Marine Fishery Resource Research Center, Tokyo, 519 pp.","Jordan, D. S. & Evermann, B. W. (1898) The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fishlike vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Part II. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 47, 1241 - 2183. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 39717"]}

Menticirrhus gracilis (Cuvier, 1830) Figure 6, Tables 3, 4 Umbrina gracilis Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1830: 189 (Brazil. Lectotype drawn by Chao, 1978: MNHN 44; paralectotype: MNHN 9622).— Günther 1860: 277 (catalog of fishes of the British Museum; short description).— Bauchot & Desoutter 1987:19 (type catalog) Menticirrhus martinicensis (not of Cuvier 1830).— Jordan 1887: 539 (type specimens of the species described by Cuvier & Valenciennes; synonymy).— Jordan & Eigenmann 1899: 429 (review of the American sciaenids; synonymy).— Jordan & Evermann 1896: 1474 (fishes of North America; description; synonymy) Menticirrhus americanus (not of Linnaeus, 1758).—Miranda Ribeiro 1915: 422 (Fauna Brasiliense; description, synonymy).— Carvalho 1941: 65-66 (in part; fauna of São Paulo; listed).— Vasconcelos 1945:115 (in part; account of the sciaenids from Brazil; listed).— Fowler 1951: 26 (Brazil, Rio de Janeiro; listed).— Travassos & Paiva 1957: 142 (Brazilian sciaenids; identification key; listed).— Benvegnú-Lé 1978: 49 (fish fauna of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; listed).— Chao 1977: 29 (in part; FAO fact sheets; description).— Chao 1978: 31 (in part; basis for classifying western Atlantic sciaenids; description).— Menezes & Figueiredo 1980: 44 (in part; guide to the fishes from southeastern Brazilian coast; short description).— Jardim 1988: 182 (in part; synopsis of Menticirrhus).—Casatti & Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003: 87 (in part; catalog of the marine fishes of Brazil; listed). Menticirrhus littoralis (not of Holbrook, 1847).— Menezes & Figueiredo 1980: 45 (in part; guide to the fishes from the southeastern Brazilian coast; short description).— Cassano & Levy 1990: 87-91 (biochemistry; Rio Grande do Sul; Brazil; as Menticirrhus littoralis). Doubtful reference to this species Menticirrhus littoralis (not of Holbrook 1847).— Nión et al. 2016: 49 (fishes of Uruguay, common names; listed). Material Examined. Lectotype: MNHN 44 (1), Brazil. Paralectotypes: MNHN 9622 (1), Brazil. Non-type specimens: MZUSP 69842 (1, 186 mm SL), Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; MZUSP 121488 (1, 166 mm SL), Praia do Puruba, Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; MZUSP 69832 (4, 86.6–104.4 mm SL), Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; AZUSC 723 (3, 161– 222 mm SL), Bertioga, São Paulo, Brazil; AZUSC 1400 (1, 157 mm SL), Ilha do Arvoredo, Guarujá, São Paulo, Brazil; MZUSP 69834 (1, 136 mm SL), Guarujá, São Paulo, Brazil; MZUSP 69975 (1, 118 mm SL), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil; AZUSC 3171 (1, 153 mm SL), Forte de Itaipú, Praia Grande, São Paulo, Brazil; AZUSC 2587 (1, 140 mm SL), Cibratel, Itanhaém, São Paulo, Brazil; AZUSC 866 (2, 245- 300 mm SL), Praia dos Pescadores, Itahaém, São Paulo, Brazil; AZUSC 989 (2, 224- 228 mm SL), Praia dos Pescadores, Itahaém, São Paulo, Brazil; AZUSC 5716 (31, 64- 114 mm SL), Peruibe, São Paulo; MZUSP 69835 (3, 109- 122 mm SL), Tramandaí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; MZUSP 7961 (1, 82 mm SL), 29°09’S 50°13’W, Tramandaí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; MZUSP 70175 (1, 355 mm SL), 32°09’S 52°50’W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; MZUSP 70176 (1, 338 mm SL), 31°45’S 51°08’W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; MZUSP 7959 (1, 101 mm SL), Praia do Cassino, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Diagnosis. Menticirrhus gracilis, found on the southeastern and southern coasts of Brazil, can be differentiated from all its other western Atlantic congeners by having 18–21 dorsal-fin rays (vs. 22–27, rarely 21, Table 3). The species can further be differentiated from M. americanus, found in the United States and the Gulf of Mexico, by pectoral-fin tip barely reaching tip of depressed pelvic fin (vs. surpassing tip of pelvic fin, Fig. 6), body without dark bars (vs. with irregular dark bars, Fig. 6); from M. martinicensis, found in the Caribbean and South America, by pectoral-fin tip barely reaching tip of depressed pelvic fin (vs. surpassing tip of pelvic fin, Fig. 6), body without dark bars (vs. with irregular dark bars, Fig. 6); from M. littoralis, found in the United States and the Gulf of Mexico, by the pale caudal fin, without a distinctive dark spot on the dorsal lobe (vs. with a dark spot on upper lobe, Fig. 6), and from M. saxatilis, found in the United States and the Gulf of Mexico, by pectoral-fin tip barely reaching tip of depressed pelvic fin (vs. surpassing tip of pelvic fin, Fig. 6), body without dark bars (vs. with irregular dark bars, Fig. 6). Menticirrhus gracilis can also be distinguished from its congeners in the eastern Pacific as follows: from M. elongatus, ranging from the Gulf of California to Peru, by having 18–21 dorsal-fin rays (vs. 22–24, Table 3), pectoral-fin tip barely reaching tip of depressed pelvic fin (vs. surpassing tip of pelvic fin, Fig. 6); from M. nasus, ranging from the Gulf of California to Peru, by having six or seven anal-fin rays (vs. eight), scales present along base of soft dorsal fin (vs. soft dorsal fin naked), pectoral-fin tip barely reaching tip of depressed pelvic fin (vs. surpassing tip of pelvic fin, Fig. 6); from M. ophicephalus, which occurs from Ecuador to Chile, by having 48–54 scales with pores along lateral line to caudal-fin base (vs. 63–66), six or seven anal-fin rays (vs. nine), S-shaped posterior margin of the caudal fin (vs. concave), scales present along base of soft dorsal fin (vs. soft dorsal fin naked); from M. paitensis, ranging from the Gulf of California to Peru, by 48–54 scales with pores along lateral line to caudal-fin base (vs. 76–98), 18–21 dorsal-fin rays (vs. 22–25, Table 3), 16–20 pectoral-fin rays (vs. 21–23, Table 3); scales present along base of soft dorsal fin (vs. soft dorsal fin naked), pectoral-fin tip barely reaching tip of depressed pelvic fin (vs. surpassing tip of pelvic fin, Fig. 6); from M. panamensis, ranging from the Gulf of California to Chile, by six or seven anal-fin rays (vs. eight or nine), scales present along base of soft dorsal fin (vs. soft dorsal fin naked), pectoral-fin tip barely reaching tip of depressed pelvic fin (vs. surpassing tip of pelvic fin, Fig. 6); from M. undulatus, found in California, United States, by 18–21 dorsal-fin rays (vs. 23–27, Table 3), and six or seven anal-fin rays (vs. eight or nine); scales present along base of soft dorsal fin (vs. soft dorsal fin naked). Description: D. IX-XII+18–21; A. I+6-8; P. 16–19; C. 17; GR. 10–15; LL. 48–55; SA. 6–11; SB. 12–19 (Tables 3, 4). Body slender in lateral view, not compressed, ventral profile flat; maximum depth at first dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile convex, ascending, from snout to first dorsal fin, sometimes with small concavity near snout tip, nearly horizontal along first dorsal-fin base, straight, slightly descending along second dorsal-fin base, concave on caudal peduncle. Ventral profile convex, descending at snout, slightly concave on head to pelvic fin base, nearly horizontal from pelvic fin to anal-fin origin, ascending, nearly concave, along anal-fin base to caudal-fin base. Snout long, deep, with blunt to pug nose tip, triangular in lateral view. Mouth subterminal, upper jaw slender, rear tip on vertical passing through middle of eye. Premaxilla with 4–6 rows of acicular teeth, external most slightly larger, 4–7 tooth rows on dentary. Eye slightly oval, nearly two times snout length, not adjoining dorsal profile. Interorbital space smaller than orbital diameter, slightly convex, covered with ctenoid scales. Nostrils small, anterior nostril one nearly round, posterior larger, oval, nearly on horizontal line through ventral pupil border. Head with five sensory pores on snout, in a semicircle around mouth angle, followed by larger central pore, lower jaw with four pores, two on each side encircling mental barbel, pores otherwise absent; mental barbel short, rigid, with blunt tip without pore. Lateral line slightly arched to second dorsal-fin origin, then descending straight to caudal peduncle, nearly horizontal elsewhere to caudal-fin tip. Preopercle margin rough, with about 10 subtle spines. Opercle tip fleshy, blunt, well behind vertical line that passes through pectoral-fin base. Gill rakers short, two or three in upper limb rudimentary. Ctenoid scales on trunk, belly, pectoral-fin base, opercle, preopercle, infraorbital, and interorbital region to snout, cycloid scales in gular area and encircling nostrils. Dorsal fin without evident scales in interradial membranes, second dorsal fin with basal sheath of two scales; pectoral-fin base covered by small ctenoid scales, rows of cycloid scales present along pectoral-fin rays (outer third and tip naked); caudal-fin base covered with large ctenoid scales, rows of cycloid scales along rays (tips naked). Spinous dorsal fin short, first spine shortest, second and third spines longest; second dorsal fin adjoining first one. Origin of second dorsal fin well behind vertical line through pectoralfin tip, second dorsal soft rays much shorter than longest first dorsal spines. Anal-fin origin in vertical line passing through sixth-seventh ray of second dorsal fin; first spine very slender. Pectoral fin falcate, not reaching vertical line passing through last spine of first dorsal fin and pelvic-fin tip. Pelvic-fin origin behind pectoral-fin base, as long as pectoral fin. Caudal peduncle short, deep, depth greater than orbital diameter. Caudal fin short, emarginated, lower lobe slightly longer and much stouter than upper lobe. Color in alcohol. Type material with straw-beige pigmentation, mostly faded due to the age of the specimens. Other specimens examined: upper half light brown, lower creamy white, sometimes with a silvery hue. Yellow hue may be present below eye, in operculum, pelvic and caudal fins. Dorsal and anal fins straw-beige to light brown, darkening slightly along the rays; pectoral fin light brown, somewhat darker in the upper rays, but not forming a dark hue. Caudal-fin rays dusky, slightly darker at the base (Fig. 6B). Color of fresh material. Silver gray dorsally to flanks, whitish ventrally; silvery hue below eye; first dorsal fin dusky, longest spines dark-tipped; second dorsal fin dusky at base, beige elsewhere; anal fin beige; ventral fin beige with black line along spine; pectoral fin dusky, darkened in upper 3–4 rays; caudal fin dusky, darker along upper and lower caudal lobes (Fig. 6C). Distribution and habitat. Western South Atlantic along the southern and southeastern coasts of Brazilian, from Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul (Fig. 4). Fishing. Targeted by recreational fishermen. Remarks. Cuvier described Umbrina gracilis based on specimens collected in Brazil by Auguste de Saint-Hilaire and his colleagues from the Freycinet Expedition.As Freycinet was engaged in a circumnavigation the globe, it seems reasonable to assume that Saint-Hillaire met Freycinet’s naturalists in Rio de Janeiro, where Saint-Hillaire set out on his expeditions, and that Rio de Janeiro is the type locality of U. gracilis. Cuvier confirmed that the specimen he used to describe U. gracilis had 20 dorsal-fin rays and 18 pectoral-fin rays. Günther (1860) also included this species in his catalog of fishes of the British Museum and reported that it has 75 scales on lateral line and a uniform color. Günther’s counts of the lateral scales need to be treated with caution, however, given that he may have confused lateral line counts with those of the oblique series of scales found above the lateral line. Similar discrepancies were detected by Jordan & Evermann (1898) in their account of U. martinicensis. Umbrina gracilis was synonymized with Menticirrhus martinicensis by Jordan & Eigenmann (1899), although once again, with no explicit justification for their decision, although Jordan & Evermann (1898) confirmed that the description of this nominal species was based on “the dried skin of a young specimen, distorted and varnished”. This convinced all subsequent authors to doubt the validity of the species. In his unpublished thesis on the taxonomy of Menticirrhus, Irwin (1971, Fig. 58) upheld the synonymy of U. gracilis with M. americanus, following previous authors, such as Miranda Ribeiro (1915) and Fowler (1951), although he noted the existence of considerable variation in the counts of the soft dorsal fin between populations from the western North Atlantic and western South Atlantic. Irwin did not conclude this analysis, however, because that he was unable to examine an adequate sample of the material from the western South Atlantic. In his extensive review of the classification of sciaenids of the western Atlantic, Chao (1978) reassessed Irwin’s data, and concluded that he had recognized one of the U. gracilis syntypes (MNHN 9037) as M. littoralis, but unexpectedly claimed that Irwin had disregarded this specimen as part of the type material because the locality and the collector of the specimen are not consistent with the original description of Cuvier’s (Bauchot, MNHN, Paris, pers. commun.; see also Bauchot & Desoutter 1987). Chao disregarded the validity of U. gracilis, contrarily to Irwin (1971), including it in synonymy of M. americanus. However, Chao wrongly stated specimen MNHN 44 (Fig. 6A) as a lectotype. We disagree with Chao’s viewpoint on the status of U. gracilis, and consider it to be a valid member of the genus Menticirrhus for the following reasons: (i) we observed several specimens with 18–21 dorsal-fin rays and 16–19 pectoral-fin rays, which are quite similar to the original description of U. gracilis, (ii) all the specimens with 18–21 dorsal-fin rays and 16–19 pectoral-fin rays are morphologically distinct from M. americanus, presenting a slender body with a long snout, color more or less uniformly silvery gray on the back, without irregular dark bars, and pectoral fin not reaching or barely reaching the pelvic-fin tip. In addition, other Menticirrhus species, such as M. americanus, M. cuiaranensis, M. martinicensis, and M. littoralis have 22 rays in the soft dorsal fin, and (iii) the genetic evidence restricted M. gracilis to southern-southeastern Brazil, with no evidence of gene flow with populations from other areas. Following Chao (1978), we retained specimen MNHN 44 as the lectotype of M. gracilis in our present designation, with MNHN 9622 thus becoming a paralectotype of this species (Fig. 6B). We independently confirmed that paralectotype has 19 pectoral-fin rays., Published as part of Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Caires, Rodrigo Antunes, Rotundo, Matheus Marcos, Cerqueira, Najila Nolie Catarine Dantas, Siccha-Ramirez, Raquel, Wosiacki, Wolmar Benjamin & Oliveira, Claudio, 2020, Taxonomic revision of the Menticirrhus americanus (Linnaeus, 1758) and M littoralis (Holbrook, 1847) (Percomorphacea: Sciaenidae) species complexes from the western Atlantic, pp. 301-333 in Zootaxa 4822 (3) on pages 317-320, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4822.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4401566, {"references":["Cuvier, G. & Valenciennes, A. (1830) Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome Cinquieme. Livre Cinquieme. Des Scienoides. Chez F. G. Levrault, Paris, 499 pp.","Chao, L. N. (1978) A basis for classifying western Atlantic Sciaenidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Technical Report NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) Circular, 415, 1 - 64.","Gunther, A. (1860) Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. Catalogue of the acanthopterygian fishes in the collection of the British Museum. Squamipinnes, Cirrhitidae, Triglidae, Trachinidae, Sciaenidae, Polynemidae, Sphyraenidae, Trichiuridae, Scombridae, Carangidae, Xiphiidae. Vol. 2. British Museum, London, xxi + 548 pp.","Bauchot, M. L. & Desoutter, M. (1987) Catalogue critique des types de poissons du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. (Suite) (Famille des Sciaenidae). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 9 (3), 1 - 43.","Jordan, D. S. (1887) Notes on typical specimens of fishes described by Cuvier and Valenciennes and preserved in the Musee d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 9 (593), 525 - 546. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.9 - 593.525","Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio Eecima, reformata. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542","Vasconcelos, A. (1945) Nossos peixes, part III. Os Cienideos. Boletim da Secretaria de Agricultura, Industria e Comercio do Estado de Pernambuco, 12 (2), 113 - 118.","Fowler, H. (1951) The Brazilian and Patagonian fishes of the Wilkes expedition. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico, 2 (1), 3 - 39. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0100 - 42391951000100001","Travassos, H. & Paiva, M. P. (1957) Lista dos Sciaenidae marinhos brasileiros contendo chave de identificacao e proposta de \" nomes vulgares oficiais \". Boletim Instituto Oceanografico, 8 (1 / 2), 139 - 165. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0373 - 55241957000100004","Benvegnu-Le, G. Q. (1978) Distribuicao dos peixes teleosteos marinhos demersais na plataforma continental do Rio Grande do Sul. Tese de doutorado, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 94 pp.","Chao, L. N. (1977) Sciaenidae. In: Fischer, W. (Ed.), Identification sheets of Central West Atlantic, fishing area 30 and 31. FAO, Rome, sheets 1 - 48.","Menezes, N. A. & Figueiredo, J. L. (1980) Manual de peixes marinhos do Sudeste do Brasil. IV. Teleostei (3). Museu de Zoologia da USP, Sao Paulo, 96 pp.","Jardim, L. F. A. (1988) Sinopse das especies de Menticirrhus Gill, 1861 (Osteichthyes, Sciaenidae) do Atlantico ocidental. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 5 (2), 179 - 187. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81751988000200001","Holbrook, J. E. (1847) Southern ichthyology: or, a description of the fishes inhabiting the waters of South Carolina Georgia and Florida. No. II. Wiley, New York and Putnam, London, 32 pp., 4 pls.","Cassano, V. P. F. & Levy, J. A. (1990) Sistematica bioquimica de Menticirrhus americanus e M. littoralis (Teleostei: Perciformes: Sciaenidae). Boletim dos Instituto Oceanografico, 38 (1), 87 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0373 - 55241990000100009","Nion, H., Rios, C. & Meneses, P. (2016) s. n. In: Peces del Uruguay: Lista sistematica y nombres comunes. Segunda edicion corregida y ampliada. DINARA, Montevideo, pp. i-xi + 19 - 172.","Jordan, D. S. & Evermann, B. W. (1898) The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fishlike vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Part II. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 47, 1241 - 2183. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 39717","Irwin, R. J. (1971) Geographical variation systematics and general biology of shore fishes of the genus Menticirrhus, family Sciaendae. Ph. D. dissertation, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, 295 pp."]}

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T17:39:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-08-01 Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi (MPEG) (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP), Brazil, grant `Parque analitico do MPEG: analise das transformacoes da Amazonia e seus reflexos na sociobiodiversidade e na paisagem' Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) FINEP Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Haemulon steindachneri (Jordan and Gilbert) (Haemulidae), popularly known as cocoroca-de-boca-larga, latingrunt or latin-burro, represents a species complex found on the Atlantic western coast and on the Pacific eastern coast, condition confirmed recently by molecular phylogenies. In the present study, DNA barcoding analysis recognizes two distinct clusters; the first includes Brazil and Caribbean, and the second is composed of Pacific specimens, with genetic distance of 7.4%, differentiated by 35 base pairs. In addition to the molecular evidence, our results show morphological differences that distinguish the Atlantic lineage from that of the Pacific: anal fin, usually, with eight rays (vs. generally nine rays in Pacific); 13-15 scales below the lateral line, rarely 12 (vs. 12 scales below the lateral line, rarely 13 in Pacific), posterior margin of the maxilla robust with a slightly angled end (vs. smaller maxilla with moderately convex extremity), and presence of a spot on the preoperculum, broad and robust, with no definite shape (vs. narrow spot, with anterior extremity tuned and posterior straight, resembling a triangle in Pacific). Therefore, based on both molecular and morphological evidences, H. steindachneri is redescribed for the Pacific coast while a new species is described for the Atlantic coast. Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, BR-66040170 Belem, Para, Brazil Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Programa Posgrad Biodiversidade & Evolucao, BR-66040170 Belem, Para, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Botucatu, BR-18618689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Botucatu, BR-18618689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi (MPEG) (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP), Brazil, grant `Parque analitico do MPEG: analise das transformacoes da Amazonia e seus reflexos na sociobiodiversidade e na paisagem': 0118003100 CAPES: 001 CNPq: 300940/2015-7 CNPq: 302497/2018-8 FINEP: 01 17 005600 CNPq: 444338/2018-7 CNPq: 300675/2019-4 FAPESP: 2016/09204-6 FAPESP: 2014/26508-3 CNPq: 306054/2006-0

Castro, Íthalo Da Silva, Wosiacki, Wolmar Benjamin (2019): Anew species of Imparfinis Eigenmann & Norris, 1900 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) from the Tapajós basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 4701 (5): 461-472, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4701.5.6

Key to the species of Bairdiella 1a. Dorsal-fin rays 25-29; gill rakers on first branchial arch 25-27; dark spot at base of pectoral fins............ B. icistia (eastern Pacific from Gulf of California to Guatemala) 1b. Dorsal-fin rays 19-24, gill rakers on first branchial arch 22-24; without dark spot at base of pectoral fins............ 2 2a. Six pores on chin; anal-fin rays 8-10, more commonly 9; second anal fin spine thin, shorter than first anal-fin ray........................................................................ B. chrysoura (western Atlantic, from Cape Cod to western Gulf of Mexico) 2b. Five pores on chin; anal-fin rays 8-9, more commonly 8; second anal fin spine robust, as long as first anal-fin ray.... 3 3a. Body silvery without stripes or dark spot; head profile slightly convex; 55 or more scales along lateral line up to caudal fin base................................................. B. ensifera (eastern Pacific, from Southern Mexico to Peru) 3b. Body with wavy stripes or dots; head profile straight or slightly concave; 46-53 scales along lateral line up to caudal fin base...................................................................... 4 4b. Eyes large, orbital diameter larger than 8% SL............................................................................. B. goeldi sp. nov. (western Atlantic, Brazilian coast) 4a. Eye small, orbital diameter less than 8% SL................. 5 5a. 46-49 scales with pores along lateral line up to caudal fin base........................................................... B. armata (eastern Pacific, from Gulf of California to Colombia) 5b. 50-53 (rarely 49) scales with pores along lateral line up to caudal fin base............................................................ 6 6a. Dorsal fin relatively high and head relatively small, hei- ght of dorsal fin 1.2-1.5 times the height of the head; hei- ght of dorsal fin 1.2-1.5 times the width of the head........................................................................... B. veraecrucis (western Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico) 6b. Dorsal fin relatively low and head relatively large, height of dorsal fin 1.7-2.7 times height of the head; height of dor- sal fin 1.6-2.5 times the width of the head......... B. ronchus (western Atlantic, Caribbean Sea), Published as part of Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Molina, Eduardo Garcia, Caires, Rodrigo Antunes, Rotundo, Matheus Marcos, Wosiacki, Wolmar Benjamin & Oliveira, Claudio, 2019, Revision of Bairdiella (Sciaenidae: Perciformes) from the western South Atlantic, with insights into its diversity and biogeography, pp. 1-18 in Neotropical Ichthyology 17 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180024, http://zenodo.org/record/3649462

Bairdiella goeldi sp. nov. (Figure 4a, Tables 4, 5) zoobank.org:act:561CDE1C-E23D-411E-BBCE-81E3B862BEB0 Bairdiella ronchus (not of Cuvier, 1830).– Jordan, Evermann, 1898: 1436 (in part; fishes of North and Middle America; West Indies and along coast of Brazil).– Miranda Ribeiro, 1915: 432 (Fauna Brasiliense, listed; description, distribution).– Vazzoler, 1970: 14 (fish fauna, Santos Bay, São Paulo, Brazil, listed; identification key; description).– Roux, 1973: 138 (Calypso ex- peditions; coast of South America; listed).– Chao 1978:39 (in part).– Figueiredo, Menezes, 1980: 59, fig. 98 (marine fishes from southeastern Brazil; description, distribution).– Camargo, Isaac 2001:142 (estuarine fishes from Pará, Brazil).– Casatti, Menezes, 2003: 86 (catalog of marine fish species of Brazil; listed).– Chao, 2003:1602 (in part). Holotype. MPEG 33641, 1, 154.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bra- gança, Furo da Ostra, 13 Feb 2014, Alexandre Pires Mar- ceniuk, using gillnets (the same method used for all other type-specimens). Paratypes. MPEG 32860, 1, 146.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bra- gança, Furo da Ostra; MPEG 33653, 1, 164.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 17 Jul 2014; MPEG 33654, 4, 158.0-176.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 10 Jul 2014; MPEG 34510, 2, 119.0-127.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 09 Jan 2016; MPEG 33627, 2, 114.0-116.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 21 Jan 2014; MPEG 33628, 1, 117.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 18 Jan 2014; MPEG 33615, 1, 116.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 17 Aug 2013; AZUSC 4926, 9, 129.0-161.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragan- ça, Furo da Ostra; LBP 19376, 4, 139.0-178.0 mm SL (tissue 76171-76174), Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 2014. Non-type specimens, MZUSP 68517, 1, 111.0 mm SL, Brazil, Maranhão, São Luís, rio Curuca; LBP 22205, 1 (tis- sue 84692), Brazil, Paraíba, Barra de Mamanguape; USNM 104265, 1, 111.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pernambuco, Recife; MPEG 1660, 1 (tissue 84204), Brazil, Alagoas, Barra de Santo Anto- nio; USNM 43365, 1, 144.0 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia; MZUSP 68501, 3, 170.0-198.0 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia, rio Paraguaçu, Cachoeira; MZUSP 82209, 3, 98.0-157.0 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia, between Valença and Itacaré; MZUSP 98958, 1, 143.0 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia, Comandatuba island; AZUSC 3957, 2, 162.0-174.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, rio do Meio, Gua- rujá, São Paulo; MZUSP 112337, 5, 90.0-170.0 mm SL, Bra- zil, São Paulo, rio Cubatão; MZUSP 2499, 1, 157.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Santos; AZUSC 4222, 3, 153.0-186.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Santos, estuary channel; AZUSC 363, 2, 154.0-169.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Santos, rio Dia- na; AZUSC 3260, 3, 136.0-171.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Santos, Caneu; AZUSC 2860, 2, 108.0-152.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, São Vicente, rio Mariana; AZUSC 3103, 2, 100.0- 152.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, São Vicente, Mar Pequeno bridge; MZUSP 108213, 1, 127.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Praia Grande; MZUSP 108229, 1, 129.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Praia Grande; MZUSP 68514, 1, 131.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Itanhaém; MZUSP 58712, 1, 144.0 mm SL, Bra- zil, São Paulo, Peruíbe, rio Guaraú; AZUSC 3712, 2,150.0- 197.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Cananeia, estuary; MZUSP 46737, 1, 124.0 mm SL, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Porto Belo. Diagnosis. Bairdiella goeldi sp. nov. can be differentiated from B. armata, which occurs between the Gulf of Califor- nia and Colombia (EP), by having 50–55 scales with pores on the lateral line, rarely 48 or 49 (vs. 46-49, Tab. 5); from B. chrysoura, which is found between Cape Cod (US) and the western Gulf of Mexico, by the presence of five pores on the chin (vs. six), and a very robust second anal fin spine, as long as the first anal-fin ray (vs. thin second anal fin spine, shorter than first anal-fin ray, Fig. 4a); from B. ensifera, whi- ch is found between Mexico and Peru (EP), by having wavy stripes or dark spots on the body (vs. body silvery without stripes or spots, Fig. 4a); from B. icistia, which is found be- tween the Gulf of California and Guatemala (EP), by the presence of 21-24 rays in the dorsal fin (vs. 25-29, Tab. 5) and the lack of a dark spot at the base of the pectoral fins (vs. with dark spot at the base of the pectoral fins, Fig. 4a); from B. ronchus, which is found in the Greater Caribbean Cen- tral Province, and B. veraecrucis, which is found between Florida (US) and the northern Gulf of Mexico, by having an orbital diameter greater than 8% SL (vs. less than 8% SL, Fig. 5a), and the length of the caudal peduncle 1.6-2.3 times the orbital diameter, rarely more than 2.3 (vs. 2.4-3.8, Fig. 5b). Bairdiella goeldi sp. nov. is further distinguished from B. veraecrucis, which is found between Florida (US) and the northern Gulf of Mexico, by having a larger head and shorter dorsal fin (Tab. 4), with dorsal fin length 1.7-2.4 times in the head length (vs. 1.2-1.5, Fig. 5c), and dorsal fin length 1.8- 2.6 times in the head depth (vs. 1.2-1.5, Fig. 5d). . Molecular diagnosis. The haplotypes of B. goeldi sp. nov. differed by four bases from those of all the other Atlantic species analyzed, by nine bases from B. ronchus, 19 bases from B. veraecrucis, and 97 bases from B. chrysoura (Tab. 3), with genetic distances of 0.018±0.005 from B. ronchus, 0.039±0.008 from B. veraecrucis, and 0.180±0.018 from B. chrysoura (Tab. 2). A total of 11 haplotypes were identified in the 14 specimens of B. goeldi sp. nov. sequenced, whi- ch formed two distinct lineages: (1) the specimens from the Brazilian states of Pará, Paraiba, and Sergipe, and (2) the specimens from São Paulo state (Fig. 2). These lineages are differentiated by a genetic distance of 0.007±0.003 and two base pairs, at positions 295 and 409 (Tabs. 2, 3). Description: Morphometric and meristic data were em- ployed in Tabs. 4, 5. D. X +I.21-24; A.II.8-10; P. 15-18; gill rakers 22-26; pored lateral line scales to caudal fin base 48- 55; scale rows above lateral line 8-10, below 9-12. Body moderately long and compressed, maximum depth at dorsal fin origin. Dorsal profile straight, ascending until dorsal fin origin, posteriorly convex until caudal peduncle, especially on larger specimens. Ventral profile flattened from pelvic fin to anal fin origin. Head relatively long and high. Snout blunt in lateral view, dorsal profile naked. Mouth nearly terminal, oblique in lateral view; posterior tip of premaxilla reaching vertical through middle of orbit. Teeth conical, premaxilla with 3-5 rows, external row with 15-20 enlarged teeth, den- tary with 2-4 rows. Orbit lateral; eye round, very large, or- bital diameter greater than snout length. Interorbital space smaller than orbital diameter, slightly convex, covered with ctenoid scales (cycloid anteriorly). Nostrils visible with naked eye, anterior nostril oval, posterior nostril larger and teardrop like, close to anterior eye margin, over or nearly above horizontal line through middle of orbit. Lateral sen- sory canal on head visible on infraorbital, dentary and preopercle; five ventral pores on dentary tip, one central smal- ler, oval, and two pores on each side; small circular pore on anterior preopercle border. Preopercle margin serrated, with about 10-15 spines, two or three at angle largest. Oper- cle tip angled, slightly posterior to vertical line that passes through pectoral-fin base. Gill rakers well developed. Scales ctenoid on trunk, belly, pectoral fin base, opercle, preoper- cle, infraorbital (two ventral most rows) and interorbital re- gion in specimens larger than 150 mm SL; scales cycloid on infraorbital (anteriorly), preorbital region below nostrils, opercle and interobital, specially in specimens smaller than 150 mm SL. Lateral line simple, slightly arched below first dorsal fin to middle of second dorsal fin, straight elsewhere. First dorsal fin without scales, membranes of second dorsal fin and anal fin with one or two series of 5-7 small cycloid scales. Base of pectoral fin covered by scales, cycloid scales to proximal third of fin present in largest specimens. Caudal fin base covered with cluster of small cycloid scales, rows of cycloid scales on caudal-fin rays, nearly three quarters of their length. Spinous dorsal fin short, first spine shortest, spines III-V longest; small notch between first and second dorsal fin. Origin of second dorsal fin slightly in front of vertical through pectoral fin tip, with second dorsal soft rays slightly shorter than longest first dorsal spines. Pectoral fin falcate, relatively long, length approximately equal to second anal fin spine length. Pelvic fin origin behind verti- cal though pectoral fin base. Anal fin emarginated, second anal-fin spine very stout and longer than remaining spines. ±Caudal peduncle depth about equal to eye length, 9.6-12.2 % SL; length 16.2-21.4% SL; caudal fin truncated to slightly rhomboidal, central rays longest. Color in alcohol. Grayish above lateral line, silvery below lateral line, dark stripes slightly more evident in the fresh specimens, oblique above lateral line, but more or less parallel below lateral line. Dorsal, anal, and caudal fins blackish, basal portion of the anal and caudal fins yellowish. Pectoral and pelvic fins yellowish, but with some dark pigmentation. Distribution and habitat. Widely distributed on the Atlantic coast of Brazil, from at least the equatorial northern state of Pará to Santa Catarina. The southern limit of occurrence is apparently determined by the absence of mangrove forests in estuaries. The species is relatively rare in the northeastern coast of Brazil, but is abundant in estuarine waters on sandy or muddy bottoms on the northern and southeastern coasts of Brazil (Fig. 3). Ecological notes. This species has no commercial importan- ce in Brazil (as Bairdiella ronchus in Itagaki et al., 2007). It is incidentally caught as bycatch in bottom trawls, gillnets, and seines, as well as by cast nets in mangrove swamps. Etymology. Bairdiella goeldi sp. nov. is named in honor of the Goeldi Museum (Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi) in Belém, Pará (Brazil), that supported taxonomic research on the marine and estuarine fish of Brazil (APM), and the expe- ditions for the collection of specimens on the northern and northeastern coasts of Brazil. Conservation status. Bairdiella goeldi is frequent and abundant. No specific threats were detected, and the spe- cies can be categorized as Least Concern (LC) according to IUCN criteria (IUCN, 2016). Remarks. Günther (1860) recorded Corvina ronchus (= Bairdiella ronchus) from the Brazilian coast based on a sin- gle specimen from Bahia state, while Jordan, Eigenmann (1889) identified specimens from Rio de Janeiro state as Bairdiella ronchus. This classification was followed by Mi- randa-Ribeiro (1915), Vazzoler (1970), Menezes, Figuei- redo (1980), and Menezes et al. (2003). Meek, Hildebrand (1925) found individual variation among Bairdiella populations, although they decided that these differences were not sufficient to justify the recognition of two distinct species of the genus in the western Atlantic., Published as part of Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Molina, Eduardo Garcia, Caires, Rodrigo Antunes, Rotundo, Matheus Marcos, Wosiacki, Wolmar Benjamin & Oliveira, Claudio, 2019, Revision of Bairdiella (Sciaenidae: Perciformes) from the western South Atlantic, with insights into its diversity and biogeography, pp. 1-18 in Neotropical Ichthyology 17 (1) on pages 6-12, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180024, http://zenodo.org/record/3649462, {"references":["Jordan DS, Evermann BW. The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum; 1898. (Bulletin, United States National Museum; No. 47).","Vazzoler AEAM. Ictiofauna da baia de Santos. Sciaenidae (Percoidea, Percomorphi). Bolm Inst Oceanogr S Paulo. 1970; 1918 (1): 11 - 26.","Roux C. 1973. Poissons continental bresilien. teleosteens du pla- teau Resultats scientifiques des campagnes de la Ca 1 ypso, X. Ann 1 s Inst. Oceanogr. Paris, 1973; 49: 23 - 207.","Chao LN. A basis for classifying western Atlantic Sciaenidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). U. S. Department of Commerce; 1978. (NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular; 415).","Figueiredo JL, Menezes NA. Manual de peixes marinhos do sudes- te do Brasil, III. Teleostei (2). Sao Paulo, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia; 1980.","Camargo M, Isaac V. Os peixes estuarinos da regiao norte do Brasil: lista de especies e consideracoes sobre sua distribuicao geogra- fica. Bol Mus Para Emilio Goeldi: Zool. 2001; 17 (2): 133 - 57.","Casatti L, Menezes NA. Familia Sciaenidae. In: Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL, editors. Catalogo das especies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo; 2003. p. 86 - 89.","Chao LN. Sciaenidae. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Rome: FAO; 2003. p. 1583 - 1653. vol. 3, Bony fishes, pt. 2 (Opistognathidae to Molidae), sea turtles and marine mammals. (FAO species iden- tification guide for fishery purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication; No. 5).","Itagaki MK, Ohkawara MH, Dias JF, Katsuragawa M. Description of larvae and juveniles of Bairdiella ronchus (Sciaenidae: Teleostei) in southeastern Brazil. Sci Mar. 2007; 71 (2): 249 - 57.","Jordan DS, Eigenmann CH. A review of the Sciaenidae of America and Europe. Washington: The Bureau, U. S. Government print- ing office; 1889. (Annual report of the Commissioner of fish and fisheries; vol. 3).","Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catalogo das especies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo; 2003.","Meek SE, Hildebrand SF. The marine fishes of Panama. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series. 1925; 15 (226): 331 - 707."]}

Bairdiella veraecrucis Jordan & Dickerson, 1908 (Fig. 4d, Tables 4, 5) Sciaena ronchus Jordan, 1886:44 (United States; listed). Bairdiella veraecrucis Jordan, Dickerson, 1908:16, fig. 1 (Veracruz, Mexico. Holotype: USNM 61676. Paratypes: CAS–SU 20654). Bairdiella ronchus (not of Cuvier, 1830).– Jordan, Evermann, 1898: 1436 (in part; description; synonymy).– Castro-Aguirre et al., 1999:383 (fishes of Mexico; listed).– Nelson et al., 2004:146 (common names of fishes from the United States; listed).– McEachran, Fechhelm 2005:416 (fishes of the Gulf of Mexico; short description).– Page et al., 2013:151 (common and scientific names of fishes from the United States; listed). Diagnosis. Bairdiella veraecruciscan be differentiated from B. armata (EP), which occurs between the Gulf of Califor- nia and Colombia (EP), by having 50-52 pored scales on the lateral line, rarely 49 (vs. 46-49, Tab. 5); from B. chrysoura, which is found between Cape Cod (US) and the western Gulf of Mexico, by the presence of five pores on the chin (vs. six) and by a very robust second anal-fin spine, as long as the first anal-fin ray (vs. thin second anal-fin spine, shorter than first anal-fin ray, Fig. 4d); from B. goeldi sp. nov., which is found on the Brazilian coast, by having an orbital diameter less than 8% SL (vs. more than 8% SL, Fig. 5a), caudal pe- duncle length 2.8-3.7 times the orbital diameter (vs. 1.6-2.3, rarely more than 2.3, Fig. 5b), and a relatively smaller head and longer dorsal fin (Tab. 4), with dorsal fin length 1.2- 1.5 times the head length (vs. 1.7-2.4, Fig. 5c), dorsal fin length and 1.2-1.5 times head depth (vs. 1.8-2.6, Fig. 5d); from B. ensifera (EP), which is found between Mexico and Peru (EP), by having wavy stripes or spots on the flanks (vs. body silvery without stripes or spots, Fig. 4d); from B. icistia (EP), which is found between the Gulf of California and Guatemala (EP), by having 22-24 rays on the dorsal fin (vs. 25-29, Tab. 5d), 21-24 gill rakers on the first brachial arch (vs. 25-27, Tab. 4), and no dark spot at the base of pectoral fins (vs. with dark spot at base of pectoral fins); from B. ronchus (WA), which is found in the Greater Caribbean Central Province, by its relatively smaller head and longer dorsal fin (Tab. 4), with dorsal fin length 1.2-1.5 times the head length (vs. 1.6-2.5, Fig. 5c), and dorsal fin length 1.2-1.5 times the head depth (vs. 1.7-2.7, Fig. 5d). Molecular diagnosis. The haplotypes of B. veraecrucis differed by four bases from those of all the other Atlantic species analyzed, by nine bases from B. goeldi sp. nov., by 19 bases from B. ronchus, and by 97 bases from B. chrysoura (Tab. 3), with genetic distances of 0.039±0.008 from B. goeldi sp. nov., 0.030±0.007 from B. ronchus, and 0.185±0.019 from B. chrysoura (Tab. 2). Description. Morphometric and meristic data are presen- ted in Tabs. 4, 5. D. X +I.22-24; A.II.8; P. 16-18; gill rake- rs 21-24; pored lateral line scales 49-52; scale rows above lateral line 8-9, below 10-11. Body moderately long and compressed, maximum depth at origin of dorsal fin. Dorsal profile nearly straight, ascending until first dorsal fin origin, posteriorly slightly convex until caudal peduncle. Ventral profile straight from pelvic fin to anal fin. Head relatively short, low. Snout blunt in lateral view, dorsal profile naked. Mouth nearly terminal, oblique in lateral view; posterior tip of premaxilla reaching vertical through anterior margin of orbit. Teeth conical, premaxilla with two rows, external row with about 40 larger teeth; dentary with two rows, external row with about 35 larger teeth. Orbit lateral; eye round and relatively small, orbital diameter smaller than snout length. Interorbital space slightly convex, covered with cycloid scales. Nostrils visible with naked eye, anterior nostril oval, posterior nostril larger and teardrop like, close to anterior eye margin, over or nearly above horizontal line through middle of orbit. Lateral sensory canals on head visible on infraorbital, dentary and preopercle; five ventral pores on dentary tip, one small, central, oval, and two pores on each side. Preopercle margin serrated, with spines, two or three at angle largest. Opercle tip angled, slightly posterior to ver- tical through pectoral fin base. Gill rakers well developed. Scales ctenoid on trunk, belly, pectoral fin base and predor- sal region, cycloid on opercle, preopercle, infraorbital and interorbital. Lateral line simple, slightly arched below first dorsal fin to middle of second dorsal fin, straight elsewhere. First dorsal fin without scales, second dorsal fin with a row of cycloid scales on proximal half of membranes; membranes of anal fin covered by a row of cycloid scales, except at distal third; pectoral fin base covered by cycloid scales; caudal fin base covered by a cluster of small cycloid sca- les, rows of cycloid scales on nearly two thirds of caudal fin rays. Spinous dorsal fin short, first spine shortest, third spine longest; small notch between first and second dorsal fin; ori- gin of second dorsal fin slightly in front of vertical through pectoral tip, with second dorsal soft ray about the same len- gth of longest first dorsal spine. Anal fin short, emarginated (more prominently in small specimens), first spine as long and slightly stouter than last spine of first dorsal, second anal spine very stout and longer than remaining spines, width ne- arly two thirds of pupil diameter. Pectoral fin long, falcate, almost reaching vent; pelvic fin origin behind vertical thou- gh pectoral fin base; first pelvic fin longest, reaching vent. ±Caudal peduncle depth slightly larger than eye diameter, 8.7-10.8% SL, length 20.0-21.9% SL; caudal fin slightly rhomboidal, central rays longest. Coloration. Grayish sections near the dorsal fin, but mostly silver above lateral line, silver below lateral line, tenuous bands of pigment on the flanks, oblique over lateral line and more or less parallel ventral to it. Distal portion of dorsal, anal and caudal fins black, pelvic fin yellowish and base of pectoral fin yellowish. Distribution and habitat. Northern Greater Caribbean Province, Gulf of Mexico (Fig. 3). Material examined. CNPE 720, 1, 236 mm SL, Mexico, Tabasco, Laguna La Redonda; CNPE 2455, 1, 152 mm SL, Mexico, Tamaulipas, Rio Soto la Marina, Vista Hermosa; CNPE 1125, 1, 173 mm SL, Mexico, Veracruz de Ignacio, Laguna de Tamiahua; CNPE 4817, 3, 130- 168 mm SL, Mexico, Veracruz de Ignacio, Laguna de Tampamachoco; CNPE 4882, 2, 155- 176 mm SL, Mexico, Veracruz de Ignacio, Laguna de Tampamachoco; CNPE 11083, 2, 125- 130 mm SL, Mexico, Veracruz de Ignacio, Laguna de Tamiahua; USNM 61676, 1, 201 mm SL, Mexico, Veracruz, Jordan, D. S (Holotype); USNM 62275, 1, 234 mm SL, Mexico, Tampico., Published as part of Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Molina, Eduardo Garcia, Caires, Rodrigo Antunes, Rotundo, Matheus Marcos, Wosiacki, Wolmar Benjamin & Oliveira, Claudio, 2019, Revision of Bairdiella (Sciaenidae: Perciformes) from the western South Atlantic, with insights into its diversity and biogeography, pp. 1-18 in Neotropical Ichthyology 17 (1) on pages 14-15, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180024, http://zenodo.org/record/3649462, {"references":["Jordan DS. List of fishes collected at Havana, Cuba, in December, 1883, with notes and descriptions. Proc U S Natl Mus. 1886; 9 (551): 31 - 55.","Jordan DS, Evermann BW. The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum; 1898. (Bulletin, United States National Museum; No. 47).","Castro-Aguirre JL, Espinosa Perez H, Schmitter-Soto JJ. Ictiofauna estuarino-Lagunar y vicaria de Mexico. Mexico: IPN; Limusa; 1999. (Serie Biotechnologias).","Nelson JS, Crossman EJ, Espinosa Perez H, Findley LT, Gilbert CR, Lea RN, Williams JD. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. 6 th ed. Maryland: American Fisheries Society; 2004. (Special Publication; 29).","Page LM, Espinosa-Perez H, Findley LD, Gilbert CR, Lea RN, Mandrak NE, Mayden RL, Nelson JS. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. 7 th ed. Bethesda: American Fisheries Society; 2013. (Special Publication; 34)."]}

Bairdiella ronchus (Cuvier, 1830) (Fig. 4b, c, Tables 4, 5) Corvina ronchus Cuvier, 1830:107 (Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela; Dominican Republic; Cuba; Suriname MNHN 0095 (1) Dominican Republic, MNHN 5345 (2) Suriname, MNHN 7634 (1, dry) Maracaibo, MNHN 7637 (1), MNHN A–5543 (1) Martinique.–Günther, 1860: 299 (Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum). Sciaena bedoti Regan, 1905:391, Pl. 6 (fig. 1) (Cuba. Syntypes: BMNH 1905.3.18.2 [ex MHNG] (1), MHNG 678.01 (1)). Bairdiella ronchus Poey, 1868: 324 (fishes of Cuba; synopsis).– Jordan, Eigenmann, 1889: 388 (review of sciaenids from America and Europe).– Jordan, Evermann, 1898: 1436 (in part; description and synonymy).– Meek, Hildebrand, 1925: 634– 635 (fishes of Panama; description; in part).– Mago-Leccia, 1965: 309 (rio Unare, Venezuela; listed).– Chao, 1978:39 (in part, redescription).– Cervigón, 1992: 398 (in part, fishes of Venezuela; listed).– Cervigón, 1993:242 (in part, fishes of Venezuela; listed).– Greenfield, Thomerson, 1997:182 (fishes of Belize; listed).– González Bencomo et al., 1997:159 (fishes of Maracaibo, Venezuela; listed).– Aguilera, 1998:50 (fishes of Occidental Venezuela; listed).– Marín, 2000:75 (fishes of Unare Lagoon, Venezuela; short description).– Smith et al., 2003:37 (fishes of Pelican Cays, Belize; listed).– Matamoros et al., 2009:19 (fishes of Honduras; listed).– Angulo et al., 2013:1002 (checklist of fishes from Costa Rica). Diagnosis. Bairdiella ronchus is distinct from B. armata (EP), which occurs between the Gulf of California and Co- lombia (EP), by the presence of 50-53 scales with pores on the lateral line, rarely 49 (vs. 46-49, Tab. 5a); from B. chrysoura (WA), which is found between Cape Cod (US) and the western Gulf of Mexico, by the presence of five pores on the chin (vs. six), and a very robust second anal-fin spine, as long as the first anal-fin ray (vs. thin second anal-fin spine, shorter than first anal-fin ray, Fig. 4b,c); from B. goeldi sp. nov., which is found on the Brazilian coast, by having an orbital diameter less than 8% SL (vs. more than 8% SL, Fig. 5a), and orbital diameter 2.4-3.8 times the caudal peduncle length (vs. 1.6-2.3, rarely more than 2.3, Fig. 5b); from B. ensifera (EP), which is found between Mexico and Peru (EP), by having wavy stripes or dark spots on the body (vs. body silvery without stripes or spots, Fig. 4b,c); from B. icistia (EP), which is found between the Gulf of California and Guatemala (EP), by the presence of 22-24 rays in the dorsal fin (vs. 25-29, Tab. 5d), 22-24 gill rakers on the first bran- chial arch, rarely more than 24 (vs. 25-27, Tab. 5f), and the lack of a dark spot at the base of the pectoral fins (vs. with dark spot at the base of the pectoral fins, Fig. 4b,c); from B. veraecrucis (WA), which occurs between Florida (US) and the northern Gulf of Mexico, by having a relatively larger head and dorsal fin relatively shorter (Tab. 4), with dorsal fin length 1.6-2.5 times in the head length (vs. 1.2-1.5, Fig. 5c), and dorsal fin length 1.7-2.7 times in the head depth (vs. 1.2-1.5, Fig. 5d). Molecular diagnosis. The haplotypes of B. ronchus differed by three bases from of all the other Atlantic species analyzed, by nine bases from B. goeldi sp. nov., by 17 bases from B. veraecrucis, and by 97 bases from B. chrysoura (Tab. 3), with genetic distances of 0.018±0.005 from B. goeldi sp. nov., 0.030±0.007 from B. veraecrucis, and 0.183±0.019 from B. chrysoura (Tab. 2). Description. Morphometric and meristic data are presen- ted in Tabs. 4, 5. D. X +I. 22-24; A.II.8; P. 16-18; gill rakers 22-26; pored lateral line scales to caudal fin base 49-53±; scale rows above lateral line 8-9 (rarely 10), below 9-11. Body moderately long and compressed, maximum depth at origin of dorsal fin. Dorsal profile straight, ascending un- til dorsal fin origin, posteriorly convex until caudal pedun- cle, especially in larger specimens. Ventral profile flattened from pelvic fin to anal fin origin. Head relatively long, high. Snout blunt in lateral view, dorsal profile naked. Mouth ter- minal, barely inclined; posteriorrmost tip of premaxillary bone passing vertical through middle of orbit. Teeth conical, premaxilla with three or four rows, external row with enlar- ged teeth; dentary with one row. Orbit lateral, eyes round, moderately large, orbital diameter approximately equal to snout length. Interorbital space larger than orbital diameter, slightly convex, covered with ctenoid scales (cycloid ante- riorly). Nostrils visible with naked eye, anterior nostril oval, posterior nostril larger and teardrop like, close to anterior eye margin, over or nearly above horizontal line through middle of orbit. Lateral sensory canals on head visible on infraorbital, dentary and preopercle; five ventral pores on dentary, one central, triangular and subequal in size, and two pores on each side. Preopercle margin serrated, with about 12-15 spines, two or three at angle largest. Opercle tip an- gled, slightly anterior to vertical through pectoral fin base. Gill rakers well developed. Scales ctenoid on trunk, belly, pectoral fin base, opercle, preopercle, infraorbital (ventral most two rows) and interorbital region, especially in spe- cimens larger than 150 mm SL; cycloid on infraorbital (an- teriorly), preorbital region below nostrils, opercle and inte- robital in specimens smaller than 150 mm SL. Lateral line simple, arched above the pectoral fin to middle of second dorsal fin, straight elsewhere. First dorsal fin without sca- les, membranes of second dorsal fin and anal fin with one or two rows of 5-7 small cycloid scales. Base of pectoral fin covered with cycloid scales, extending to proximal third in largest specimens. Caudal fin base covered with a cluster of small cycloid scales, rows of cycloid scales on caudal-fin rays, nearly three quarters of their length. Spinous dorsal fin short, first spine shortest, spines IV-V longest, with small notch between first and second dorsal fin. Origin of second dorsal fin posterior to vertical through pectoral fin tip, with second dorsal soft rays shorter than the longest first dorsal- -fin spines. Pectoral fin falcate and relatively short, its length approximately equal to the second anal spine length. Pelvic fin origin behind vertical though pectoral fin base. Anal fin emarginated, second anal-fin spine very stout and longer than remaining spines. Caudal peduncle depth slightly lar- ger than eye diameter, 10.4-11.9% SL, length 18.2-22.2% SL; caudal fin truncated to slightly rhomboidal, central rays longest. Color in alcohol. Dusky blue in the dorsal portion above lateral line and on the top of the head, silver below lateral line, with bands of pigments on the flanks, oblique at the top and more or less parallel below lateral line. The dorsal, anal and caudal fins are dusky, pelvic fins are yellowish, and the pectoral fins are yellowish only at their bases. Distribution and habitat. Greater Caribbean Central Province, Central America, West Indies, Bermuda, and Vene- zuela (Fig. 3). Remarks. In a comprehensive review of the genus Bairdiella, Chao (1978), following previous authors, synony- mized Bairdiella armata Gill, 1863, Corvina subaequalis Poey, 1875, Corvina fulgens Vaillant & Bocourt, 1883, Bairdiella veraecrucis, and Sciaena (Bairdiella) bedoti Regan, 1905 without examining the type specimens or listing the material examined. As result, B. ronchus was considered to be widely distributed in the western Atlantic, from North Carolina to southern Brazil (Cervigón, 1992; McEachran, Fechhelm, 2003, see comments on B. goeldi sp. nov., above). Here, Bairdiella ronchus is redefined based on morphologi- cal (Fig. 1) and molecular evidence (Fig. 2, Tabs. 2, 3), and its distribution is restricted to the Greater Caribbean Central Province, between Cuba and Venezuela. As Venezuela is one of the type localities of the species, MHNH 7634, collected from Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela, is recognized as the lecto- type of the present designation. The recognition of Corvina fulgens Vaillant & Bocourt, 1883 as a junior synonym of B. ronchus by Chao (1978) is erroneous, given that Vaillant, Bocourt (1883) described C. fulgens based on two specimens collected at La Union, El Salvador, in the eastern Pacific, during a scientific expedition to Mexico and Central America. Furthermore, the original description of C. fulgens includes an error in the scale count (115/8/5 scales above, on and below the lateral line, respec- tively; Vaillant, Bocourt, 1883: p. 164). The authors provide the correct count (11/58/15) when subsequently comparing the new species to Corvina macrops Steindachner, 1876, commenting that “This species appears to be approaching the Corvina macrops, […] But the latter fish is higher […] Of the scales, in particular for the transverse line, also differs, 7/60/11 instead of 11/58/15” (p. 165). Further examination of the syntypes of C. fulgens (MNHH A-0975) revealed that they have 23 soft rays in the second dorsal fin, and less than 55 sca- les in the lateral line to the caudal fin base. C. fulgens is therefore regarded as a junior synonym of B. armata Gill, 1863. Corvina subaequalis Poey, 1875 was described from a 245 mm TL specimen collected in Cuba. The author in- dicated that this specimen was sent to the Berlin Museum (ZMB), but it was not cataloged and is presumably lost. The holotype of C. subaequalis was not illustrated, and the des- cription of this species is not accurate enough to differentiate it from several western Atlantic sciaenids. Despite those situations, Chao (1978) considered C. subaequalis to be a junior synonym of B. ronchus, without providing arguments for that decision. Some of the information in Poey’s des- cription is discrepant from the characteristics observed in specimens of B. ronchus, such as the presence of fine den- ticulations in the preopercle (p. 59) vs. moderately largely serrated in all specimens of Bairdiella we examined, and the presence of 25 soft rays in the dorsal fin (vs. 21-24 soft rays), which may be attributable to individual variation, ontogeny or differences in counting the last two conjoined dorsal and anal fin rays as one element or not. However, as images of the holotype of C. subaequalis are not available and the type specimen is probably lost, the exact affiliation of this taxon with B. ronchus cannot be ascertained. Therefore, C. subaequalis should be regarded as nomen dubium. Material examined. LBP 6080, 2, 135- 136 mm SL, Venezuela, Ilsa de Margarita, mouth of Rio Nova Esparta, Isla de Margarita; LBP 6436, 2, 92-94 mm SL, Venezuela, Isla de Margarita, mouth of Rio Nova Esparta; USNM 4704, 1, 106 mm SL, Cuba; USNM 32090, 1, 209 mm SL, Cuba; USNM 44185, 1, 119 mm SL, Nicaragua, Greytown; USNM 81164, 1, 114 mm SL, Panama, Mindi Cut; USNM 80710, 1, 185 mm SL, Panama, Mindi Reef; USNM 80711, 1, 130 mm SL, Panama, Mindi Cut; USNM 81165, 1, 109 mm SL, Panama, Mindi Cut; USNM 80708, 1, 151 mm SL, Panama, Colon market; USNM 81166, 1, 79 mm SL, Panama, Portobelo; USNM 81168, 2, 87-97 mm SL, Panama, Cristobal; USNM 114303, 1, 203 mm SL, Guatemala, Laguna Grande; USNM 121746, 2, 90-98 mm SL, Venezuela, Cano de Agua; USNM 133714, 2, 192- 241 mm SL, Haiti; USNM 178227, 2, 138- 168 mm SL, Haiti; USNM 300471, 3, 136- 160 mm SL, Belize, east of Dangriga; USNM 343624, 1, 100 mm SL, Cuba, Cayo Mendoza, Cuba., Published as part of Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Molina, Eduardo Garcia, Caires, Rodrigo Antunes, Rotundo, Matheus Marcos, Wosiacki, Wolmar Benjamin & Oliveira, Claudio, 2019, Revision of Bairdiella (Sciaenidae: Perciformes) from the western South Atlantic, with insights into its diversity and biogeography, pp. 1-18 in Neotropical Ichthyology 17 (1) on pages 12-14, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180024, http://zenodo.org/record/3649462, {"references":["Poey F. Synopsis piscium cubensium: Catalogo razonado de los peces de la isla de Cuba. Habana: Imprenta de la Viuda de Barcina y Compa; 1868.","Jordan DS, Eigenmann CH. A review of the Sciaenidae of America and Europe. Washington: The Bureau, U. S. Government print- ing office; 1889. (Annual report of the Commissioner of fish and fisheries; vol. 3).","Jordan DS, Evermann BW. The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum; 1898. (Bulletin, United States National Museum; No. 47).","Meek SE, Hildebrand SF. The marine fishes of Panama. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series. 1925; 15 (226): 331 - 707.","Chao LN. A basis for classifying western Atlantic Sciaenidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). U. S. Department of Commerce; 1978. (NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular; 415).","Cervigon F. Tiburones, peces batoideos y peces oseos. In: Cervigon F, Cipriani R, Fischer W, Garibaldi L, Henrickx M, Lemus AJ et al., editors. Guia de campo de las especies comerciales marinas y de aguas salobres de la costa septentrional de Sur America. Rome: FAO; 1992. p. 163 - 456. (Fichas FAO de iden- tification de especies para los fines de la pesca).","Cervigon F. Los peces marinos de Venezuela. Miranda: Fundacion Cientifica Los Roques; 1993.","Greenfield DW, Thomerson JE. Fishes of the continental waters of Belize. Gainesville: University of Florida Press; 1997.","Gonzalez Bencomo EJ, Borjas JA, Castillo EC. Ictiofauna del sec- tor San Carlos del Lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela. Boletin del Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas. 1997; 31 (2): 151 - 79.","Aguilera OA. Los peces marinos del occidente de Venezuela. Acta Biol Venez. 1998; 18 (3): 43 - 57.","Marin G. Ichthyofauna and fisheries of the Unare Lagoon, Estado Anzoategui, Venezuela. Acta Biol Venez. 2000; 20 (3): 61 - 92.","Smith CL, Tyler JC, Davis WP, Jones RS, Smith DG, Baldwin CC. Fishes of the Pelican Cays, Belize. Atoll Res Bull. 2003; 497: 1 - 88.","Matamoros WA, Schaefer JF, Kreiser BR. Annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of continental and insular Honduras. Zootaxa. 2009; 2307: 1 - 38.","Angulo A, Garita-Alvarado CA, Bussing WA, Lopez MI. Annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of continental and insular Costa Rica: additions and nomenclatural revisions. Check List. 2013; 9 (5): 987 - 1019."]}

Eigenmannia oradens, new species Figs. 1��� 3, Table 1 Holotype. ANSP 190768, xr, 121.6 mm LEA, Venezuela, Amazonas, R��o Ventuari at Raudales Chipirito, 88.5 Km east of San Fernando de Atabapo, 04��04���6���N 66��54���13���W, 0 1 April 2010, M. Sabaj-P��rez, N.K. Lujan, D.C. Werneke, T. Carvalho, S. Meza V., A. Luna & O. Santaella. Paratypes. ANSP 190912, 2 xr, 62.6���101.1 mm LEA, Venezuela, Amazonas, R��o Ventuari ca. 20 airmiles NE of confluence with R��o Orinoco, near ornamental fish market in river, 04��04���32���N 66��53���34���W, 0 3 April 2005, N.K. Lujan, M. Arce, E.L. Richmond, M.P. Grant & T.E. Wesley. ANSP 203212, 1xr, 76.7 mm LEA, collected with the holotype, MPEG 35287, 1xr+1CS, 94.7���111.1 mm LEA, collected with the holotype. MZUSP 122802, 1MS, 102.3 mm LEA, collected with the holotype. USNM 440377, 1xr, 91.4 mm LEA, collected with the holotype. Diagnosis. Eigenmannia oradens differs from all congeners by presence of bony dorsolateral flange of dentary which also anchors numerous teeth along its extension (versus dorsolateral flange absent and teeth are attached only in dentary rim), and first premaxillary teeth row mobile, teeth attached to anteroventral margin of premaxilla (versus first premaxillary teeth row immobile, teeth completely attached to ventral surface of premaxilla). It is further distinguished from remain congeners, except E. besouro Peixoto & Wosiacki, 2016, E. correntes Camposda-Paz & Queiroz, 2017, E. meeki Dutra, de Santana & Wosiacki, 2017, E. vicentespelaea Triques, 1996, E. virescens Valenciennes, 1836, and E. waiwai Peixoto, Dutra & Wosiacki, 2015 by the subterminal mouth (versus terminal: Fig. 2). The new species is diagnosed from E. besouro, E. correntes, E. meeki, E. vicentespelaea, and E. virescens by having 38���42 teeth on premaxilla (versus 18���29 in E. besouro, 17���20 in E. correntes, 30���35 in E. meeki, 25���26 in E. vicentespelaea, and 22 in E. virescens). It is distinguished from E. besouro, E. correntes, E. meeki, E. virescens, and E. waiwai by the coronomeckelian bone corresponding to 45% of length of Meckel���s cartilage (versus 20% of length of Meckel���s cartilage in E. correntes, E. meeki, E. virescens and E. waiwai and 30% of length of Meckel���s cartilage in E. besouro). Eigenmannia oradens also differs from E. meeki, E. vicentespelaea, and E. waiwai by having 99���107 scales along lateral line until the end of anal fin (versus 140���168 in E. meeki, 110���125 in E. vicentespelaea, and 111���128 in E. waiwai). It is further distinguished from E. besouro, E. correntes, E. vicentespelaea and E. waiwai by absence of superior midlateral stripe (versus presence). The new species is additionally diagnosed from E. meeki, E. virescens, and E. waiwai by depth of posterodorsal expansion on infraorbitals 1+2 approximately equal to total length of infraorbitals 1+2 (versus less than 50% of the length of infraorbitals 1+2). Eigenmannia oradens also differs from E. besouro, E. correntes and E. waiwai by having ii, 16���17 pectoral fin rays (versus ii, 13���14 in E. besouro, ii, 11���12 in E. correntes, and ii, 13���15 in E. waiwai). It is distinguished from E. correntes and E. meeki by having 31���38 dentary teeth (versus 16���18 and 20���23 respectively), and 164���192 anal-fin rays (versus 211���240). It also differs from E. virescens by presence of narrow stripe on lateral line (versus absence). Eigenmannia oradens is diagnosed from E. waiwai by having 14 precaudal vertebrae (versus 12 or 13). Description. Body shape and pigmentation in Figs. 1 and 2. Morphometric data for examined specimens in Table 1. Largest examined specimen 121.6 mm LEA. Body elongate, distinctly compressed laterally. Greatest body depth at vertical through distal margin of pectoral fin. Dorsal profile of body convex to straight. Ventral profile slightly convex. Caudal filament elongate. Head compressed, greatest width in opercular region and greatest depth at nape (Fig. 2). Dorsal profile of head convex. Ventral profile of head slightly straight. Snout subconical in lateral view. Mouth subterminal. Premaxillary teeth 38(1) or 42 (1) arranged in five (1) or six (1) rows. First premaxillary teeth row mobile, teeth attached only to anteroventral margin of premaxilla. Maxilla slender with short, hook-shaped anterodorsal process. Posterior margin of maxilla reaching posterior margins of first and second infraorbitals. Dentary teeth 31(1) or 38(1) arranged in three (2) rows. Dentary teeth attached in bony dorsolateral flange of dentary (Fig. 3). Coronomeckelian bone corresponds to 45% of length of Meckel���s cartilage. Endopterygoid teeth 10(1) arranged in single row. Mouth rictus extending posteriorly to vertical between nares or on posterior nostril. Anterior naris tube-like, closer to snout tip than to anterior margin of eye. Posterior naris rounded, without tube; near midpoint between anterior naris and anterior margin of eye. Eye small, circular, completely covered by thin membrane, on anterior one-half of HL and laterally oriented. Antorbital and infraorbitals 1 to 4 enlarged, partially cylindrical with slender osseous arches. Fifth and sixth infraorbitals slender and tubular. Depth of posterodorsal expansion on infraorbitals 1+2 equals total length of infraorbitals 1+2. Gill opening limited to posterior margin of opercle and extending above and below pectoral-fin base. Gill rakers tiny and fleshy. Seven (1) gill rakers on first ceratobranchial. Six (2) gill rakers on first infrapharyngobranchial. Upper pharyngeal plate with 10(1) teeth. Lower pharyngeal plate with nine (1) teeth. Branchial membranes joined at isthmus. Branchiostegal rays five (1). First and second branchiostegal rays narrow. Third to fifth branchiostegal rays spatulate. First to fourth branchiostegal rays attached to anterior ceratohyal. Fifth branchiostegal ray attached to posterior ceratohyal. Anus and urogenital papilla adjacent. Position of anus and urogenital papilla shifting through ontogeny from vertical through posterior margin of eye to vertical through middle of eye. Scales small, cycloid, extending from immediately posterior of head to tip of caudal filament. Scales present on mid-dorsal region of body. Scales above lateral line at midbody eight(4), nine(1), ten*(2), or 11(1). Lateral-line scales to vertical through anal-fin terminus 99(1), 100(3), 104(1), 105(2), or 107*(1). Pectoral-fin rays ii,16(7) or ii,17*(1). Three proximal radials. Distal pectoral-fin margin straight. Total anal-fin rays 164(1), 173(1), 177(1), 178*(2), 182(1), or 192(1). Anal-fin origin below pectoral-fin insertion. Distal margin of anal fin straight. First unbranched rays tiny; rays progressively increasing in size to first branched rays. Branched rays all of nearly equal length, except for posterior most rays that progressively decrease in size. Precaudal vertebrae 14*(7). Transitional vertebrae three (3) or four* (4). Vertebrae to end of anal fin 57(1), 59(2), 60(2) or 61(1). Pleural ribs six*(3) or seven (7). Displaced hemal spines four* (7). Coloration in alcohol. Body ground coloration cream. Body densely covered by dark chromatophores gradually more spaced ventrally. Chromatophores more concentrated on perforated scales forming lateral line stripe (Fig. 1). Second layer of pigmentation formed by multiple, small bars of dark chromatophores situated between musculature associated with anal-fin pterygiophores. Dark individual bars in combination form two stripes-like patterns. Inferior midlaterial stripe approximately as wide as orbital diameter. Anal-fin base stripe approximately as wide as orbital diameter. Head densely covered by dark chromatophores gradually more spaced ventrally. Lips distinctly darker than proximate areas. Pectoral and anal fins hyaline with scattered dark chromatophores overlying fin rays. Distribution. Eigenmannia oradens is only known from its type locality in the R��o Ventuari, R��o Orinoco basin, Estado Amazonas in Venezuela (Fig. 4). Etymology. The specific epithet, oradens, is from the Latin ora, meaning edge, and dens, meaning tooth, in allusion to the presence of a bony dorsolateral flange on the dentary in which teeth are attached. An adjective. Remarks. Eigenmannia oradens can be diagnosed among congeners by a remarkable arrangement of the oral dentition. In the premaxilla the anterobasal margin of the first tooth row is attached to it surface. Consequently, this arrangement, gives mobility freedom to the teeth, which can reach 90 degrees from the vertical. This type of attachment is also known in species of Archolaemus (Vari et al., 2012). Broadly, the premaxilla attachment in Archolaemus and E. oradens can be included in the Type 3 of Fink (1981) [���...a tooth attachment mode which acts as a hinge, with its axis of rotation being the anterior tooth attachment site���; pg. 176]. In contrast, the first tooth row is completely attached to the premaxilla in Sternopygidae, Type 2 of Fink (1981). The dentary of E. oradens is characterized by a bony dorsolateral flange, which anchors numerous teeth along its extension (Fig. 3). Such condition also occurs in Archolaemus, D. guchereauae, and Japigny. And according to the current hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships it is considered a convergence among the four taxa (e.g., Tagliacollo et al., 2016). As noted in the diagnosis for the new species, the number of teeth rows of premaxilla and dentary have a large variation across Eigenmannia and can be explored as source of taxonomic characters. The description of E. oradens corroborates with previous studies that used teeth arrangement and attachment as a valuable source of taxonomic information at different hierarchical levels (e.g., Vari et al., 2012; Peixoto et al., 2015; Peixoto & Wosiacki, 2016; Campos-da-Paz & Queiroz, 2017; Dutra et al., 2017; Peixoto & Waltz, 2017). Comparative material examined. Archolaemus blax: INPA 6424, 20+4CS, 118���270mm TL, Rio Tocantins above Tucuru�� Dam, Brazil. MNRJ 12158, 18+4CS of 93, 90.0���382.0 mm TL, Rio Bezerra, Rio Tocantins basin, Brazil. Archolaemus ferreirai: INPA 6422, 8+4CS paratypes, 131.0���269.0 mm TL, Rio Mucaja��, Rio Branco basin, Brazil. INPA 36379, 20+1CS paratype, 119.0���342.0 mm TL, Rio Mucaja��, Rio Branco basin, Brazil. Archolaemus janeae: INPA 36380, 14+2CS paratypes, 136.0���225.0 mm TL, Rio Iriri, Rio Xingu basin, Brazil. Archolaemus luciae: INPA 20964, 8+4CS paratypes, 106.0���200.0 mm TL, Rio Trombetas, Brazil. Archolaemus orientalis: FMNH 94418, 1CS of 3 paratype, Rio S��o Francisco, Brazil. MPEG 21508, holotype, 156.0 mm TL, Rio Paracatu, Rio S��o Francisco basin, Brazil. MPEG 21509, 1MS paratype, 150.0 mm TL, Rio Paracatu, Rio S��o Francisco basin, Brazil. Archolaemus santosi: INPA 36382, 6+3CS paratypes, 73.0���212.0 mm TL, Rio Jamari, Rio Madeira basin, Brazil. Distocyclus conirostris: INPA 11482, 7+3CS of 32, 100.2���197.0 mm LEA, Rio Purus, Brazil. INPA 28879, 2CS of 19, 108.7���165.0 mm LEA, Rio Negro, Brazil. INPA 28915, 2CS of 11, 108.1��� 130.5 mm LEA, Rio Negro, Brazil. INPA 34018, 8+1CS, 132.0��� 174.5 mm LEA, Praia Grande above community of Carapan��, Rio Purus basin, Brazil. MPEG 20023, 2+1CS, 120.9���196.4 mm LEA, Rio Arari, Ilha do Maraj��, Brazil. MPEG 20024, 2+1CS, 149.1���181.0 mm LEA, Rio Arari, Ilha do Maraj��, Brazil. MZUSP 6982, 2+1CS, 156.2���166.0 mm LEA, Rio Madeira, Brazil. Distocyclus guchereauae: MNHN 2003-0013, 1, 222.0 mm TL, Maroni drainage, French Guiana. MNHN 2003-0014, 1, 232.0 mm TL, Maroni drainage, French Guiana. MNHN 2003-0018, 2, 322.0���321.0 mm TL, Maroni drainage, French Guiana. Eigenmannia antonioi: MPEG 10182, 6+1CS paratypes, 77.0��� 118.3 mm LEA, Rio Anapu, Brazil. Eigenmannia besouro: MZUSP 57890, holotype, 91.9 mm LEA, Rio Grande, S��o Desid��rio, Brazil; MZUSP 119104, 5+1CS, paratypes, 69.6���106.1 mm LEA. MZUSP 83792, 6+1CS, paratypes, 55.8���68.8 mm LEA, Rio Preto, Brazil. Eigenmannia desantanai: NUP 3470, 10+1CS paratypes, 119.8��� 142.8 mm LEA, Rio Cuiab��, Brazil. Eigenmannia guairaca: NUP 6467, 8+2CS paratypes, 81.4���135.8 mm LEA, Riacho ��gua do ��, Brazil. Eigenmannia humboldtii: IAvH-P 6788, 1, 316.7 mm LEA, R��o Atrato, Colombia. IAvH-P 6794, 1, 330.0 mm LEA, R��o Atrato, Colombia. IAvH-P 6800, 288.3 mm LEA, R��o Atrato, Colombia. IAvH-P 6806, 1CS, 205.7 mm LEA, R��o Atrato, Colombia. IAvH-P 7024, 1, 199.8 mm LEA, R��o Atrato, Colombia. IAvH-P 7415, 2, 240.9��� 270.1 mm LEA, R��o Atrato, Colombia. IAvH-P 7822, 1, 312.0 mm LEA, R��o Magdalena, Colombia. IAvH-P 7823, 1, 264.0 mm LEA, R��o Magdalena, Colombia. NRM 27741, 1, 294.1 mm LEA, Can�� Ponelaolla, Colombia. USNM 247229, 3, 134.9��� 175.6 mm LEA, R��o Salado, Colombia. Eigenmannia limbata: INPA 18288, 2CS, 98.0���151.0 mm LEA, Lago Mamirau��, Brazil. USNM 305802, 10+2CS, 122.6���250.5 mm LEA, Rio Matos, Bolivia. Eigenmannia macrops: BMNH 1897.8.6.1, holotype, 128.5mm LEA, Potaro River, Guyana. USNM 402684, 6, 80.1���116.8 mm LEA, Cuyuni River, Guyana. USNM 405265, 3, 56.3���107.8 mm LEA, Cuyuni River, Guyana. USNM 405266, 15+1CS, 63.3���162.9 mm LEA, Cuyuni River, Guyana. Eigenmannia matintapereira: MZUSP 109618, 3+1CS paratypes, 79.7���143.6 mm LEA, Rio Uneiuxi, Brazil. MZUSP 109695, 5+1CS paratypes, 65.7���167.7 mm LEA, Rio Urubaxi, Brazil. Eigenmannia meeki: USNM 293171, holotype, 235.7 mm LEA, R��o Pucuro, Panam��. MPEG 33912, 1+1 CS, 194.6���222.0 mm LEA, R��o Pucuro, Panam��. Eigenmannia microstoma: BMNH 1868.7.8.2���3, 2 syntypes, 101.1���139.3 mm LEA, Rio S��o Francisco basin, Brazil. ZMUC P2516 (formally ZMUC 21), 1 syntype (photo and radiograph), 162.8 mm LEA, Rio S��o Francisco basin, Brazil. ZMUC P2517 (formally ZMUC 23), 1 syntype, 153.8 mm LEA, Rio S��o Francisco basin, Brazil. ZMUC P2518 (formally ZMUC 24), 1 syntype, 176.6 mm LEA, Rio S��o Francisco basin, Brazil. ZMUC P2519 (formally ZMUC 25), 1 syntype, 105.1 mm LEA, Rio S��o Francisco basin, Brazil. ZMUC P2520 (formally ZMUC 26), 1 syntype, 101.1 mm LEA, Rio S��o Francisco basin, Brazil. MCP 45216, 5+1CS, 57.7���91.6 mm LEA, Rio Pandeiros, Brazil. Eigenmannia muirapinima: MPEG 21777, 1+3CS paratypes, 84.6���98.5 mm LEA, Lago Jar��, Brazil. MPEG 29489, 11+2CS paratypes, 76.2���97.7 mm LEA, Igarap�� Santo Ant��nio, Brazil. Eigenmannia nigra: ANSP 162130, 3 paratypes, 243.0���265.0 mm LEA, R��o Casiquiare, Venezuela. BMNH 1998.3.17, 8 of 15, 133.0��� 192.9 mm LEA, Paran�� Apara, Brazil. CAS 54387, 3+1CS of 5, 139.2��� 166.9 mm LEA, R��o Orinoco bifurcation, Venezuela. CAS 54518, 1, 130.3 mm LEA, R��o Orinoco bifurcation, Venezuela. INPA 9976, 3+1CS of 10, 149.7��� 223.1 mm LEA, Paran�� Apara, Brazil. INPA 15813, 12, 148.4��� 222.4 mm LEA, Lago Tef��, Brazil. USNM 260240, 4+1CS of 22, 192.2��� 225.2 mm LEA, main channel of R��o Apure, Venezuela. Eigenmannia pavulagem: MPEG 9524, 3CS paratypes, 90.7���108.5 mm LEA, Igarap�� Anuera-Grande, Brazil. MPEG 29490 paratypes, 25+2CS, 26.2���176.6 mm LEA, Igarap�� Paraquequara, Brazil. Eigenmannia sayona: MZUSP 96497, holotype, 131.8 mm LEA, R��o Parguaza, Cede��o, Venezuela; MZUSP 119711, paratypes, 6+2CS, 27.8-116.2 mm LEA. Eigenmannia trilineata: UFRGS 6635, 10, 58.5���143.8 mm LEA, Rio Tramanda��, Brazil. UFRGS 6790, 12, 92.8���159.1 mm LEA, Arroio Gueromana, Brazil. UFRGS 8788, 3, 114.2��� 130.5 mm LEA, Rio Pardo, Brazil. UFRGS 13329, 1, 124.3 mm LEA, Arroio Corrientes, Brazil. Eigenmannia virescens: MCP 12474, 1, 190.1 mm LEA, Rio Uruguai, Brazil. MCP 13416, 5, 148.7���196.0, Rio do Peixe, Brazil. MCP 16797, 5+2CS, 143.7���182.0 mm LEA, Rio Ijuizinho, Brazil. MCP 19330, 1, 147.0 mm LEA, Rio Uruguai, Brazil. MCP 21139, 3, 157.3��� 236.1 mm LEA, Rio das Antas, Brazil. MCP 26819, 1, 212.9 mm LEA, Rio Ibicui, Brazil. Eigenmannia vicentespelaea: MZUSP 83461, 3+1CS, 108.0��� 164.5 mm LEA, Cave of S��o Vicente I, Brazil. Eigenmannia waiwai, INPA 37594, 31+2CS paratypes, 94.0��� 138.1 mm LEA, Rio Mapuera, Brazil. INPA 37567, 3+1CS paratypes, 74.9���154.8 mm LEA, Cachoeira Porteira, Brazil. ��� Eigenmannia ��� goajira: USNM 121596, holotype, 377.0 mm LEA, R��o Socuy, Venezuela. USNM 121596, 1, paratype, 335.6 mm LEA, R��o Socuy, Venezuela. Japigny kirschbaum: MNHN 2008-1201, 110.9 mm TL, holotype, Mana River, French Guiana; MNHN 2000-5954, 2, 99���111 mm TL, paratypes, Maroni drainage, French Guiana. FMNH 50185, 3CS, New River drainage, head of Itabu Creek, Guyana. Rhabdolichops caviceps: INPA 20157, 8+2CS, 108.7���134.5 mm LEA, Paran�� do Xiboquena, tributary of Rio Solim��es, Brazil. Rhabdolichops eastwardi: INPA 12361, 2CS of 41, Lago do Prato, Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil. MPEG 1189, 2CS, 115.1���127.8 mm LEA, Rio Goiapi, Ilha do Maraj��, Brazil. Rhabdolichops electrogrammus: INPA 28863, 8+2CS of 79, 96.8��� 101.5 mm LEA, Rio Negro, Brazil. Rhabdolichops lundbergi: INPA 11406, 7+3CS of 111, 133.6��� 155.6 mm LEA, Rio Coari, tributary of Rio Solim��es, Brazil. Rhabdolichops nigrimans: INPA 28862, 11+2CS, 97.3���132.0 mm LEA, Rio Negro, Brazil. Rhabdolichops troscheli: MPEG 1174, 1, Rio Goiapi, Ilha do Maraj��, Brazil. MPEG 2604, 9+2CS, 90.0��� 94.7 mm LEA, Rio Goiapi, Ilha do Maraj��, Brazil. MPEG 2803, 1CS, 222.0 mm LEA, Rio Goiapi, Ilha do Maraj��, Brazil. MPEG 8482, 1CS, 170.1 mm LEA, Tom��-A��u, Par��, Brazil., Published as part of Dutra, Guilherme Moreira, Peixoto, Luiz Ant��nio Wanderley, Santana, Carlos David De & Wosiacki, Wolmar Benjamin, 2018, A new species of Eigenmannia Jordan & Evermann (Teleostei: Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae) from R��o Ventuari, Venezuela, pp. 132-140 in Zootaxa 4422 (1) on pages 133-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4422.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/1251065, {"references":["Peixoto, L. A. W. & Wosiacki, W. B. (2016) Eigenmannia besouro, a new species of the Eigenmannia trilineata species-group (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae) from the rio Sao Francisco basin, northeastern Brazil. Zootaxa, 4126 (2), 262 - 270. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4126.2.6","Campos-da-Paz, R. & Queiroz, I. R. (2017) A new species of Eigenmannia Jordan and Evermann (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae) from the upper rio Paraguai basin. Zootaxa, 4216, 73 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4216.1.5","Dutra, G. M., de Santana, C. D. & Wosiacki, W. B. (2017) A new species of the glass electric knifefish genus Eigenmannia Jordan and Evermann (Teleostei: Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae) from Rio Tuira Basin, Panama. Copeia, 105, 85 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1643 / CI- 16 - 439","Peixoto, L. A. W., Dutra, G. M. & Wosiacki, W. B. (2015) The Electric Glass Knifefishes from the Eigenmannia trilineata species-group (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae): monophyly and description of seven new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175, 384 - 414. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12274","Vari, R. P., de Santana, C. D. & Wosiacki, W. B. (2012) South American eletric knifefishes of the genus Archolaemus (Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes): undetected diversity in a clade of rheophiles. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 165, 670 - 699. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2012.00827. x","Fink, W. L. (1981) Ontogeny and phylogeny of tooth attachment modes in Actinopterygian Fishes. Journal of Morphology, 167, 167 - 184. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 1051670203","Peixoto, L. A. W & Waltz, B. T. (2017) A new species of the Eigenmannia trilineata species group from the Rio Orinoco basin, Venezuela (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 15, e 150199. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1982 - 0224 - 20150199"]}

Dutra, Guilherme Moreira, Peixoto, Luiz Antônio Wanderley, Santana, Carlos David De, Wosiacki, Wolmar Benjamin (2018): A new species of Eigenmannia Jordan & Evermann (Teleostei: Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae) from Río Ventuari, Venezuela. Zootaxa 4422 (1): 132-140, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4422.1.8

Ituglanis amphipotamus, new species (Figures 1, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5, 6 A-C, Table 1) Ituglanis sp. D. Datovo 2014: 467 (comparative material). Ituglanis sp. D. Datovo & de Pinna 2014: 3 (comparative material), 11 (remarks on the phylogeny of Ituglanis) Ituglanis sp. D. Datovo, de Aquino & Langeani 2016: 452 (discussion), 454 (comparative material). Ituglanis proops. Castro & Wosiacki 2017: 216 (comparative material). Holotype. MZUSP 69393, 70.3 mm SL; Brazil: São Paulo State, Rio Ribeira de Iguape drainage, Rio Ipiranga, tributary of Rio Juquiá, Fazenda Brasban, mun. Sete Barras; 24°12'19"S 47°53'51"W, 18 May 2001, O. Oyakawa, A. Akama, J. Nolasco & M. de Pinna. Paratypes. Brazil, São Paulo State: MCP 54010, 4, 44 – 66.6 mm SL, MPEG 37305, 4 (2 c&s), 33.1–63.3 mm SL, collected with holotype. MZUSP 52861, 3, 35.7 –49.0 mm SL, affluent of Rio Juquiá, Ribeira de Iguape drainage, at Fazenda Poço Grande, mun. Juquiá, 24°20'0.0"S 47°38'0.0"W, 12 October 1974, J. Garavello & A. Abe. MZUSP 52862, 1, 61.2 mm SL, Ribeirão Palhau, Ribeira de Iguape drainage, mun. Juquiá, 24°20'0.0"S 47°38'0.0"W, 25 January 1975, J. Garavello & A. Abe. MZUSP 53496, 3, 33.5 – 40.3 mm SL, tributary of Rio Jacupiranga, Ribeira de Iguape drainage, mun. Jacupiranga, 24°39'00"S 47°58'00"W, 19 April 1998, O. Oyakawa, V. Garutti, M. Toledo-Piza & C. Ragazzo. MZUSP 65747, 1, 53.2 mm SL, Rio Preto, Ribeira de Iguape drainage, outside of the limits of Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, mun. Sete Barras, 24°11'33"S 47°53'25"W, 29 November 2000, O. Oyakawa, A. Akama, J. Nolasco, K. Mautari & A. Paixão. MZUSP 65748, 1, 57.1 mm SL, same data as MZUSP 65747. MZUSP 65749, 3, 45.5 – 57.5 mm SL, same data as MZUSP 65747. MZUSP 65750, 4 (2 c&s), 44.9–60.7 mm SL, Rio Quiolombo, Ribeira de Iguape drainage, mun. Sete Barras, 24°14'14"S 48°33'09"W, 30 November 2000, O. Oyakawa, A. Akama, J. Nolasco & A. Paixão. MZUSP 65751, 2, 45.1 – 63.6 mm SL, Rio Ipiranga, Ribeira de Iguape drainage at Fazenda Brasban, mun. Sete Barras, 24°10'47"S 47°51'27"W, 28 November 2000, O. Oyakawa, A. Akama, J. Nolasco, K. Mautari & A. Paixão. MZUSP 65752, 1, 63.9 mm SL, same data as MZUSP 65751. MZUSP 65753, 2, 66.9 – 76.5 mm SL, same data as MZUSP 65751. MZUSP 84330, 3, 30.9 – 35.3 mm SL, same data as MZUSP 65751. MZUSP 84618, 5, 37.5 – 49.7 mm SL, tributary of Rio Jacupiranga, Ribeira de Iguape drainage, mun. Jacupiranga, 24°37'25"S 48°33'21"W, 29 May 2003, O. Oyakawa. MZUSP 109131, 3, 40.5 – 42.5 mm SL, Ribeirão Itaquaxiara, tributary of Rio Embu-Mirim, Rio Tietê drainage, mun. Itapecerica da Serra, 23°43'56"S 46°48'35"W, 13 April 2010, O. Oyakawa, I. Fichberg & J. Muriel-Cunha. MZUSP 121037, 4, 53.4 – 70.8 mm SL, tributary of Rio Pinheiros, Rio Tietê drainage, at Represa Billings, mun. Mauá, 23°42'44"S 46°27'36"W, 10 May 2014, R. Imoto. Diagnosis. Ituglanis amphipotamus can be distinguished from all congeners, except I. paraguassuensis Campos-Paiva & Costa, 2007, I. cahyensis Sarmento-Soares, Martins-Pinheiro, Arnada & Chamon 2006, I. parkoi (Miranda Ribeiro 1944) and I. apteryx, by the presence of an anterior fontanel. It can be further distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: the presence of i,5 pectoral-fin rays, vs. i, 4 in I. apteryx, I. cahyensis I. macunaima, and I. parahybae (Eigenmann 1918); i, 6 in I. agreste, I. guayaberensis (Dahl 1960), I. herberti (Miranda Ribeiro 1940), I. inusitatus, I. laticeps (Kner 1863), I. paraguassuensis Campos-Paiva & Costa 2007, and I. proops; i, 7 in I. bambui, I. epikarsticus, I. mambai, and I. passensis; i, 7–i, 8 in I. boticario and I. ramiroi. The presence of five or six pairs of ribs, vs. two in I. compactus and I. eichhorniarum (Miranda Ribeiro 1912), two to three in I. amazonicus (Steindachner 1882), I. ina Wosiacki, Dutra & Mendonça 2012, I. inusitatus, I. gracilior (Eigenmann 1912), I. metae (Eigenmann 1917), I. nebulosus de Pinna & Keith 2003, and I. parkoi (Miranda Ribeiro 1944). The absence of the antorbital segment of the infraorbital canal (pores i1 and i3 absent), vs. presence in I. agreste, I. boitata, I. compactus, I. paraguassuensis and, I. proops; the pores i1 and i3 are variable in I. australis, but the new species can also be distinguished from I. australis by the color pattern, with rounded blotches similar in size to orbital diameter and sparse dots on dorsal and lateral surface of head and body, decreasing in size towards the caudal fin vs. defined stripes on flank. Ituglanis amphipotamus is further distinguished from I. goya by the color pattern (scattered brown blotches on dorsal and lateral surface of head and body, decreasing in size towards the caudal fin, vs. brown blotches on inner skin layer forming two to five stripes on trunk), by the number of post-Weberian vertebrae (39 vs. 41or 42), and by the absence of the nasal canal (pores s1 and s2 absent, vs. pore s1 present). The color pattern of Ituglanis amphipotamus is similar to I. boitata and I. proops, the latter occurring in the same drainage of Itugalis amphipotamus, but the new species is readily distinguished from both I. boitata and I. proops by the absence of the nasal canal and the antorbital portion of infraorbital canal (pores i1, i3, s1 and s2 absent, vs. present; figure 2). Ituglanis amphipotamus is further distinguished from I. proops by the size and position of the interopercular patch of odontodes in relation to the opercular patch of odontodes (similar in size, distal end of interopercular patch of odontodes does not reach a transverse line through the anterior margin of opercular patch of odontodes vs. almost the double the size, passing to the middle of the opercular patch of odontodes; figures 3 and 4). Description. Morphometric data in Table 1; see figures 1–2 for general external aspect. Body elongate, slightly cylindrical on trunk, becoming compressed at caudal peduncle. Head depressed, anterior margin straight; dorsal and ventral profile straight. Eye on anterior half of head, close to posterior nostril; orbit rim not free. Anterior nostril surrounded by tubular flap continuous with base of nasal barbel; posterior nostril larger than anterior nostril, with thin crescent flap along anterior border. Mouth subterminal. Lower lip with lateral fleshy folds continuous with base of rictal barbel. Nasal barbel surpassing pectoral-fin base. Maxilary and rictal barbels surpassing posterior end of trunk canal (pore ll2). Maxilla slightly longer than premaxilla. Premaxilla with 19–22 conical teeth. Dentary with 24–28 conical teeth. Medial margin of autopalatine with shallow concavity. Anterior fontanel oval, anterior and posterior rims tapered, similar in size to postorbital process of sphenotic+prootic+pterosphenoid. Posterior cranial fontanel reduced to a rounded orifice at posterior half of parieto-supraoccipital. Branchiostegal rays seven (3) or eight (1), fourth, fifth and sixth expanded distally; three (4) attached to cartilage between anterior and posterior ceratohyals; two (3) or three (1) on anterior ceratohyal; two (4) on posterior ceratohyal, lateral most ray free. Opercular patch of odontodes rounded, 18–20 conical odontodes. Interopercular patch of odontodes elongate, 18–28 conical and slightly curved odontodes. Laterosensory canals with simple tubes ending in single pores. In all examined specimens, the infraorbital line is represented solely by the sphenotic canal (pores i10 and i11) and the supraorbital line is represented solely by the frontal canal (pores s3 and s6). The otic, postotic and scapular canals are continuous to each other (forming pores po1 and po2, located anterodorsal to opercular patch of odontodes) and to a short trunk canal bearing only two pores (ll1 and ll2). Five pairs of ribs (4), two specimens with six ribs on one side. Post-Weberian vertebrae 39 (4); post-Weberian precaudal vertebrae 12 (2), 13 (1) or 14 (1); post-Weberian caudal vertebrae 25 (1), 26 (1) or 27 (2); post-Weberian abdominal vertebrae seven (2), eight (1) or nine (1); first complete hemal arch on fifth (1), sixth (1) or seventh (2) post-Weberian vertebrae; post-Weberian vertebrae between insertion of first pterygiophore of dorsal and anal fins one (3) or two (1). Pectoral-fin rays i,5* (36), one c&s specimen with i,4 on left side; first ray twice longer than first branched ray; anterior portion of pectoral-fin base covered by branchial membrane. Pelvic-fin rays i,4* (36), one c&s specimen with i,2 on left side; splint present. Distal margin of pelvic fin surpassing the anus in some specimens. Basipterygium with two anterior processes longer than the main body of bone. Dorsal-fin rays i,7 (2), ii,5 (3), ii,6* (24) or iii,5 (1); in c&s specimens iii p,iii,5 (1), iii,6 (1) or iv p,ii,6 (2); located at posterior half of body. Dorsal-fin pterygiophores seven (1) or eight (3); first pterygiophore posterior to neural spine of 22 nd (2), 23 rd (1) or 24 th (1) post-Weberian vertebra. Anal-fin rays i,5 (10), i,6 (1), ii,4 (13) or ii,5* (6); in c&s specimens iii p,ii,5 (1), iii,4 (2) or iv p,ii,4 (1); located right behind dorsal-fin origin. Anal pterygiophores six (3) or seven (1); first pterygiophore posterior to hemal spine of 24 th (2), 25 th (1) or 27 th (1) post-Weberian vertebra. Caudal-fin rays i,11,i* (33), i,5 (36) on dorsal lobe and i,6 (36) on ventral lobe, one specimen with i,10,i with i, 5 in each lobe. Procurrent caudal-fin rays xvi p (1), xvii p (2) or xviii p (1) on dorsal lobe, distributed across five (1) or six (3) neural spines of posteriormost vertebrae, and xiv p (3) or xvi p (1) on ventral lobe, along five (4) hemal spines of posteriormost vertebrae. Two upper hypural plates present, presumably hypural 3 (ventral) and compound hypural 4+5 (dorsal); single lower hypural plate (compound hypural 1+2) fused to parhypural. Caudal fin rounded. Coloration in alcohol. Background pale yellow, ventral surface lighter. Rounded blotches similar to orbital diameter, light brown, sparse on dorsal and lateral surface of head and body, decreasing in size towards caudal fin. Scattered small brown blotches on ventral surface of head. Ventral surface from pectoral girdle to pelvic-fin insertion lacking blotches. Area from pelvic fin to caudal-fin with tiny, light brown, rounded blotches. Maxillary, nasal and rictal barbels with small brown rounded blotches. All fins irregularly pigmented with light brown blotches. Distribution. The new species is known from Rio Ipiranga, Rio Jacupiranga, Rio Juquiá, Rio Preto, Rio Quilombo, Ribeirão Palhau and an unnamed stream, all from Ribeira de Iguape drainage, and from Ribeirão Itaquaxiara, a tributary of Rio Embu-Mirim, and an unnamed tributary of Rio Pinheiros, all from upper Tietê drainage (figure 5). Etymology. The specific name amphipotamus comes from the Greek amphi meaning double, on both sides, and potamus from the Greek, river, stream, in reference to the presence of the species in two adjacent river basins. A noun in apposition. Ecological notes. The type locality of Ituglanis amphipotamus is a medium-size river, running over rocky and sandy bottoms at ca. 40 m above sea level. The river is about one meter deep, 20 m wide, clear, oxygenated and fast-flowing (figure 6; a). In all sites where Ituglanis amphipotamus was collected, except for those in the Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho conservation unit, the riparian vegetation was replaced by banana plantation, which is the main economic activity in the Ribeira de Iguape valley. At the type locality, I. amphipotamus occurs syntopically with Acentronichthys leptos Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889, Astyanax ribeirae Eigenmann 1911, Atlantirivulus santensis (Köhler 1906), Characidium lanei Travassos 1967, Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824), Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus 1758, Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch 1794), Microglanis cottoides (Boulenger 1891), Mimagoniates microlepis (Steindachner 1877), Pseudotothyris obtusa (Miranda Ribeiro 1911), and Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard 1824). The new species was also collected in the Ribeirão Itaquaxiara, a small tributary of Rio Embu-Mirim at Represa de Guarapiranga, and in a small unnamed tributary of Rio Grande at Represa Billings, both in the Rio Pinheiros drainage. For decades both streams were heavily impacted by deforestation and pollution from several irregular human settlements and industries, which persist. As a result of decades of impacts on the enviroments in the Ribeirão Itaquaxiara only four species were collected with I. amphipotamus: Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819), Astyanax paranae Eigenmann 1914, Mimagoniates microlepis and Piabina argentea Reinhardt 1867; and in the small tributary to Rio Grande at Represa Billings, Australoheros sp., Hyphessobrycon bifasciatus Ellis 1911, and Piabina argentea. In the years of 2008 and 2009, the Rio Pinheiros basin suffered another great impact during the construction of Governador Mário Covas Beltway that increased soil erosion and the consequent siltation of the aquatic environments (figure 6; b–c). Conservation status. Ituglanis amphipotamus is known from several localities in the Rio Ribeira de Iguape and only two localities in the upper Rio Tietê. In the Ribeira de Iguape the species also occurs in two protect areas, the Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho and Parque Estadual e Turístico do Alto Ribeira (PETAR) conservation units and, at least in these areas, no threats to the species were detected so far. Unfortunately, the same is not true for the populations of the upper Rio Tietê, where it is known from only two localities (see Ecological notes). Considering that today, apparently, there are no threats that may endanger the species in its entire distribution, we suggest that I. amphipotamus should be classified as Least Concern (LC) according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories and criteria (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2017).

Mendonça, Marina Barreira, Oyakawa, Osvaldo Takeshi, Wosiacki, Wolmar Benjamin (2018): A new species of Ituglanis Costa & Bockmann, 1993 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from Rio Ribeira de Iguape and upper Rio Tietê basins, southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 4504 (4): 473-488, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4504.4.2

Ituglanis amphipotamus, new species (Figures 1, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5, 6 A-C, Table 1) Ituglanis sp. D. Datovo 2014: 467 (comparative material). Ituglanis sp. D. Datovo & de Pinna 2014: 3 (comparative material), 11 (remarks on the phylogeny of Ituglanis) Ituglanis sp. D. Datovo, de Aquino & Langeani 2016: 452 (discussion), 454 (comparative material). Ituglanis proops. Castro & Wosiacki 2017: 216 (comparative material). Holotype. MZUSP 69393, 70.3 mm SL; Brazil: S��o Paulo State, Rio Ribeira de Iguape drainage, Rio Ipiranga, tributary of Rio Juqui��, Fazenda Brasban, mun. Sete Barras; 24��12'19"S 47��53'51"W, 18 May 2001, O. Oyakawa, A. Akama, J. Nolasco & M. de Pinna. Paratypes. Brazil, S��o Paulo State: MCP 54010, 4, 44 ��� 66.6 mm SL, MPEG 37305, 4 (2 c&s), 33.1���63.3 mm SL, collected with holotype. MZUSP 52861, 3, 35.7 ���49.0 mm SL, affluent of Rio Juqui��, Ribeira de Iguape drainage, at Fazenda Po��o Grande, mun. Juqui��, 24��20'0.0"S 47��38'0.0"W, 12 October 1974, J. Garavello & A. Abe. MZUSP 52862, 1, 61.2 mm SL, Ribeir��o Palhau, Ribeira de Iguape drainage, mun. Juqui��, 24��20'0.0"S 47��38'0.0"W, 25 January 1975, J. Garavello & A. Abe. MZUSP 53496, 3, 33.5 ��� 40.3 mm SL, tributary of Rio Jacupiranga, Ribeira de Iguape drainage, mun. Jacupiranga, 24��39'00"S 47��58'00"W, 19 April 1998, O. Oyakawa, V. Garutti, M. Toledo-Piza & C. Ragazzo. MZUSP 65747, 1, 53.2 mm SL, Rio Preto, Ribeira de Iguape drainage, outside of the limits of Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, mun. Sete Barras, 24��11'33"S 47��53'25"W, 29 November 2000, O. Oyakawa, A. Akama, J. Nolasco, K. Mautari & A. Paix��o. MZUSP 65748, 1, 57.1 mm SL, same data as MZUSP 65747. MZUSP 65749, 3, 45.5 ��� 57.5 mm SL, same data as MZUSP 65747. MZUSP 65750, 4 (2 c&s), 44.9���60.7 mm SL, Rio Quiolombo, Ribeira de Iguape drainage, mun. Sete Barras, 24��14'14"S 48��33'09"W, 30 November 2000, O. Oyakawa, A. Akama, J. Nolasco & A. Paix��o. MZUSP 65751, 2, 45.1 ��� 63.6 mm SL, Rio Ipiranga, Ribeira de Iguape drainage at Fazenda Brasban, mun. Sete Barras, 24��10'47"S 47��51'27"W, 28 November 2000, O. Oyakawa, A. Akama, J. Nolasco, K. Mautari & A. Paix��o. MZUSP 65752, 1, 63.9 mm SL, same data as MZUSP 65751. MZUSP 65753, 2, 66.9 ��� 76.5 mm SL, same data as MZUSP 65751. MZUSP 84330, 3, 30.9 ��� 35.3 mm SL, same data as MZUSP 65751. MZUSP 84618, 5, 37.5 ��� 49.7 mm SL, tributary of Rio Jacupiranga, Ribeira de Iguape drainage, mun. Jacupiranga, 24��37'25"S 48��33'21"W, 29 May 2003, O. Oyakawa. MZUSP 109131, 3, 40.5 ��� 42.5 mm SL, Ribeir��o Itaquaxiara, tributary of Rio Embu-Mirim, Rio Tiet�� drainage, mun. Itapecerica da Serra, 23��43'56"S 46��48'35"W, 13 April 2010, O. Oyakawa, I. Fichberg & J. Muriel-Cunha. MZUSP 121037, 4, 53.4 ��� 70.8 mm SL, tributary of Rio Pinheiros, Rio Tiet�� drainage, at Represa Billings, mun. Mau��, 23��42'44"S 46��27'36"W, 10 May 2014, R. Imoto. Diagnosis. Ituglanis amphipotamus can be distinguished from all congeners, except I. paraguassuensis Campos-Paiva & Costa, 2007, I. cahyensis Sarmento-Soares, Martins-Pinheiro, Arnada & Chamon 2006, I. parkoi (Miranda Ribeiro 1944) and I. apteryx, by the presence of an anterior fontanel. It can be further distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: the presence of i,5 pectoral-fin rays, vs. i, 4 in I. apteryx, I. cahyensis I. macunaima, and I. parahybae (Eigenmann 1918); i, 6 in I. agreste, I. guayaberensis (Dahl 1960), I. herberti (Miranda Ribeiro 1940), I. inusitatus, I. laticeps (Kner 1863), I. paraguassuensis Campos-Paiva & Costa 2007, and I. proops; i, 7 in I. bambui, I. epikarsticus, I. mambai, and I. passensis; i, 7���i, 8 in I. boticario and I. ramiroi. The presence of five or six pairs of ribs, vs. two in I. compactus and I. eichhorniarum (Miranda Ribeiro 1912), two to three in I. amazonicus (Steindachner 1882), I. ina Wosiacki, Dutra & Mendon��a 2012, I. inusitatus, I. gracilior (Eigenmann 1912), I. metae (Eigenmann 1917), I. nebulosus de Pinna & Keith 2003, and I. parkoi (Miranda Ribeiro 1944). The absence of the antorbital segment of the infraorbital canal (pores i1 and i3 absent), vs. presence in I. agreste, I. boitata, I. compactus, I. paraguassuensis and, I. proops; the pores i1 and i3 are variable in I. australis, but the new species can also be distinguished from I. australis by the color pattern, with rounded blotches similar in size to orbital diameter and sparse dots on dorsal and lateral surface of head and body, decreasing in size towards the caudal fin vs. defined stripes on flank. Ituglanis amphipotamus is further distinguished from I. goya by the color pattern (scattered brown blotches on dorsal and lateral surface of head and body, decreasing in size towards the caudal fin, vs. brown blotches on inner skin layer forming two to five stripes on trunk), by the number of post-Weberian vertebrae (39 vs. 41or 42), and by the absence of the nasal canal (pores s1 and s2 absent, vs. pore s1 present). The color pattern of Ituglanis amphipotamus is similar to I. boitata and I. proops, the latter occurring in the same drainage of Itugalis amphipotamus, but the new species is readily distinguished from both I. boitata and I. proops by the absence of the nasal canal and the antorbital portion of infraorbital canal (pores i1, i3, s1 and s2 absent, vs. present; figure 2). Ituglanis amphipotamus is further distinguished from I. proops by the size and position of the interopercular patch of odontodes in relation to the opercular patch of odontodes (similar in size, distal end of interopercular patch of odontodes does not reach a transverse line through the anterior margin of opercular patch of odontodes vs. almost the double the size, passing to the middle of the opercular patch of odontodes; figures 3 and 4). Description. Morphometric data in Table 1; see figures 1���2 for general external aspect. Body elongate, slightly cylindrical on trunk, becoming compressed at caudal peduncle. Head depressed, anterior margin straight; dorsal and ventral profile straight. Eye on anterior half of head, close to posterior nostril; orbit rim not free. Anterior nostril surrounded by tubular flap continuous with base of nasal barbel; posterior nostril larger than anterior nostril, with thin crescent flap along anterior border. Mouth subterminal. Lower lip with lateral fleshy folds continuous with base of rictal barbel. Nasal barbel surpassing pectoral-fin base. Maxilary and rictal barbels surpassing posterior end of trunk canal (pore ll2). Maxilla slightly longer than premaxilla. Premaxilla with 19���22 conical teeth. Dentary with 24���28 conical teeth. Medial margin of autopalatine with shallow concavity. Anterior fontanel oval, anterior and posterior rims tapered, similar in size to postorbital process of sphenotic+prootic+pterosphenoid. Posterior cranial fontanel reduced to a rounded orifice at posterior half of parieto-supraoccipital. Branchiostegal rays seven (3) or eight (1), fourth, fifth and sixth expanded distally; three (4) attached to cartilage between anterior and posterior ceratohyals; two (3) or three (1) on anterior ceratohyal; two (4) on posterior ceratohyal, lateral most ray free. Opercular patch of odontodes rounded, 18���20 conical odontodes. Interopercular patch of odontodes elongate, 18���28 conical and slightly curved odontodes. Laterosensory canals with simple tubes ending in single pores. In all examined specimens, the infraorbital line is represented solely by the sphenotic canal (pores i10 and i11) and the supraorbital line is represented solely by the frontal canal (pores s3 and s6). The otic, postotic and scapular canals are continuous to each other (forming pores po1 and po2, located anterodorsal to opercular patch of odontodes) and to a short trunk canal bearing only two pores (ll1 and ll2). Five pairs of ribs (4), two specimens with six ribs on one side. Post-Weberian vertebrae 39 (4); post-Weberian precaudal vertebrae 12 (2), 13 (1) or 14 (1); post-Weberian caudal vertebrae 25 (1), 26 (1) or 27 (2); post-Weberian abdominal vertebrae seven (2), eight (1) or nine (1); first complete hemal arch on fifth (1), sixth (1) or seventh (2) post-Weberian vertebrae; post-Weberian vertebrae between insertion of first pterygiophore of dorsal and anal fins one (3) or two (1). Pectoral-fin rays i,5* (36), one c&s specimen with i,4 on left side; first ray twice longer than first branched ray; anterior portion of pectoral-fin base covered by branchial membrane. Pelvic-fin rays i,4* (36), one c&s specimen with i,2 on left side; splint present. Distal margin of pelvic fin surpassing the anus in some specimens. Basipterygium with two anterior processes longer than the main body of bone. Dorsal-fin rays i,7 (2), ii,5 (3), ii,6* (24) or iii,5 (1); in c&s specimens iii p,iii,5 (1), iii,6 (1) or iv p,ii,6 (2); located at posterior half of body. Dorsal-fin pterygiophores seven (1) or eight (3); first pterygiophore posterior to neural spine of 22 nd (2), 23 rd (1) or 24 th (1) post-Weberian vertebra. Anal-fin rays i,5 (10), i,6 (1), ii,4 (13) or ii,5* (6); in c&s specimens iii p,ii,5 (1), iii,4 (2) or iv p,ii,4 (1); located right behind dorsal-fin origin. Anal pterygiophores six (3) or seven (1); first pterygiophore posterior to hemal spine of 24 th (2), 25 th (1) or 27 th (1) post-Weberian vertebra. Caudal-fin rays i,11,i* (33), i,5 (36) on dorsal lobe and i,6 (36) on ventral lobe, one specimen with i,10,i with i, 5 in each lobe. Procurrent caudal-fin rays xvi p (1), xvii p (2) or xviii p (1) on dorsal lobe, distributed across five (1) or six (3) neural spines of posteriormost vertebrae, and xiv p (3) or xvi p (1) on ventral lobe, along five (4) hemal spines of posteriormost vertebrae. Two upper hypural plates present, presumably hypural 3 (ventral) and compound hypural 4+5 (dorsal); single lower hypural plate (compound hypural 1+2) fused to parhypural. Caudal fin rounded. Coloration in alcohol. Background pale yellow, ventral surface lighter. Rounded blotches similar to orbital diameter, light brown, sparse on dorsal and lateral surface of head and body, decreasing in size towards caudal fin. Scattered small brown blotches on ventral surface of head. Ventral surface from pectoral girdle to pelvic-fin insertion lacking blotches. Area from pelvic fin to caudal-fin with tiny, light brown, rounded blotches. Maxillary, nasal and rictal barbels with small brown rounded blotches. All fins irregularly pigmented with light brown blotches. Distribution. The new species is known from Rio Ipiranga, Rio Jacupiranga, Rio Juqui��, Rio Preto, Rio Quilombo, Ribeir��o Palhau and an unnamed stream, all from Ribeira de Iguape drainage, and from Ribeir��o Itaquaxiara, a tributary of Rio Embu-Mirim, and an unnamed tributary of Rio Pinheiros, all from upper Tiet�� drainage (figure 5). Etymology. The specific name amphipotamus comes from the Greek amphi meaning double, on both sides, and potamus from the Greek, river, stream, in reference to the presence of the species in two adjacent river basins. A noun in apposition. Ecological notes. The type locality of Ituglanis amphipotamus is a medium-size river, running over rocky and sandy bottoms at ca. 40 m above sea level. The river is about one meter deep, 20 m wide, clear, oxygenated and fast-flowing (figure 6; a). In all sites where Ituglanis amphipotamus was collected, except for those in the Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho conservation unit, the riparian vegetation was replaced by banana plantation, which is the main economic activity in the Ribeira de Iguape valley. At the type locality, I. amphipotamus occurs syntopically with Acentronichthys leptos Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889, Astyanax ribeirae Eigenmann 1911, Atlantirivulus santensis (K��hler 1906), Characidium lanei Travassos 1967, Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824), Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus 1758, Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch 1794), Microglanis cottoides (Boulenger 1891), Mimagoniates microlepis (Steindachner 1877), Pseudotothyris obtusa (Miranda Ribeiro 1911), and Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard 1824). The new species was also collected in the Ribeir��o Itaquaxiara, a small tributary of Rio Embu-Mirim at Represa de Guarapiranga, and in a small unnamed tributary of Rio Grande at Represa Billings, both in the Rio Pinheiros drainage. For decades both streams were heavily impacted by deforestation and pollution from several irregular human settlements and industries, which persist. As a result of decades of impacts on the enviroments in the Ribeir��o Itaquaxiara only four species were collected with I. amphipotamus: Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819), Astyanax paranae Eigenmann 1914, Mimagoniates microlepis and Piabina argentea Reinhardt 1867; and in the small tributary to Rio Grande at Represa Billings, Australoheros sp., Hyphessobrycon bifasciatus Ellis 1911, and Piabina argentea. In the years of 2008 and 2009, the Rio Pinheiros basin suffered another great impact during the construction of Governador M��rio Covas Beltway that increased soil erosion and the consequent siltation of the aquatic environments (figure 6; b���c). Conservation status. Ituglanis amphipotamus is known from several localities in the Rio Ribeira de Iguape and only two localities in the upper Rio Tiet��. In the Ribeira de Iguape the species also occurs in two protect areas, the Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho and Parque Estadual e Tur��stico do Alto Ribeira (PETAR) conservation units and, at least in these areas, no threats to the species were detected so far. Unfortunately, the same is not true for the populations of the upper Rio Tiet��, where it is known from only two localities (see Ecological notes). Considering that today, apparently, there are no threats that may endanger the species in its entire distribution, we suggest that I. amphipotamus should be classified as Least Concern (LC) according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories and criteria (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2017)., Published as part of Mendon��a, Marina Barreira, Oyakawa, Osvaldo Takeshi & Wosiacki, Wolmar Benjamin, 2018, A new species of Ituglanis Costa & Bockmann, 1993 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from Rio Ribeira de Iguape and upper Rio Tiet�� basins, southeastern Brazil, pp. 473-488 in Zootaxa 4504 (4) on pages 474-480, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2606585, {"references":["Datovo, A. & de Pinna, M. C. C. (2014) A new species of Ituglanis representing the southernmost record of the genus, with comments on phylogenetic relationships (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Journal of Fish Biology, 84 (2), 314 - 327. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jfb. 12285","Datovo, A., de Aquino, P. P. U. & Langeani, F. (2016) A new species of Ituglanis (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from Tocantins and Paranaiba river basins, central Brazil, with remarks on the systematics of the genus. Zootaxa, 4171 (3), 439 - 458. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4171.3.2","Castro, I. da S. & Wosiacki, W. B. (2017) Ituglanis compactus, a new species of catfish (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from the rio Jari drainage, lower Amazon, Brazil. Zootaxa, 4244 (2), 207 - 218. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4244.2.3","Campos-Paiva, R. M. & Costa, W. J. E. M. (2007) Ituglanis paraguassuensis sp. n. (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae): a new catfish from the rio Paraguacu, northeastern Brazil. Zootaxa, 1471, 53 - 59.","Sarmento-Soares, L. M., Martins-Pinheiro, R. F., Aranda, A. T. & Chamon, C. C. (2006) Ituglanis cahyensis, a new catfish from Bahia, Brazil (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 4 (3), 309 - 318. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252006000300002","Miranda Ribeiro, P. de (1944) Um Pigidideo do Alto Amazonas (Pisces-Pygidiidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Nova Serie, Zoologia, 19, 1 - 3.","Eigenmann, C. H. (1918) The Pygidiidae, a family of South American catfishes. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, 7, 259 - 398.","Dahl, G. (1960) Nematognathous fishes collected during the Macarena Expedition 1959, Part I. Novedades Colombianas, 1 (5), 302 - 317.","Miranda Ribeiro, P. de (1940) Alguns peixes do sul de Mato Grosso. O Campo, 60, 1.","Kner, R. (1863) Eine Uebersicht der ichthyologischen Ausbeute des Herrn Professors Dr. Mor. Wagner in Central-Amerika. Sitzungsberichte der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Munchen, 2, 220 - 230.","Miranda Ribeiro, A. de (1912) Loricariidae, Callichthyidae, Doradidae e Trichomycteridae. Commissao de Linhas Telegraphicas Estrategicas de Matto-Grosso ao Amazonas. Zoologia, 5, 1 - 31.","Steindachner, F. (1882) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Flussfische Sudamerika's (IV). Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, 19, 175 - 180.","Wosiacki, W. B., Dutra, G. M. & Mendonca, M. B. (2012) Description of a new species of Ituglanis (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from Serra dos Carajas, rio Tocantins basin. Neotropical Ichthyology, 10 (3), 547 - 554. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252012000300007","Eigenmann, C. H. (1912) The freshwater fishes of British Guiana, including a study of the ecological grouping of species, and the relation of the fauna of the plateau to that of the lowlands. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, 5 (1 - 22), 1 - 578.","Eigenmann, C. H. (1917) Descriptions of sixteen new species of Pygidiidae. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 56, 690 - 703.","de Pinna, M. C. C. & Keith, P. (2003) A new species of the catfish genus Ituglanis from French Guyana (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes: Trichomyctcridae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 116, 873 - 882.","Eigenmann, C. H. & Eigenmann, R. S. (1889) Preliminary notes on South American Nematognathi. II. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 2, 28 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 3477","Eigenmann, C. H. (1911) New characins in the collection of the Carnegie Museum. Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 8 (1), 164 - 181.","Kohler, W. (1906) Neuimportierte bezw. erstmalig nachgezuchtete Zahnkarpfen (Poeciliidae). A. Eigebarende Zahnkarpfen (Poeciliidae oviparae). 3. Neu importierte Rivulus - Arten. In: Wichand, B. & Kohler, Diesjahrige Neuheiten in Wort und Bild. Blatter fur Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde, 17 (41), 404 - 408.","Travassos, H. (1967) Tres novas especies do genero Characidium Reinhardt, 1866 (Actinopterygii, Characoidei). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 20 (4), 45 - 53.","Quoy, J. R. C. & Gaimard, J. P. (1824) Description des Poissons. In: Freycinet, M. L. de (Ed.), Foyage autour du Monde execute sur les corvettes de L. M. \" L'Uranie \" et \" La Physicienne, \" pendant les annees 1817, 1818, 1819 et 1820. Imprimeur- Libraire, Paris, pp. 192 - 401. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15862","Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10 th Edition. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542","Bloch, M. E. (1794) Naturgeschichte der auslandischen Fische. 8 (1 - 4). Auf Kosten des Verfassers und in Commission bei dem Buchhandler Hr. Hesse, Berlin, 174 pp.","Boulenger, G. A. (1891) An account of the siluroid fishes obtained by Dr. H. von Ihering and Herr Sebastian Wolff in the Province Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 231 - 235. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1891. tb 01747. x","Steindachner, F. (1877) Die Susswasserfische des sudostlichen Brasilien (III). Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 74 (1), 559 - 694.","Miranda Ribeiro, A. de (1911) Fauna brasiliense. Peixes. Tomo IV (A) [Eleutherobranchios Aspirophoros]. Arquivos do Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro, 16, 1 - 504.","Cuvier, G. (1819) Sur les poissons du sous-genre Hydrocyon, sur deux nouvelles especes de Chalceus, sur trois nouvelles especes du Serrasalmes, et sur l' Argentina glossodonta de Forskahl, qui est l' Albula gonorhynchus de Bloch. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Serie A (Zoologie), 5, 351 - 379.","Reinhardt, J. T. (1867) Om trende, formeentligt ubeskrevne fisk af characinernes eller Karpelaxenes familie. Oversigt over det Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskabs forhandlinger, 1867, 49 - 68.","Ellis, M. D. (1911) On the species of Hasemania, Hyphessobrycon and Hemigrammus collected by J. D. Haseman for the Carnegie Museum. Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 8 (1), 148 - 163."]}

Ituglanis compactus, new species (Figs. 1 and 2, Table 1) Holotype. INPA –ICT 0 53200, 25.6 mm SL, Brazil, Amapá, Laranjal do Jari municipality, rio Iratapuru, left tributary of the rio Jari; June 1987; M. Jégu & J. Zuanon. Paratypes. INPA 13006, 35 + 1c&s (12.5–25.8 mm SL); MPEG 34486, 4 + 4 c&s, (18.6–25.6 mm SL); MZUSP 121276, 5, (16.8–21.6 mm SL), same data as holotype. Diagnosis. Ituglanis compactus is distinguished from all other congeners, except I. amazonicus (Steindachner 1882), I. apteryx Datovo 2014, I. eichhorniarum (Miranda Ribeiro 1912), I. gracilior (Eigenmann 1912), I. ina Wosiacki, Dutra & Mendonça 2012, I. macunaima Datovo & Landim 2005, I. nebulosus de Pinna & Keith 2003, and I. parkoi (Miranda Ribeiro 1944), by the number of ribs reduced to two pairs (vs. four in I. cahyensis Sarmento-Soares, Martins-Pinheiro, Aranda & Chamon 2006; five in I. epikarstikus Bichuette & Trajano 2004; five or six in I. agreste Lima, Neves & Campos-Paiva 2013, I. australis Datovo & de Pinna 2014, and I. boitata Ferrer, Donin & Malabarba 2015; six in I. mambai Bichuette & Trajano 2008, I. paraguassuensis Campos-Paiva & Costa 2007, I. parahybae (Eigenmann 1918), and I. proops (Miranda Ribeiro 1908); six or seven in I. bambui Bichuette & Trajano 2004 and I. ramiroi Bichuette & Trajano 2004; 6–8 in I. passensis Fernández & Bichuette 2002; and six to eight in I. boticario Rizzato & Bichuette 2014). Moreover, I. compactus differs in the smaller number of vertebrae, 36 or 37 (vs. 38 or 39 in I. eichhorniarum; 38–40 in I. ina; 41–43 in I. amazonicus, I. gracilior; 42 in I. metae (Eigenmann 1917); 42 or 43 in I. herberti; 43 in I. parkoi; and 43–45 in I. apteryx). Ituglanis compactus also differs from I. guayaberensis (Dahl 1960), and I. parkoi in the rounded caudal fin (vs. truncate). Ituglanis compactus is distinguished from I. nebulosus in the reduced number of interopercular odontodes, 12–15 (vs. 17); and seven or eight branchiostegal rays (vs. six). Ituglanis compactus is distinguished from I. nebulosus and I. amazonicus by the presence of an elongated fontanel in the parieto-supraoccipital (vs. fontanel reduced to a small orifice). Ituglanis compactus differs from I. macunaima by the presence of a fontanel in the parieto-supraoccipital (vs. absent); by the presence of cephalic pores s1, i1 and i3 (vs. absent) and by the number of rays in the pectoral fins i,5 (vs. i,4). Ituglanis compactus also differs from I. amazonicus by the head length, 18.9–25.0 (vs. 14.5–17.9). Ituglanis compactus is distinguished from I. goya Datovo, Aquino & Langeani 2016 by the presence of the anterior cranial fontanel (vs. absence). Ituglanis compactus is distinguished from I. laticeps (Kner 1863) by caudal peduncle length 7.8–8.5 in standard length [vs. 5.5; Eigenmann (1918)]. Description. Species of small size, largest specimen, 25.8 mm SL. Morphometric data in Table 1. Body elongate and laterally compressed in posterior direction. Dorsal profile of body slightly convex, ventral profile of body straight (Fig. 1). Head longer than wide, slightly depressed, trapezoidal in dorsal view, wider at posterior margin of opercle. Anterior margin of snout slightly elongated. Eyes rounded located dorsally on anterior half of head; without free margin, orbits covered by fine and translucent membrane. Anterior nostril encircled by membrane forming small tube from which nasal barbel extends. Posterior nostril located nearer margin of orbit than anterior nostril, occluded anteriorly by fold of integument shaped like a half-shell. Mouth subterminal, margins slightly curved ventrally in frontal view; lower lip with fold of integument continuous with base of rictal barbel. Maxillary barbel depressed and elongated, inserted at corner of mouth; distal extremity passing insertion of pectoral fin when distended. Rictal barbel under maxillary barbel; extremity not reaching posterior portion of insertion of pectoral fin. Nasal barbel located laterally from anterior nostril; distal extremity reaching posterior portion of opercular patch of odontodes. Branchial membrane thick, attached to isthmus at anterior portion. Pectoral fin inserted just posterior to interopercular patch of odontodes (Fig. 2); pectoral-fin rays i,5(33*) or i,6(17); first ray not branched, more robust than the others, distinctly longer, up to 17.8% of SL, prolonged as filament; remaining rays with one branch, getting gradually smaller, making margin oblique. Pelvic-fin rays, i,4; distal edge of pelvic fin when depressed not passing origin of anal-fin. Anal and urogenital openings at posterior half of length of pelvic fin. Dorsal fin semicircular, distal margin rounded, origin on posterior half of body; dorsal rays, ii,6(7) or ii,7(43*); branched rays single branching; two or three supernumerary rays anterior to origin. Analfin origin on line passing over base of first branched ray of dorsal fin; length base similar to dorsal-fin base, distal margin rounded; anal-fin rays, ii,5. Caudal peduncle short and compressed. Caudal fin slightly rounded; principal caudal-fin rays, i,5/5,ii(4), i,5/ 6,i(45*) or i,6/6,i(1). Procurrent caudal-fin rays beginning at anterior half-length of caudal peduncle; 10–14 dorsally and 9–11 ventrally. Osteology. Anterior margin of mesethmoid straight, wide axis. Conspicuous concavity in anterior margin of autopalatine; posterior process moderately long and wide at base. Premaxilla rectangular, two regular rows of 13– 16 conical teeth. Triangular mandible, two irregular rows of 15–18 conical teeth. Sphenotic in anterior direction. Sphenotic, prootic, and pterosphenotic fused with anterior projection and opening of infraorbital sensory canal. Fontanels restricted to a small opening; anterior elongated between frontals, posterior at parieto-supraoccipital. Weberian apparatus with small lateral openings and tiny pores along its entire surface (Fig. 3). Opercular patch of odontodes small and rounded, arranged dorsolaterally in posterior region of head, reaching base of pectoral fin; 8–10 long, straight odontodes. Interopercular patch of odontodes elongated, curved in posterior region, arranged ventrolaterally on head, slightly anterior of opercular patch; 12–15 long, straight odontodes (Fig. 4). Urohyal with two long, lateral, laminar processes, wide from base to medial portion, narrowing gradually towards distal extremity. Branchiostegal rays seven or eight, seventh notably expanded in its posterior extremity. First basibranchial absent, second and third basibranchials ossified with cartilaginous extremities; fourth basibranchial elongated and cartilaginous. First hypobranchial ossified, elongated and slightly twisted; second hypobranchial elongated, slightly trapezoidal, mostly cartilaginous, anterolateral process ossified; third hypobranchial depressed, mostly cartilaginous, anterolateral process ossified too. First, second, third, and fourth ceratobranchials ossified, cartilaginous extremities; fifth ceratobranchial curved, small teeth present on anterior half. First epibranchial with long anterior process; second epibranchial with two small alternating processes; third with rounded posterior process; fourth flattened, slightly rectangular; fifth reduced, cartilaginous when present. First and second pharyngobranchials absent; third and fourth slightly twisted, fourth attached to dental plate. Pharyngeal dental plate with conical teeth arranged ventromedially in two rows. Cleithrum approximately rectangular or triangular in ventral view. Scapulocoracoid in lateral region of cleithrum, approximately rectangular in ventral view. Two pairs of ribs. First hemal canal complete on third vertebrae after Weberian apparatus. First hemal spine complete between vertebrae 14 and 16. Total number of vertebrae 36 or 37. Two vertebrae between first pterygiophore of dorsal fin and first pterygiophore of anal fin. Eight dorsal pterygiophores located between neural spines of vertebrae 23 and 27. Six anal pterygiophores between hemal spines of vertebrae 24 and 27. Caudal skeleton composed of the parhypural fused to hypurals 1 and 2, hypural plates fused, probably 3 and 4, and hypural 5 free. Uroneural, central preural 1 and neural arch of central preural 1 fused. Neural and hemal spines of the preural centrum 2 (Fig. 5 a). Pores present on cephalic laterosensory canals. Supraorbital pores s1, s3, and s6 supraorbital; s1 between and immediately behind anterior nostril; s3 between and just behind posterior nostril; s6 posterior to interorbital region. Pores i1 and i3 of infraorbital canal located anteriorly, near base of nasal barbel; i10 and i11 located posteroventrally to interorbital region. Pores po1 and po2 of postotic canal, po1 anterodorsal to opercular patch of odontodes and po2 posterolateral to opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral line short, with two pores, ll1 and ll2, posteriorly to opercle and posterodorsal to pectoral-fin base. Coloration in alcohol. Specimens contain no chromatophores on body, pale yellow to light orange coloration in dorsolateral region, gradually becoming lighter in ventral and caudal regions, probably due the long date and exposure to light. Notes on conservation. Ituglanis compactus was found only along the rio Iratapuru. It occurs outside the boundaries of two protected areas in Amapá State, the rio Cajari Extractive Reserve (RESEX), a federal conservation area for sustainable use with an area of 481,650 hectares, and the Uitapuru Sustainable Development Reserve (RDS) with an area of 806,180 hectares. The main threat to the conservation of Ituglanis compactus is the hydroelectric dam of Santo Antônio do Jari, located between the municipalities of Almeirim in Pará and Laranjal do Jari in Amapá, because it abruptly alters the natural characteristics of the regional aquatic ecosystem and can affect the survival of this and other species. Distribution. Ituglanis compactus is known only from the type locality on the rio Iratapuru, a left-bank tributary of the rio Jari, Amapá State, Brazil (Fig. 6). Etymology. From the Latin, compactus; in reference to the small body size and internal and external characters maintained compared to the larger size congeners.

Ituglanis compactus, new species (Figs. 1 and 2, Table 1) Holotype. INPA ���ICT 0 53200, 25.6 mm SL, Brazil, Amap��, Laranjal do Jari municipality, rio Iratapuru, left tributary of the rio Jari; June 1987; M. J��gu & J. Zuanon. Paratypes. INPA 13006, 35 + 1c&s (12.5���25.8 mm SL); MPEG 34486, 4 + 4 c&s, (18.6���25.6 mm SL); MZUSP 121276, 5, (16.8���21.6 mm SL), same data as holotype. Diagnosis. Ituglanis compactus is distinguished from all other congeners, except I. amazonicus (Steindachner 1882), I. apteryx Datovo 2014, I. eichhorniarum (Miranda Ribeiro 1912), I. gracilior (Eigenmann 1912), I. ina Wosiacki, Dutra & Mendon��a 2012, I. macunaima Datovo & Landim 2005, I. nebulosus de Pinna & Keith 2003, and I. parkoi (Miranda Ribeiro 1944), by the number of ribs reduced to two pairs (vs. four in I. cahyensis Sarmento-Soares, Martins-Pinheiro, Aranda & Chamon 2006; five in I. epikarstikus Bichuette & Trajano 2004; five or six in I. agreste Lima, Neves & Campos-Paiva 2013, I. australis Datovo & de Pinna 2014, and I. boitata Ferrer, Donin & Malabarba 2015; six in I. mambai Bichuette & Trajano 2008, I. paraguassuensis Campos-Paiva & Costa 2007, I. parahybae (Eigenmann 1918), and I. proops (Miranda Ribeiro 1908); six or seven in I. bambui Bichuette & Trajano 2004 and I. ramiroi Bichuette & Trajano 2004; 6���8 in I. passensis Fern��ndez & Bichuette 2002; and six to eight in I. boticario Rizzato & Bichuette 2014). Moreover, I. compactus differs in the smaller number of vertebrae, 36 or 37 (vs. 38 or 39 in I. eichhorniarum; 38���40 in I. ina; 41���43 in I. amazonicus, I. gracilior; 42 in I. metae (Eigenmann 1917); 42 or 43 in I. herberti; 43 in I. parkoi; and 43���45 in I. apteryx). Ituglanis compactus also differs from I. guayaberensis (Dahl 1960), and I. parkoi in the rounded caudal fin (vs. truncate). Ituglanis compactus is distinguished from I. nebulosus in the reduced number of interopercular odontodes, 12���15 (vs. 17); and seven or eight branchiostegal rays (vs. six). Ituglanis compactus is distinguished from I. nebulosus and I. amazonicus by the presence of an elongated fontanel in the parieto-supraoccipital (vs. fontanel reduced to a small orifice). Ituglanis compactus differs from I. macunaima by the presence of a fontanel in the parieto-supraoccipital (vs. absent); by the presence of cephalic pores s1, i1 and i3 (vs. absent) and by the number of rays in the pectoral fins i,5 (vs. i,4). Ituglanis compactus also differs from I. amazonicus by the head length, 18.9���25.0 (vs. 14.5���17.9). Ituglanis compactus is distinguished from I. goya Datovo, Aquino & Langeani 2016 by the presence of the anterior cranial fontanel (vs. absence). Ituglanis compactus is distinguished from I. laticeps (Kner 1863) by caudal peduncle length 7.8���8.5 in standard length [vs. 5.5; Eigenmann (1918)]. Description. Species of small size, largest specimen, 25.8 mm SL. Morphometric data in Table 1. Body elongate and laterally compressed in posterior direction. Dorsal profile of body slightly convex, ventral profile of body straight (Fig. 1). Head longer than wide, slightly depressed, trapezoidal in dorsal view, wider at posterior margin of opercle. Anterior margin of snout slightly elongated. Eyes rounded located dorsally on anterior half of head; without free margin, orbits covered by fine and translucent membrane. Anterior nostril encircled by membrane forming small tube from which nasal barbel extends. Posterior nostril located nearer margin of orbit than anterior nostril, occluded anteriorly by fold of integument shaped like a half-shell. Mouth subterminal, margins slightly curved ventrally in frontal view; lower lip with fold of integument continuous with base of rictal barbel. Maxillary barbel depressed and elongated, inserted at corner of mouth; distal extremity passing insertion of pectoral fin when distended. Rictal barbel under maxillary barbel; extremity not reaching posterior portion of insertion of pectoral fin. Nasal barbel located laterally from anterior nostril; distal extremity reaching posterior portion of opercular patch of odontodes. Branchial membrane thick, attached to isthmus at anterior portion. Pectoral fin inserted just posterior to interopercular patch of odontodes (Fig. 2); pectoral-fin rays i,5(33*) or i,6(17); first ray not branched, more robust than the others, distinctly longer, up to 17.8% of SL, prolonged as filament; remaining rays with one branch, getting gradually smaller, making margin oblique. Pelvic-fin rays, i,4; distal edge of pelvic fin when depressed not passing origin of anal-fin. Anal and urogenital openings at posterior half of length of pelvic fin. Dorsal fin semicircular, distal margin rounded, origin on posterior half of body; dorsal rays, ii,6(7) or ii,7(43*); branched rays single branching; two or three supernumerary rays anterior to origin. Analfin origin on line passing over base of first branched ray of dorsal fin; length base similar to dorsal-fin base, distal margin rounded; anal-fin rays, ii,5. Caudal peduncle short and compressed. Caudal fin slightly rounded; principal caudal-fin rays, i,5/5,ii(4), i,5/ 6,i(45*) or i,6/6,i(1). Procurrent caudal-fin rays beginning at anterior half-length of caudal peduncle; 10���14 dorsally and 9���11 ventrally. Osteology. Anterior margin of mesethmoid straight, wide axis. Conspicuous concavity in anterior margin of autopalatine; posterior process moderately long and wide at base. Premaxilla rectangular, two regular rows of 13��� 16 conical teeth. Triangular mandible, two irregular rows of 15���18 conical teeth. Sphenotic in anterior direction. Sphenotic, prootic, and pterosphenotic fused with anterior projection and opening of infraorbital sensory canal. Fontanels restricted to a small opening; anterior elongated between frontals, posterior at parieto-supraoccipital. Weberian apparatus with small lateral openings and tiny pores along its entire surface (Fig. 3). Opercular patch of odontodes small and rounded, arranged dorsolaterally in posterior region of head, reaching base of pectoral fin; 8���10 long, straight odontodes. Interopercular patch of odontodes elongated, curved in posterior region, arranged ventrolaterally on head, slightly anterior of opercular patch; 12���15 long, straight odontodes (Fig. 4). Urohyal with two long, lateral, laminar processes, wide from base to medial portion, narrowing gradually towards distal extremity. Branchiostegal rays seven or eight, seventh notably expanded in its posterior extremity. First basibranchial absent, second and third basibranchials ossified with cartilaginous extremities; fourth basibranchial elongated and cartilaginous. First hypobranchial ossified, elongated and slightly twisted; second hypobranchial elongated, slightly trapezoidal, mostly cartilaginous, anterolateral process ossified; third hypobranchial depressed, mostly cartilaginous, anterolateral process ossified too. First, second, third, and fourth ceratobranchials ossified, cartilaginous extremities; fifth ceratobranchial curved, small teeth present on anterior half. First epibranchial with long anterior process; second epibranchial with two small alternating processes; third with rounded posterior process; fourth flattened, slightly rectangular; fifth reduced, cartilaginous when present. First and second pharyngobranchials absent; third and fourth slightly twisted, fourth attached to dental plate. Pharyngeal dental plate with conical teeth arranged ventromedially in two rows. Cleithrum approximately rectangular or triangular in ventral view. Scapulocoracoid in lateral region of cleithrum, approximately rectangular in ventral view. Two pairs of ribs. First hemal canal complete on third vertebrae after Weberian apparatus. First hemal spine complete between vertebrae 14 and 16. Total number of vertebrae 36 or 37. Two vertebrae between first pterygiophore of dorsal fin and first pterygiophore of anal fin. Eight dorsal pterygiophores located between neural spines of vertebrae 23 and 27. Six anal pterygiophores between hemal spines of vertebrae 24 and 27. Caudal skeleton composed of the parhypural fused to hypurals 1 and 2, hypural plates fused, probably 3 and 4, and hypural 5 free. Uroneural, central preural 1 and neural arch of central preural 1 fused. Neural and hemal spines of the preural centrum 2 (Fig. 5 a). Pores present on cephalic laterosensory canals. Supraorbital pores s1, s3, and s6 supraorbital; s1 between and immediately behind anterior nostril; s3 between and just behind posterior nostril; s6 posterior to interorbital region. Pores i1 and i3 of infraorbital canal located anteriorly, near base of nasal barbel; i10 and i11 located posteroventrally to interorbital region. Pores po1 and po2 of postotic canal, po1 anterodorsal to opercular patch of odontodes and po2 posterolateral to opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral line short, with two pores, ll1 and ll2, posteriorly to opercle and posterodorsal to pectoral-fin base. Coloration in alcohol. Specimens contain no chromatophores on body, pale yellow to light orange coloration in dorsolateral region, gradually becoming lighter in ventral and caudal regions, probably due the long date and exposure to light. Notes on conservation. Ituglanis compactus was found only along the rio Iratapuru. It occurs outside the boundaries of two protected areas in Amap�� State, the rio Cajari Extractive Reserve (RESEX), a federal conservation area for sustainable use with an area of 481,650 hectares, and the Uitapuru Sustainable Development Reserve (RDS) with an area of 806,180 hectares. The main threat to the conservation of Ituglanis compactus is the hydroelectric dam of Santo Ant��nio do Jari, located between the municipalities of Almeirim in Par�� and Laranjal do Jari in Amap��, because it abruptly alters the natural characteristics of the regional aquatic ecosystem and can affect the survival of this and other species. Distribution. Ituglanis compactus is known only from the type locality on the rio Iratapuru, a left-bank tributary of the rio Jari, Amap�� State, Brazil (Fig. 6). Etymology. From the Latin, compactus; in reference to the small body size and internal and external characters maintained compared to the larger size congeners., Published as part of Castro, ��thalo Da Silva & Wosiacki, Wolmar Benjamin, 2017, Ituglanis compactus, a new species of catfish (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from the rio Jari drainage, lower Amazon, Brazil, pp. 207-218 in Zootaxa 4244 (2) on pages 208-213, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/400857, {"references":["Steindachner, F. (1882) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Flussfische Sudamerika's (IV). Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, 19, 175 - 180.","Miranda Ribeiro, A. (1912) Loricariidae, Callichthyidae, Doradidae e Trichomycteridae. In: Commissao de Linhas Telegraphicas Estrategicas de Matto-Grosso ao Amazonas, Annexo No. 5, pp. 1 - 31, 1 pl.","Eigenmann, C. H. (1912) The freshwater fishes of British Guiana, including a study of the ecological grouping of species, and the relation of the fauna of the plateau to that of the lowlands. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, 5, 1 - 578. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 14515","Wosiacki, W. B., Dutra, G. M. & Mendonca, M. B. (2012) Description of a new species of Ituglanis (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from Serra dos Carajas, rio Tocantins basin. Neotropical Ichthyology, 10, 547 - 554. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252012000300007","Datovo, A. & Landim, M. I. (2005) Ituglanis macunaima, a new catfish from the Rio Araguaia basin, Brazil (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 3, 455 - 464.","de Pinna, M. C. C. & Keith, P. (2003) A new species of the catfish genus Ituglanis from French Guyana (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 116, 873 - 882.","Miranda Ribeiro, P. (1944) Um Pigidideo do Alto Amazonas (Pisces - Pygidiidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Nova Serie, Zoologia, 19, 1 - 3.","Sarmento-Soares, L. M., Martins-Pinheiro, R. F., Aranda, A. T. & Chamon, C. C. (2006) Ituglanis cahyensis, a new catfish from Bahia, Brazil (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 4, 309 - 318.","Bichuette, M. E. & Trajano, E. (2004) Three new subterranean species of Ituglanis of Central, Brazil (Siluriformes: Trychomicteridae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 15, 243 - 256.","Lima, S. M. Q., Neves, C. P. & Campos-Paiva, R. M. (2013) Ituglanis agreste, a new catfish from the rio de Contas basin, northeastern Brazil (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 11, 513 - 524. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252013000300005","Datovo, A. & de Pinna, M. C. C. (2014) A new species of Ituglanis representing the southernmost record of the genus, with comments on phylogenetic relationships (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Journal of Fish Biology, 84, 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jfb. 12285","Ferrer, J., Donin, L. M. & Malabarba, L. R. (2015) A new species of Ituglanis Costa & Bockmann, 1993 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) endemic to the Tramandai-Mampituba ecoregion, southern Brazil. Zootaxa, 4020 (2), 375 - 389. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4020.2.8","Bichuette, M. E. & Trajano, E. (2008) Ituglanis mambai, a new subterranean catfish from a karst area of Central Brazil, rio Tocantins basin (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 6, 9 - 15.","Campos-Paiva, R. M. & Costa, W. J. E. M. (2007) Ituglanis paraguassuensis sp. n. (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae): a new catfish from the rio Paraguacu, northeastern Brazil. Zootaxa, 1471, 53 - 59.","Eigenmann, C. H. (1918) The Pygidiidae, a family of South American catfishes. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, 7, 259 - 398.","Miranda Ribeiro, A. (1908) Peixes da Ribeira. Resultados de excursao do Sr. Ricardo Krone, membro correspondente do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro. Kosmos, 5, 1 - 5.","Fernandez, L. & Bichuette, M. E. (2002) A new cave dwelling species of Ituglanis from the Sao Domingos karst, central Brazil (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 13, 273 - 278.","Rizzato, P. P. & Bichuette, M. E. (2014) Ituglanis boticario, a new troglomorphic catfish (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from Mambai karst area, central Brazil. Zoologia, 31, 577 - 598.","Eigenmann, C. H. (1917) Descriptions of sixteen new species of Pygidiidae. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 56, 690 - 703.","Dahl, G. (1960) Nematognathous fishes collected during the Macarena Expedition 1959. [Part I.]. Novedades Colombianas, 1, 302 - 317.","Datovo, A., Aquino, P. P. U. & Langeani, F. (2016) A new species of Ituglanis (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from the Tocantins and Paranaiba river basins, central Brazil, with remarks on the systematics of the genus. Zootaxa, 4171 (3), 439 - 458. http: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4171.3.2","Kner, R. (1863) Eine Uebersicht der ichthyologischen Ausbeute des Herrn Professors Dr. Mor. Wagner in Central-Amerika. Sitzungsberichte der ichthyologischen Ausbeute des Herrn Professors Dr. Mor. Wagner in Central-Amerika. Sitzungsberichte der Koniglich Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Munchen 2, 220 - 230"]}

Com o objetivo de inventariar as espécies de peixes dos sistemas hídricos da Floresta Nacional (FLONA) de Caxiuanã (Melgaço/Portel, PA), foram realizadas coletas entre os anos de 1999 e 2004, abrangendo o maior número de ambientes distinguíveis com diversos métodos amostrais. Os métodos utilizados foram redes de tapagem, rede de cerco, rede de espera, mergulho livre e encontros ocasionais. Em um total de 208 espécies de peixes registradas, foi observada a dominância da ordem Characiformes (81 espécies), seguida por Siluriformes, Perciformes e Gymnotiformes. Estas espécies estão distribuídas em três principais ambientes: (i) pequenos igarapés, (ii) vegetação flutuante e (iii) áreas abertas dos rios e baías de Caxiuanã, mostrando que a heterogeneidade ambiental reflete-se na composição da ictiofauna na área do estudo. De acordo com o estimador Jackknife de 1ª ordem e a curva de rarefação, o número estimado de espécies foi expressivamente maior do que o observado para os três tipos de ambientes analisados, sendo que para os igarapés a estimativa foi de 51 ± 6 espécies, bancos de macrófitas 70 ± 5 espécies e as margens dos rios e baías com 160 ± 11 espécies. Esses resultados demonstram a eficiência relativa das amostragens, indicando a necessidade de novas coletas nestes ambientes. In order to survey the poorly known fish fauna of the National Forest Caxiuanã, located in the municipalities of Melgaço and Portel, Pará State, Brazil, collections were made between 1999 and 2004, encompassing all distinguishable environments and employing different collecting methods. These methods included: blocking streams, enclosure nets for floating aquatic macrophytes, gill nets, snorkeling, and occasional collections. Among a total of 208 species collected, there was a predominance of Characiformes (81 species), followed by Siluriformes, Perciformes and Gymnotiformes with 46, 35 and 25 species, respectively. These species were distributed in three main environments, (i) small streams, (ii) floating vegetation, and (iii) open waters of rivers and bays in Caxiuanã, showing that environmental complexity contributes to the highly diversified ichthyofauna in the study area. According with to Jackknife estimator of 1st order and the rarefaction curves, the number of estimated species was much higher for theses three types of environment, than the species observed, which for streams was estimate of at 51 of ± 6 species, 70 ± 5 for macrophyte banks and 160 ± 11 for the edges of rivers and bays. These results demonstrate the relative efficiency of the sampling, appointing the necessity of new collects for these environments.

EIGENMANNIA DESANTANAI SP. NOV. (FIGS 7, 8; TABLE 1) Diagnosis: Eigenmannia desantanai can be distinguished from other species in the E. trilineata species group by the inferior medial stripe, which is one scale deep (versus two or three scales deep). Eigenmannia desantanai can be further distinguished from the other members of the species group, except for E. waiwai, by the 11 or 12 precaudal vertebrae (versus 13 or 14 in E. antonioi; 15 in E. guairaca, E. muirapinima, and E. vicentespelaea; 13 in E. matintapereira; 14 or 15 in E. microstoma and E. trilineata; and 13–15 in E. pavulagem). Eigenmannia desantanai can be differentiated from E. waiwai by the terminal mouth (versus subterminal); the orbital diameter 14.5– 19.6% HL (versus 22.6–28.8%); the length of the anterodorsal process of the maxilla equal to 50% of the width of the posterior nostril (versus 1.5 times the width of the posterior nostril); the depth of the posterodorsal expansion on infraorbitals 1 + 2 approximately equal to the total length of infraorbitals 1 + 2 (versus less than 50% of the length of infraorbitals 1 + 2); and by the dentition pattern of the dentary with 21– 23 teeth distributed in two rows (outermost row with ten to 12 teeth; innermost row with nine to 13 teeth) [versus 37 or 38 teeth distributed in four rows (outermost row with seven teeth; second with 11–15 teeth; third with eight to 15; innermost row with four to eight teeth)]. Description: Morphometric data in Table 1. Body elongate and laterally compressed. Dorsal profile of body slightly convex from rear of head to vertical through middle of anal fin, and then posteroventrally aligned with tip of caudal filament. Ventral profile of body slightly concave from anterior margin of dentary to first anal-fin ray, then posteroventrally aligned with last anal-fin ray. Ventral profile of caudal filament nearly straight. Greatest body depth at vertical through distal margin of pectoral fin. Head laterally compressed with greatest width at opercular region and greatest depth at posterior margin of supraoccipital. Dorsal profile of head slightly convex from upper lip to vertical through branchial opening. Ventral profile of head slightly concave from anterior margin of lower lip to branchial opening. Snout rounded in profile. Mouth terminal. Upper lip slightly overlapping lower lip. Premaxillary teeth 24(1) or 25(1) distributed in four rows [outermost row with 5(2) teeth; second row with 6(1) or 8(1) teeth; third row with 6(1) or 7(1) teeth; innermost row with 7(1) or 8(1) teeth]. Maxilla with sickle-shaped anterodorsal process equal to 50% width of posterior nostril. Dentary teeth, 21(1) or 23(1) distributed in two rows [outermost row with 10(1) or 12(1) teeth; innermost row with 9(1) or 13(1) teeth]. Dentary teeth all similar in size. Coronomeckelian bone equal to 20% of length of Meckel’s cartilage. Endopterygoid with 14(1) or 15(1) teeth in two series. Mouth rictus at vertical through anterior nostril or in region between nares. Anterior naris tubelike, with posterior margin located at vertical through posterior margin of rictus or in median portion of rictus. Posterior naris elliptical, without tube, located closer to anterior margin of eye than snout tip. Eye approximately circular, covered by skin, laterally located on anterior one-half of head. Antorbital and infraorbitals 1–4 in form of enlarged, partial cylinders with slender osseous arches. Fifth and sixth infraorbitals slender and tubular. Depth of posterodorsal expansion on infraorbitals 1 + 2 equal to total length of infraorbitals 1 + 2. Branchial opening moderately elongate. Branchial membrane joined to isthmus, extending to inferior margin of branchial aperture. Anus and urogenital papilla shifting anteriorly ontogenetically. Anus and urogenital papilla at vertical through posterior margin of orbit in mature specimens. Cycloid scales present from immediately posterior to head to distal portion of caudal filament. Lateral line complete, with 112(6), 113(1), 118(1), 120(3), 121(1), 125(1), 128*(4), 130(1), or 132(2) perforated scales to vertical through end of anal fin. Longitudinal series of scales above lateral line, 8(7), 9(6), or 10*(7). Scales over anal-fin pterygiophores approximately one-half size of others. Pectoral-fin rays, ii,12*(18), ii,13(1), or ii,14(1). Distal margin of pectoral fin slightly rounded. Tip of pectoral fin reaching vertical through base of anal-fin rays 16– 20. Anal-fin origin immediately posterior to vertical through pectoral-fin base. Total anal-fin rays, 170– 198 (185*, N = 20; Table 2). Distal margin of anal fin approximately concave. Caudal filament cylindrical, tapering gradually distally, relatively short, and approximately 25% LEA in mature specimens. Precaudal vertebrae 11(1) or 12(1). Anterior vertebrae 9(2), transitional vertebrae 2(1) or 3(1). Displaced haemal spines 3(2). Coloration in alcohol: Background colour dark yellow. Dorsal region of head dark brown; gradually becoming lighter ventrally. Lips and suborbital region light brown. Dorsal region of body dark brown, gradually becoming lighter in region overlying anal-fin pterygiophores. Four longitudinal dark stripes along body. Lateral-line stripe thin, one scale deep, extending from first perforated lateral-line scale to distal portion of caudal filament. Superior medial stripe moderately thick, two scales deep, tapering from vertical between base of anal-fin rays 20–28 to posterior onethird of body. Superior medial stripe hardly discernible in specimens over 85.0 mm LEA. Inferior medial stripe thin, one scale deep, extending from vertical through base of anal-fin rays 13–17 to posterior onethird of body. Anal-fin base stripe thick, two scales deep, extending from vertical between base of anal-fin rays 9– 14 to last anal-fin ray. Pectoral and anal fins hyaline, with scattered tiny chromatophores on interradial membranes. Distribution: Eigenmannia desantanai sp. nov. is known only from Rio Cuiabá, Rio Paraguay basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Fig. 6). Etymology: The epithet ‘ desantanai ’ is in honour of Carlos David de Santana, in recognition of his contributions to our knowledge of the Gymnotiformes. Material examined Holotype: Brazil. Mato Grosso: MPEG 31306, 129.2 mm LEA, Rio Cuiabá, Baía de Chacororé, Rio Paraguai basin, Município de Barão de Melgaço, 16°14′58.9″ S, 55°52′44.4″ W, collected by Nupélia’s team, 20 October 2003. Paratypes: Brazil. Mato Grosso: NUP 12500, 9, 78.3– 106.1 mm LEA, collected with holotype. NUP 3470, 9 + 1CS, 119.8–142.8 mm LEA, Rio Cuiabá, Rio Paraguai basin, Município de Santo Antônio do Leverger, 15°58′26″ S, 55°56′26″ W, collected by Nupélia’s team, 24 October 2002; MPEG 31164, 1 + 1CS, 136.1– 136.8 mm LEA, collected with NUP 3470.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF EIGENMANNIA TRILINEATA SPECIES GROUP 1a. Pectoral fin dusky or with conspicuous dark blotch; anal fin uniformly darkened............................................................. Eigenmannia matintapereira sp. nov. (Rio Uneiuxi and Rio Urubaxi, Rio Negro basin, Brazil) 1b. Pectoral and anal fins hyaline............................................................................................................2 2a. Mouth subterminal...........................................................................................................................3 2b. Mouth terminal............................................................................................................................... 4 3a. Body depth at vertical through the tip of the longest pectoral-fin ray, 14.9–18.7% LEA; nine or ten longitudinal series of scales above lateral line............................................................................................................................. Eigenmannia waiwai sp. nov. (Rio Mapuera and Rio Trombetas, Rio Trombetas basin, Brazil) 3b. Body depth at vertical through the tip of the longest pectoral-fin ray, 10.5–14.5% LEA; seven or eight longitudinal series of scales above lateral line..................................................................................................................................... Eigenmannia vicentespelaea (caves of São Vicente I and II, Rio Tocantins basin, Brazil) 4a. Suborbital depth, 29.9–46.6% HL........................................................................................................5 4b. Suborbital depth, 18.2–28.9% HL........................................................................................................6 5a. Total number of premaxillary teeth 31–33, arranged in four rows; total number of dentary teeth 31; length of coronomeckelian bone 20% length of Meckel’s cartilage..................................................................................... Eigenmannia trilineata (Río Yabebury and Río San Javier, Rio Paraná basin; and Río de La Plata basin, Argentina) 5b. Total number of premaxillary teeth 16 arranged in three rows; total number of dentary teeth 16; length of coronomeckelian bone 45% length of Meckel’s cartilage................................................................................................................................................... Eigenmannia microstoma (Rio São Francisco basin, Brazil) 6a. Inferior medial stripe, one scale high; precaudal vertebrae 11–12............................................................................................................ Eigenmannia desantanai sp. nov. (Rio Cuiabá, Rio Paraguai basin, Brazil) 6b. Inferior medial stripe, two or three scales high; precaudal vertebrae 13–15................................................7 7a. Pectoral-fin rays, ii,11–12.................................................................................................................. 8 7b. Pectoral-fin rays, ii,13–15..................................................................................................................9 8a. Orbital diameter 15.4–19.4% HL; 170–198 anal-fin rays; eight or nine endopterygoid teeth; 13–14 precaudal vertebrae...... Eigenmannia muirapinima sp. nov. (Igarapé Santo Antônio and Lago Jará, Rio Amazonas basin, Brazil) 8b. Orbital diameter 11.4–15.0% HL; 151–170 anal-fin rays; five or six endopterygoid teeth; 15 precaudal vertebrae.................... Eigenmannia guairaca sp. nov. (Riacho Água do Ó, upper Rio Paraná basin, Brazil) 9a. Width of mouth, 20.0–25.1% HL; 11–13 premaxillary teeth........................................................................................................................ Eigenmannia antonioi sp. nov. (Rio Anapu, Rio Amazonas basin, Brazil) 9b. Width of mouth, 10.8–19.0 HL; 15–21 premaxillary teeth.......................................................................................................................... Eigenmannia pavulagem sp. nov. (Rio Capim, Rio Guamá basin, Brazil), Published as part of Peixoto, Luiz Antônio Wanderley, Dutra, Guilherme Moreira & Wosiacki, Wolmar Benjamin, 2015, The Electric Glass Knifefishes of the Eigenmannia trilineata species-group (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae): monophyly and description of seven new species, pp. 384-414 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (2) on page 387, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12274, http://zenodo.org/record/6497627

Peixoto, Luiz Antônio Wanderley, Dutra, Guilherme Moreira, Wosiacki, Wolmar Benjamin (2015): The Electric Glass Knifefishes of the Eigenmannia trilineata species-group (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae): monophyly and description of seven new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (2): 384-414, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12274, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12274

Stenolicmus ix, new species Figs. 1���3; Tab. 1 Holotype: MPEG 15101, 19.0mm SL, Brazil, Par�� State, Alenquer Municipality, unnamed igarap�� tributary of Igarap�� Curu��, tributary of the left margin of the Rio Amazonas, 0�� 9 ' 47.6 ''S and 55 �� 11 ' 1.2 ''W, L. F. A. Montag, D. P. Coutinho and W. B. Mota. Diagnosis. Stenolicmus ix can be distinguished from S. sarmientoi by the length of the nasal barbels, reaching the base of the first opercular odontodes (vs. reaching anterior margin of eyes); length of maxillary barbels reaching posterior margin of opercular odontode plate (vs. reaching posterior margin of interopercular odontode plate); seven well-developed opercular odontodes (vs. six); seven well-developed interopercular odontodes (vs. five or six); pelvic fin rays, i+ 4 (vs. iv); color pattern of posterior region of trunk composed of agglomerated chromatophores forming circular patches twice the diameter of the eye (vs. without circular patches twice the diameter of the eye); large eyes with 11.8 % HL (vs. 6 %); caudal peduncle depth, 11.6 % SL (vs. 8.5���9.5 %); absence of dark bar at the base of the caudal fin (vs. presence of dark bar); head length, 17.9 % SL (vs. 14.9���15.1 %); and unbranched rays of caudal fin long, reaching distal margin of fin (vs. rays short, not reaching half the length of caudal fin). Description. Morphometric data are provided in Table 1. Overall shape of body similar to that of S. sarmientoi (see de Pinna and Starnes, 1990, Fig. 1). Body elongate, head wider than trunk in dorsal view. Body slightly depressed at pectoral-fin insertion, gradually taller and more compressed posteriorly. Caudal peduncle gently tapering to caudal fin. Dorsal profile of head straight, gently convex from occipital to dorsal-fin origin, concave at dorsal-fin base. Dorsal profile of caudal peduncle straight; low cutaneous fold from close to last dorsal-fin ray to continuous caudal-fin base. Ventral profile of head convex, pectoral-fin girdle concave, body convex to anal-fin origin, anal-fin base concave. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle straight; low cutaneous fold from close of last dorsal-fin ray to continuous caudal-fin base. Head small, depressed, less deep than body, its dorsal surface flat. Branchial membranes united to isthmus, gill openings not constricted. Eyes small but well-defined margins, with distinct lenses and covered by thin transparent integument, located dorsolaterally on head. Posterior naris round, with similar diameter of eyes, located midway between these and anterior naris, and surrounded only anteriorly by low rim of integument. Anterior naris surrounded by short tube of integument, continuous posterolaterally with nasal barbel. Mouth subterminal, upper jaw slightly longer than lower, corners only slightly curved posteriorly. Upper lip continuous with remainder of dorsal surface of head, its anterior border abruptly thinner, forming a narrow fold. Lower lip narrow, limited by rictal barbel bases, scattered papiles over surfaces, cutaneous fold as discreet lobes at corners. Snout with flat lateral expansion along area between eye and maxillary barbel base. Holotype mm % Standard length 19.0 Total length 23.1 SL Body depth 3.2 16.8 Predosal length 12.8 67.4 Preanal length 13.1 68.9 Prepelvic length 10.5 55.3 Caudal peduncle depth 2.2 11.6 Caudal peduncle length 4.2 22.1 Head length 3.4 17.9 Pectoral-fin length 4.0 21.1 Pelvic-fin length 1.8 9.5 Dorsal-fin base length 1.9 10.0 Anal-fin base length 1.9 10.0 HL Head width 3.4 100.0 Interobital 0.9 26.5 Eye diameter 0.4 11.8 Maxillary barbel length 2.4 70.6 Nasal barbel length 2.0 58.8 Rictal barbel length 1.8 52.9 Breadth of mouth 1.4 41.2 All barbels with visible internal cores and similar to each other in general aspect. When completely extended, maxillary barbel reaching posterior margin of opercular patch of odontodes, rictal barbel to posterior margin of interopercular patch of odontodes, and nasal barbel to posterior margin of opercular patch of odontodes. Maxillary barbel with very broad base by enlarged maxilla, visible by transmitted light. Internal core of maxillary barbel thick and slightly darker than surrounding tissues. Rictal barbel shortest, narrow, completely overlain and partly surrounded by base of maxillary barbel. Nasal barbel thinnest. Internal cores of rictal and nasal barbels not as conspicuous as that of maxillary barbel. Opercular patch of odontodes large, roundish, with seven odontodes surrounded by fleshy rim of integument. Interopercular patch of odontodes roundish, slightly longer than deep, with seven odontodes surrounded by rim of integument. Pores po 1-2 (postotic sensory pores 1 and 2) representing limits of latero-sensory system of skull. Lateral line nearly absent, pores ll 1-2, lateral line sensory branches 1 (supracleithral sensory branch) and 2 represent a short oblique branch dorso-posterior to base of pectoral fin. Pectoral fin long, narrow, originating immediately posterior to posterior margin of branchial membrane, at vertical through posterior margin of opercular patch of odontodes; pectoral-fin rays i+ 4; first ray unbranched, segmented, longer, thicker, prolonged as a filament 1 / 3 of its length; remaining rays branching once, becoming gradually shorter, and thinner. Axillary gland small, restricted to area dorso-posterior to base of pectoral fin, its small pore located immediately dorsal to pectoral-fin base. Pelvic-fin rays i+ 4, all segmented, first largest, rays gradually decreasing mesially; fin smaller than others, origin slightly in front of anal and uro-genital openings, margin reaching area close anal-fin origin; bases of contralateral fins not in contact. Dorsal fin elongated, with rounded posterior profile, posteriorly placed, its origin located on 67.4 % SL; dorsal-fin rays i+ 6, first, second and third longest, branched rays with incipient branching at tips. Anal-fin rays ii+ 4, segmented rays, first and second longest, branched rays branching once; origin located on 68.9 % SL, adjacent to posterior margin of anus, continuous with integument surrounding vent, similar shape and size of dorsal fin. Caudal fin large and round, continuous with remainder of caudal peduncle; caudal-fin rays i+ 5 / 5 +i, middle two rays longest, branched rays branching only once. Procurrent caudal-fin rays at least eight dorsally and ventrally forming large part of caudal peduncle depth and merging gradually into principal caudal rays. Exact number difficult to determine in alcohol preserved specimen. Five branchiostegal rays visible by transparency. Pigmentation in alcohol. Background color cream, slightly darker dorsally. Dorsum and flanks partially covered with irregularly distributed black chromatophores, slightly more concentrated dorsally, gradually scarce ventrally through flanks, until no pigmentation on belly. Dark chromatophores equally scattered on caudal peduncle with same concentration as in flank. Melanophores, similar to few defined stars, concentrated, forming poorly defined blotches dorso-laterally more concentrated on upper half of body on trunk and caudal peduncle. Caudal peduncle with several series of dotted lines of small chromatophores, posteriorly oblique, over myosepta, toward dorsal and ventral profiles, forming poorly defined stripes. Dorsal head partially covered by small chromatophores, smaller than dorsal region of trunk, mostly concentrated in regions between nostrils, snout, upper lip, maxillary barbel bases, interorbital and supraoccipital. Eyes black, sharp edges. Small area lateral to eyes without chromatophores. Few minute melanophores on cheek region and surrounding opercular and interopercular patches of odontodes. Ventral portion of head white, with few chromatophores on corners of lower lip closer to rictal barbel base. Dorsal and pectoral fins with few minute chromatophores at bases. No pigmentation over anal and pelvic fins. Caudal fin with few minute chromatophores at base, a small blotch between bases of two middle-rays. Habitat and ecological notes. The specimen of Stenolicnus ix was collected in the headwaters of the Rio Curu��, from a lotic area about 5m wide and less than a meter deep. A large amount of leaf litter was present on the river bed, and the margins were dominated by amphibious vegetation (Fig. 4). Fifteen species of fishes, including Characiformes, Siluriformes and Perciformes occur syntopically with Stenolicnus ix. Distribution. Stenolicnus ix is known only from the type locality in the lower Amazon basin at the igarap�� Curu��, Alenquer, Par�� State, Brazil (Fig. 5). Etymology. The specific epithet, ix, refers to the Mayan word "Ix", term used to describe the jaguar (Panthera onca). The name refers to the color pattern of grouped patches scattered from the flanks to the dorsum, unique among its congeners and similar to the jaguar. Name in apposition. Gender masculine. Discussion. Based on the single available individual of S. ix, it was only possible to conduct the observation and analysis of its external anatomy and color pattern but not of its internal structure. Thus, the three synapomorphies proposed for Sarcoglanidinae (see Costa, 1994) cannot be observed in S. ix. In contrast, the presence of several characters proposed by de Pinna and Starnes (1990) as diagnostic of Stenolicmus justify the inclusion of the new species in the genus. The diagnostic characters for Stenolicmus present in the S. ix are: (1) elongated body, HL 17.9 %; (2) absence of frontal and parietal fontanels; analysis of the skull roof of S. ix under a stereoscopic microscope showed absence of fontanels, with no visible trace of this structure even when pressuring the tegument with a utility needle in the sagittal line, indicating that the frontal bones are completely fused together and to the supraoccipital, which also shows no evidence of a fontanel; (3) opercular and interopercular odontode plates are well developed with seven major odontodes each; and (4) eight dorsal and ventral procurrent rays, visible with transmitted light, a number consistent with that present in S. sarmientoi but differing from all remaining genera of the subfamily. Conversely, the three following additional diagnostic features proposed by de Pinna and Starnes (1990) for Stenolicmus were not analyzed, because these are minute osteological structures that can only be seen in clear and stained specimens: posterior process of dorsal expansion of quadrate straight and narrow, pointed; absence of metapterygoid; and expanded distal half of maxilla. Eight dorsal and ventral procurrent rays were visible under transmitted light, a number consistent with that seen in S. sarmientoi but different from other genera of the subfamily. De Pinna and Starnes (1990) proposed in the diagnosis of Stenolicmus sarmientoi that the caudal peduncle is tall, however, its measurement of 8.5���9.5 % SL, agrees with the proportions in other species of Sarcoglanidinae (de Pinna, 1989; Costa, 1994; de Pinna and Winemiller, 2000). In contrast, S. ix does have a distinctly tall peduncle (11.6 % SL) when compared to other members of Sarcoglanidinae. Most of species of Sarcoglanidinae, except for S. ix and Microcambeva riberae, have a pale or translucent color pattern, with only minute chromatophores sparsely scattered over the body, usually more concentrated dorsally on the body but not forming visible patches with a diameter similar or larger than the eye. In contrast, the patches present in S. ix and M. riberae have a distinct pattern. In S. ix, the patches are large, poorly defined, with a diameter equal to or, twice the diameter of the eye and irregularly distributed over the body, more concentrated in the dorsal region. In M. riberae, there are conspicuous dark patches, but smaller than the diameter of the eye, arranged in series of 9���13 patches along the midline of the flanks and in two series of patches along the dorsolateral and dorsal midline portions. Costa (1994) hypothesized that the more densely pigmented pattern observed in S. sarmientoi is a reversal within Sarcoglanidinae, a pattern that is evidently shared with S. ix. Thus, considering the proposal of Costa (1994), it is more parsimonious to interpret the color patterns observed in M. riberae and in the species of Stenolicmus as independent reversals. The distribution of species of the genus, apparently, is not limited to the physical and chemical conditions of the rivers, since S. sarmientoi occurs in whitewater of the R��o Matos, tributary of the R��o Apero, Mamor�� system (Bolivia), and S. ix occurs in clearwater, also recorded for species of Typhlobelus and Pygidianops (Schaefer et al., 2005), both Glanapteriginae. The individual of S. ix was collected with a sieve by scraping sand and leaf litter from the river bed. It is not possible, though, to assert the type of environment used by S. ix, because no observations were made of the species in its natural habitat. However, we can suggest a sand-dwelling behavior for this species, considering where it was collected and the fact that most species of Glanapteryginae and Sarcoglanidinae are associated with sandy environments (Schaefer et al., 2005)., Published as part of Wosiacki, Wolmar Benjamin, Coutinho, Daniel Pires & Montag, Luciano Foga��a De Assis, 2011, Description of a new species of sand-dwelling catfish of the genus Stenolicmus (Siluriformes; Trichomycteridae), pp. 62-68 in Zootaxa 2752 on pages 63-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207280, {"references":["de Pinna, M. C. C. & Starnes, W. C. (1990) A new genus and species of Sarcoglanidinae from the Rio Mamore, Amazon basin, with comments on subfamilial phylogeny (Teleostei, Trichomycteridae). Journal of Zoology, 222, 75 - 88.","de Pinna, M. C. C. (1989) A new sarcoglanidine catfish, phylogeny of its subfamily, and an appraisal of the phyletic status of the Trichomycterinae (Teleostei, Trichomycteridae). American Museum Novitates, 2950, 1 - 39.","de Pinna, M. C. C. & Winemiller, K. O. (2000) A new species of Ammoglanis (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from Venezuela. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 11, 255 - 264.","Schaefer, S. A., Provenzano, F., de Pinna, M. C. C. & Baskin, J. N. (2005) New and noteworthy Venezuelan glanapterygine catfishes (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae), with a discussion of their biogeography and psammophily. American Museum Novitates, 3496, 1 - 27."]}