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2. Enhanced North American carbon uptake associated with El Niño.

Author

Hu, Lei, Andrews, Arlyn E, Thoning, Kirk W, Sweeney, Colm, Miller, John B, Michalak, Anna M, Dlugokencky, Ed, Tans, Pieter P, Shiga, Yoichi P, Mountain, Marikate, Nehrkorn, Thomas, Montzka, Stephen A, McKain, Kathryn, Kofler, Jonathan, Trudeau, Michael, Michel, Sylvia E, Biraud, Sébastien C, Fischer, Marc L, Worthy, Doug EJ, Vaughn, Bruce H, White, James WC, Yadav, Vineet, Basu, Sourish, and van der Velde, Ivar R

Abstract

Long-term atmospheric CO2 mole fraction and δ13CO2 observations over North America document persistent responses to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. We estimate these responses corresponded to 0.61 (0.45 to 0.79) PgC year-1 more North American carbon uptake during El Niño than during La Niña between 2007 and 2015, partially offsetting increases of net tropical biosphere-to-atmosphere carbon flux around El Niño. Anomalies in derived North American net ecosystem exchange (NEE) display strong but opposite correlations with surface air temperature between seasons, while their correlation with water availability was more constant throughout the year, such that water availability is the dominant control on annual NEE variability over North America. These results suggest that increased water availability and favorable temperature conditions (warmer spring and cooler summer) caused enhanced carbon uptake over North America near and during El Niño.

Published
2019

4. Supplementary material to "Global Methane Budget 2000–2020"

Author

Saunois, Marielle, primary, Martinez, Adrien, additional, Poulter, Benjamin, additional, Zhang, Zhen, additional, Raymond, Peter, additional, Regnier, Pierre, additional, Canadell, Joseph G., additional, Jackson, Robert B., additional, Patra, Prabir K., additional, Bousquet, Philippe, additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Dlugokencky, Edward J., additional, Lan, Xin, additional, Allen, George H., additional, Bastviken, David, additional, Beerling, David J., additional, Belikov, Dmitry A., additional, Blake, Donald R., additional, Castaldi, Simona, additional, Crippa, Monica, additional, Deemer, Bridget R., additional, Dennison, Fraser, additional, Etiope, Giuseppe, additional, Gedney, Nicola, additional, Höglund-Isaksson, Lena, additional, Holgerson, Meredith A., additional, Hopcroft, Peter O., additional, Hugelius, Gustaf, additional, Ito, Akihito, additional, Jain, Atul K., additional, Janardanan, Rajesh, additional, Johnson, Matthew S., additional, Kleinen, Thomas, additional, Krummel, Paul, additional, Lauerwald, Ronny, additional, Li, Tingting, additional, Liu, Xiangyu, additional, McDonald, Kyle C., additional, Melton, Joe R., additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, Müller, Jurek, additional, Murguia-Flores, Fabiola, additional, Niwa, Yosuke, additional, Noce, Sergio, additional, Pan, Shufen, additional, Parker, Robert J., additional, Peng, Changhui, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Riley, William J., additional, Rocher-Ros, Gerard, additional, Rosentreter, Judith A., additional, Sasakawa, Motoki, additional, Segers, Arjo, additional, Smith, Steven J., additional, Stanley, Emily H., additional, Thanwerdas, Joel, additional, Tian, Hanquin, additional, Tsuruta, Aki, additional, Tubiello, Francesco N., additional, Weber, Thomas S., additional, van der Werf, Guido, additional, Worthy, Doug E., additional, Xi, Yi, additional, Yoshida, Yukio, additional, Zhang, Wenxin, additional, Zheng, Bo, additional, Zhu, Qing, additional, Zhu, Qiuan, additional, and Zhuang, Qianlai, additional

Published
2024
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5. Global Methane Budget 2000–2020

Author

Saunois, Marielle, primary, Martinez, Adrien, additional, Poulter, Benjamin, additional, Zhang, Zhen, additional, Raymond, Peter, additional, Regnier, Pierre, additional, Canadell, Joseph G., additional, Jackson, Robert B., additional, Patra, Prabir K., additional, Bousquet, Philippe, additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Dlugokencky, Edward J., additional, Lan, Xin, additional, Allen, George H., additional, Bastviken, David, additional, Beerling, David J., additional, Belikov, Dmitry A., additional, Blake, Donald R., additional, Castaldi, Simona, additional, Crippa, Monica, additional, Deemer, Bridget R., additional, Dennison, Fraser, additional, Etiope, Giuseppe, additional, Gedney, Nicola, additional, Höglund-Isaksson, Lena, additional, Holgerson, Meredith A., additional, Hopcroft, Peter O., additional, Hugelius, Gustaf, additional, Ito, Akihito, additional, Jain, Atul K., additional, Janardanan, Rajesh, additional, Johnson, Matthew S., additional, Kleinen, Thomas, additional, Krummel, Paul, additional, Lauerwald, Ronny, additional, Li, Tingting, additional, Liu, Xiangyu, additional, McDonald, Kyle C., additional, Melton, Joe R., additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, Müller, Jurek, additional, Murguia-Flores, Fabiola, additional, Niwa, Yosuke, additional, Noce, Sergio, additional, Pan, Shufen, additional, Parker, Robert J., additional, Peng, Changhui, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Riley, William J., additional, Rocher-Ros, Gerard, additional, Rosentreter, Judith A., additional, Sasakawa, Motoki, additional, Segers, Arjo, additional, Smith, Steven J., additional, Stanley, Emily H., additional, Thanwerdas, Joel, additional, Tian, Hanquin, additional, Tsuruta, Aki, additional, Tubiello, Francesco N., additional, Weber, Thomas S., additional, van der Werf, Guido, additional, Worthy, Doug E., additional, Xi, Yi, additional, Yoshida, Yukio, additional, Zhang, Wenxin, additional, Zheng, Bo, additional, Zhu, Qing, additional, Zhu, Qiuan, additional, and Zhuang, Qianlai, additional

Published
2024
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7. Variability and quasi-decadal changes in the methane budget over the period 2000–2012

Author

Saunois, Marielle, Bousquet, Philippe, Poulter, Ben, Peregon, Anna, Ciais, Philippe, Canadell, Josep G, Dlugokencky, Edward J, Etiope, Giuseppe, Bastviken, David, Houweling, Sander, Janssens-Maenhout, Greet, Tubiello, Francesco N, Castaldi, Simona, Jackson, Robert B, Alexe, Mihai, Arora, Vivek K, Beerling, David J, Bergamaschi, Peter, Blake, Donald R, Brailsford, Gordon, Bruhwiler, Lori, Crevoisier, Cyril, Crill, Patrick, Covey, Kristofer, Frankenberg, Christian, Gedney, Nicola, Höglund-Isaksson, Lena, Ishizawa, Misa, Ito, Akihiko, Joos, Fortunat, Kim, Heon-Sook, Kleinen, Thomas, Krummel, Paul, Lamarque, Jean-François, Langenfelds, Ray, Locatelli, Robin, Machida, Toshinobu, Maksyutov, Shamil, Melton, Joe R, Morino, Isamu, Naik, Vaishali, O'Doherty, Simon, Parmentier, Frans-Jan W, Patra, Prabir K, Peng, Changhui, Peng, Shushi, Peters, Glen P, Pison, Isabelle, Prinn, Ronald, Ramonet, Michel, Riley, William J, Saito, Makoto, Santini, Monia, Schroeder, Ronny, Simpson, Isobel J, Spahni, Renato, Takizawa, Atsushi, Thornton, Brett F, Tian, Hanqin, Tohjima, Yasunori, Viovy, Nicolas, Voulgarakis, Apostolos, Weiss, Ray, Wilton, David J, Wiltshire, Andy, Worthy, Doug, Wunch, Debra, Xu, Xiyan, Yoshida, Yukio, Zhang, Bowen, Zhang, Zhen, and Zhu, Qiuan

Subjects
Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Sciences, Climate Action, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Atmospheric sciences, Climate change science
Abstract

Following the recent Global Carbon Project (GCP) synthesis of the decadal methane (CH4) budget over 2000-2012 (Saunois et al., 2016), we analyse here the same dataset with a focus on quasi-decadal and inter-annual variability in CH4 emissions. The GCP dataset integrates results from top-down studies (exploiting atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up models (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry), inventories of anthropogenic emissions, and data-driven approaches. The annual global methane emissions from top-down studies, which by construction match the observed methane growth rate within their uncertainties, all show an increase in total methane emissions over the period 2000-2012, but this increase is not linear over the 13 years. Despite differences between individual studies, the mean emission anomaly of the top-down ensemble shows no significant trend in total methane emissions over the period 2000-2006, during the plateau of atmospheric methane mole fractions, and also over the period 2008-2012, during the renewed atmospheric methane increase. However, the top-down ensemble mean produces an emission shift between 2006 and 2008, leading to 22 [16-32]Tg CH4yr-1 higher methane emissions over the period 2008-2012 compared to 2002-2006. This emission increase mostly originated from the tropics, with a smaller contribution from mid-latitudes and no significant change from boreal regions. The regional contributions remain uncertain in top-down studies. Tropical South America and South and East Asia seem to contribute the most to the emission increase in the tropics. However, these two regions have only limited atmospheric measurements and remain therefore poorly constrained. The sectorial partitioning of this emission increase between the periods 2002-2006 and 2008-2012 differs from one atmospheric inversion study to another. However, all top-down studies suggest smaller changes in fossil fuel emissions (from oil, gas, and coal industries) compared to the mean of the bottom-up inventories included in this study. This difference is partly driven by a smaller emission change in China from the top-down studies compared to the estimate in the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGARv4.2) inventory, which should be revised to smaller values in a near future. We apply isotopic signatures to the emission changes estimated for individual studies based on five emission sectors and find that for six individual top-down studies (out of eight) the average isotopic signature of the emission changes is not consistent with the observed change in atmospheric 13CH4. However, the partitioning in emission change derived from the ensemble mean is consistent with this isotopic constraint. At the global scale, the top-down ensemble mean suggests that the dominant contribution to the resumed atmospheric CH4 growth after 2006 comes from microbial sources (more from agriculture and waste sectors than from natural wetlands), with an uncertain but smaller contribution from fossil CH4 emissions. In addition, a decrease in biomass burning emissions (in agreement with the biomass burning emission databases) makes the balance of sources consistent with atmospheric 13CH4 observations. In most of the top-down studies included here, OH concentrations are considered constant over the years (seasonal variations but without any inter-annual variability). As a result, the methane loss (in particular through OH oxidation) varies mainly through the change in methane concentrations and not its oxidants. For these reasons, changes in the methane loss could not be properly investigated in this study, although it may play a significant role in the recent atmospheric methane changes as briefly discussed at the end of the paper.

Published
2017

8. Estimation of Canada's methane emissions: inverse modelling analysis using the Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) measurement network.

Author

Ishizawa, Misa, Chan, Douglas, Worthy, Doug, Chan, Elton, Vogel, Felix, Melton, Joe R., and Arora, Vivek K.

Subjects
GLOBAL warming, FOSSIL fuel industries, NATURAL gas production, CLIMATE change mitigation, ATMOSPHERIC temperature
Abstract

Canada has major sources of atmospheric methane (CH4), with the world's second-largest boreal wetland and the world's fourth-largest natural gas production. However, Canada's CH4 emissions remain uncertain among estimates. Better quantification and characterization of Canada's CH4 emissions are critical for climate mitigation strategies. To improve our understanding of Canada's CH4 emissions, we performed an ensemble regional inversion for 2007–2017 constrained with the Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) surface measurement network. The decadal CH4 estimates show no significant trend, unlike some studies that reported long-term trends. The total CH4 estimate is 17.4 (15.3–19.5) TgCH4yr-1 , partitioned into natural and anthropogenic sources at 10.8 (7.5–13.2) and 6.6 (6.2–7.8) TgCH4yr-1 , respectively. The estimated anthropogenic emission is higher than inventories, mainly in western Canada (with the fossil fuel industry). Furthermore, the results reveal notable spatiotemporal characteristics. First, the modelled differences in atmospheric CH4 among the sites show improvement after inversion when compared to observations, implying the CH4 observation differences could help in verifying the inversion results. Second, the seasonal variations show slow onset and a late-summer maximum, indicating wetland CH4 flux has hysteretic dependence on air temperature. Third, the boreal winter natural CH4 emissions, usually treated as negligible, appear quantifiable (≥ 20 % of annual emissions). Understanding winter emission is important for climate prediction, as the winter in Canada is warming faster than the summer. Fourth, the inter-annual variability in estimated CH4 emissions is positively correlated with summer air temperature anomalies. This could enhance Canada's natural CH4 emission in the warming climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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9. The Global Methane Budget: 2000–2012

Author

Saunois, Marielle, Bousquet, Philippe, Poulter, Ben, Peregon, Anna, Ciais, Philippe, Canadell, Josep G, Dlugokencky, Edward J, Etiope, Giuseppe, Bastviken, David, Houweling, Sander, Janssens-Maenhout, Greet, Tubiello, Francesco N, Castaldi, Simona, Jackson, Robert B, Alexe, Mihai, Arora, Vivek K, Beerling, David J, Bergamaschi, Peter, Blake, Donald R, Brailsford, Gordon, Brovkin, Victor, Bruhwiler, Lori, Crevoisier, Cyril, Crill, Patrick, Curry, Charles, Frankenberg, Christian, Gedney, Nicola, Höglund-Isaksson, Lena, Ishizawa, Misa, Ito, Akihiko, Joos, Fortunat, Kim, Heon-Sook, Kleinen, Thomas, Krummel, Paul, Lamarque, Jean-François, Langenfelds, Ray, Locatelli, Robin, Machida, Toshinobu, Maksyutov, Shamil, McDonald, Kyle C, Marshall, Julia, Melton, Joe R, Morino, Isamu, O'Doherty, Simon, Parmentier, Frans-Jan W, Patra, Prabir K, Peng, Changhui, Peng, Shushi, Peters, Glen P, Pison, Isabelle, Prigent, Catherine, Prinn, Ronald, Ramonet, Michel, Riley, William J, Saito, Makoto, Schroeder, Ronny, Simpson, Isobel J, Spahni, Renato, Steele, Paul, Takizawa, Atsushi, Thornton, Brett F, Tian, Hanqin, Tohjima, Yasunori, Viovy, Nicolas, Voulgarakis, Apostolos, van Weele, Michiel, van der Werf, Guido, Weiss, Ray, Wiedinmyer, Christine, Wilton, David J, Wiltshire, Andy, Worthy, Doug, Wunch, Debra B, Xu, Xiyan, Yoshida, Yukio, Zhang, Bowen, Zhang, Zhen, and Zhu, Qiuan

Abstract

Abstract. The global methane (CH4) budget is becoming an increasingly important component for managing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. This relevance, due to a shorter atmospheric lifetime and a stronger warming potential than carbon dioxide, is challenged by the still unexplained changes of atmospheric CH4 over the past decade. Emissions and concentrations of CH4 are continuing to increase making CH4 the second most important human-induced greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide. Two major difficulties in reducing uncertainties come from the large variety of diffusive CH4 sources that overlap geographically, and from the destruction of CH4 by the very short-lived hydroxyl radical (OH). To address these difficulties, we have established a consortium of multi-disciplinary scientists under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project to synthesize and stimulate research on the methane cycle, and producing regular (~biennial) updates of the global methane budget. This consortium includes atmospheric physicists and chemists, biogeochemists of surface and marine emissions, and socio-economists who study anthropogenic emissions. Following Kirschke et al. (2013), we propose here the first version of a living review paper that integrates results of top-down studies (T-D, exploiting atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up models, inventories, and data-driven approaches (B-U, including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry, and inventories for anthropogenic emissions, data-driven extrapolations). For the 2003–2012 decade, global methane emissions are estimated by T-D inversions at 558 Tg CH4 yr−1 (range [540–568]). About 60 % of global emissions are anthropogenic (range [50–65 %]). B-U approaches suggest larger global emissions (736 Tg CH4 yr−1 [596–884]) mostly because of larger natural emissions from individual sources such as inland waters, natural wetlands and geological sources. Considering the atmospheric constraints on the T-D budget, it is likely that some of the individual emissions reported by the B-U approaches are overestimated, leading to too large global emissions. Latitudinal data from T-D emissions indicate a predominance of tropical emissions (~64 % of the global budget,

Published
2016

12. Estimation of Canada's methane emissions: inverse modelling analysis using the ECCC measurement network.

Author

Ishizawa, Misa, Chan, Douglas, Worthy, Doug, Chan, Elton, Vogel, Felix, Melton, Joe R., and Arora, Vivek K.

Abstract

Canada has major sources of atmospheric methane (CH4), with the world second-largest boreal wetland and the world fourth-largest natural gas production. However, Canada's CH4 emissions remain uncertain among estimates. Better quantification and characterization of Canada's CH4 emissions are critical for climate mitigation strategies. To improve our understanding of Canada's CH4 emissions, we performed an ensemble regional inversion (2007-2017) constrained with the Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) surface measurement network. The decadal CH4 estimates show no significant trend, unlike some studies that reported long-term trends. The total CH4 estimate is 17.4 (15.3-19.5) Tg CH4 year-1, partitioned into natural and anthropogenic sources, 10.8 (7.5-13.2) and 6.6 (6.2-7.8) Tg CH4 year-1, respectively. The estimated anthropogenic emission is higher than inventories, mainly in western Canada (with the fossil fuel industry). Furthermore, the results reveal notable spatiotemporal characteristics. First, the modelled gradients of atmospheric CH4 show improvement after inversion when compared to observations, implying the CH4 gradients could help verify the inversion results. Second, the seasonal variations show slow onset and late summer maximum, indicating wetland CH4 flux has hysteretic dependence on air temperature. Third, the boreal winter natural CH4 emissions, usually treated as negligible, appear quantifiable (≥ 20 % of annual emissions). Understanding winter emission is important for climate prediction, as the winter in Canada is warming faster than the summer. Fourth, the inter-annual variability in estimated CH4 emissions is positively correlated with summer air temperature anomalies. This could enhance Canada's natural CH4 emission in the warming climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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15. Analysis of atmospheric CH4 in Canadian Arctic and estimation of the regional CH4 fluxes

Author

Ishizawa, Misa, Chan, Douglas, Worthy, Doug, Chan, Elton, Vogel, Felix, and Maksyutov, Shamil

Subjects
lcsh:Chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, lcsh:Physics, lcsh:QC1-999
Abstract

The Canadian Arctic (> 60∘ N, 60–141∘ W) may undergo drastic changes if the Arctic warming trend continues. For methane (CH4), Arctic reservoirs are large and widespread, and the climate feedbacks from such changes may be potentially substantial. Current bottom-up and top-down estimates of the regional CH4 flux range widely. This study analyzes the recent observations of atmospheric CH4 from five arctic monitoring sites and presents estimates of the regional CH4 fluxes for 2012–2015. The observational data reveal sizeable synoptic summertime enhancements in the atmospheric CH4 that are distinguishable from background variations, which indicate strong regional fluxes (primarily wetland and biomass burning CH4 emissions) around Behchoko and Inuvik in the western Canadian Arctic. Three regional Bayesian inversion modelling systems with two Lagrangian particle dispersion models and three meteorological datasets are applied to estimate fluxes for the Canadian Arctic and show relatively robust results in amplitude and temporal variations across different transport models, prior fluxes, and subregion masking. The estimated mean total CH4 flux for the entire Canadian Arctic is 1.8±0.6 Tg CH4 yr−1. The flux estimate is partitioned into biomass burning of 0.3±0.1 Tg CH4 yr−1 and the remaining natural (wetland) flux of 1.5±0.5 Tg CH4 yr−1. The summer natural CH4 flux estimates clearly show inter-annual variability that is positively correlated with surface temperature anomalies. The results indicate that years with warmer summer conditions result in more wetland CH4 emissions. More data and analysis are required to statistically characterize the dependence of regional CH4 fluxes on the climate in the Arctic. These Arctic measurement sites will aid in quantifying the inter-annual variations and long-term trends in CH4 emissions in the Canadian Arctic.

Published
2019

17. The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017

Author

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Saunois, Marielle, Stavert, Ann R., Poulter, Ben, Bousquet, Philippe, Canadell, Josep G., Jackson, Robert B., Raymond, Peter A., Dlugokencky, Edward J., Houweling, Sander, Patra, Prabir K., Ciais, Philippe, Arora, Vivek K., Bastviken, David, Bergamaschi, Peter, Blake, Donald R., Brailsford, Gordon, Bruhwiler, Lori, Carlson, Kimberly M., Carrol, Mark, Castaldi, Simona, Chandra, Naveen, Crevoisier, Cyril, Crill, Patrick M., Covey, Kristofer, Curry, Charles L., Etiope, Giuseppe, Frankenberg, Christian, Gedney, Nicola, Hegglin, Michaela I., Höglund-Isaksson, Lena, Hugelius, Gustaf, Ishizawa, Misa, Ito, Akihiko, Janssens-Maenhout, Greet, Jensen, Katherine M., Joos, Fortunat, Kleinen, Thomas, Krummel, Paul B., Langenfelds, Ray L., Laruelle, Goulven G., Liu, Licheng, Machida, Toshinobu, Maksyutov, Shamil, McDonald, Kyle C., McNorton, Joe, Miller, Paul A., Melton, Joe R., Morino, Isamu, Müller, Jurek, Murguia-Flores, Fabiola, Naik, Vaishali, Niwa, Yosuke, Noce, Sergio, O'Doherty, Simon, Parker, Robert J., Peng, Changhui, Peng, Shushi, Peters, Glen P., Prigent, Catherine, Prinn, Ronald G, Ramonet, Michel, Regnier, Pierre, Riley, William J., Rosentreter, Judith A., Segers, Arjo, Simpson, Isobel J., Shi, Hao, Smith, Steven J., Steele, L. Paul, Thornton, Brett F., Tohjima, Yasunori, Tubiello, Francesco N., Tsuruta, Aki, Viovy, Nicolas, Voulgarakis, Apostolos, Weber, Thomas S., van Weele, Michiel, van der Werf, Guido R., Weiss, Ray F., Worthy, Doug, Wunch, Debra, Yin, Yi, Yoshida, Yukio, Zhang, Wenxin, Zhang, Zhen, Zhao, Yuanhong, Zheng, Bo, Zhu, Qing, Zhu, Qiuan, Zhuang, Qianlai, TIAN, HANQIN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Saunois, Marielle, Stavert, Ann R., Poulter, Ben, Bousquet, Philippe, Canadell, Josep G., Jackson, Robert B., Raymond, Peter A., Dlugokencky, Edward J., Houweling, Sander, Patra, Prabir K., Ciais, Philippe, Arora, Vivek K., Bastviken, David, Bergamaschi, Peter, Blake, Donald R., Brailsford, Gordon, Bruhwiler, Lori, Carlson, Kimberly M., Carrol, Mark, Castaldi, Simona, Chandra, Naveen, Crevoisier, Cyril, Crill, Patrick M., Covey, Kristofer, Curry, Charles L., Etiope, Giuseppe, Frankenberg, Christian, Gedney, Nicola, Hegglin, Michaela I., Höglund-Isaksson, Lena, Hugelius, Gustaf, Ishizawa, Misa, Ito, Akihiko, Janssens-Maenhout, Greet, Jensen, Katherine M., Joos, Fortunat, Kleinen, Thomas, Krummel, Paul B., Langenfelds, Ray L., Laruelle, Goulven G., Liu, Licheng, Machida, Toshinobu, Maksyutov, Shamil, McDonald, Kyle C., McNorton, Joe, Miller, Paul A., Melton, Joe R., Morino, Isamu, Müller, Jurek, Murguia-Flores, Fabiola, Naik, Vaishali, Niwa, Yosuke, Noce, Sergio, O'Doherty, Simon, Parker, Robert J., Peng, Changhui, Peng, Shushi, Peters, Glen P., Prigent, Catherine, Prinn, Ronald G, Ramonet, Michel, Regnier, Pierre, Riley, William J., Rosentreter, Judith A., Segers, Arjo, Simpson, Isobel J., Shi, Hao, Smith, Steven J., Steele, L. Paul, Thornton, Brett F., Tohjima, Yasunori, Tubiello, Francesco N., Tsuruta, Aki, Viovy, Nicolas, Voulgarakis, Apostolos, Weber, Thomas S., van Weele, Michiel, van der Werf, Guido R., Weiss, Ray F., Worthy, Doug, Wunch, Debra, Yin, Yi, Yoshida, Yukio, Zhang, Wenxin, Zhang, Zhen, Zhao, Yuanhong, Zheng, Bo, Zhu, Qing, Zhu, Qiuan, Zhuang, Qianlai, and TIAN, HANQIN

Abstract

Abstract. Understanding and quantifying the global methane (CH4) budget is important for assessing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. Atmospheric emissions and concentrations of CH4 continue to increase, making CH4 the second most important human-influenced greenhouse gas in terms of climate forcing, after carbon dioxide (CO2). The relative importance of CH4 compared to CO2 depends on its shorter atmospheric lifetime, stronger warming potential, and variations in atmospheric growth rate over the past decade, the causes of which are still debated. Two major challenges in reducing uncertainties in the atmospheric growth rate arise from the variety of geographically overlapping CH4 sources and from the destruction of CH4 by short-lived hydroxyl radicals (OH). To address these challenges, we have established a consortium of multidisciplinary scientists under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project to synthesize and stimulate new research aimed at improving and regularly updating the global methane budget. Following Saunois et al. (2016), we present here the second version of the living review paper dedicated to the decadal methane budget, integrating results of top-down studies (atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up estimates (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry, inventories of anthropogenic emissions, and data-driven extrapolations). For the 2008–2017 decade, global methane emissions are estimated by atmospheric inversions (a top-down approach) to be 576 Tg CH4 yr−1 (range 550–594, corresponding to the minimum and maximum estimates of the model ensemble). Of this total, 359 Tg CH4 yr−1 or ∼ 60 % is attributed to anthropogenic sources, that is emissions caused by direct human activity (i.e. anthropogenic emissions; range 336–376 Tg CH4 yr−1 or 50 %–65 %). The mean annual total emission for the new decade (2008–2017) is 29 Tg CH4 yr−1 large

Published
2021

19. The Global Methane Budget 2000-2017

Author

Saunois, Marielle, Stavert, Ann R., Poulter, Ben, Bousquet, Philippe, Canadell, Josep G., Jackson, Robert B., Raymond, Peter A., Dlugokencky, Edward J., Houweling, Sander, Patra, Prabir K., Ciais, Philippe, Arora, Vivek K., Bastviken, David, Bergamaschi, Peter, Blake, Donald R., Brailsford, Gordon, Bruhwiler, Lori, Carlson, Kimberly M., Carrol, Mark, Castaldi, Simona, Chandra, Naveen, Crevoisier, Cyril, Crill, Patrick M., Covey, Kristofer, Curry, Charles L., Etiope, Giuseppe, Frankenberg, Christian, Gedney, Nicola, Hegglin, Michaela I, Hoglund-Isaksson, Lena, Hugelius, Gustaf, Ishizawa, Misa, Ito, Akihiko, Janssens-Maenhout, Greet, Jensen, Katherine M., Joos, Fortunat, Kleinen, Thomas, Krummel, Paul B., Langenfelds, Ray L., Laruelle, Goulven G., Liu, Licheng, Machida, Toshinobu, Maksyutov, Shamil, McDonald, Kyle C., McNorton, Joe, Miller, Paul A., Melton, Joe R., Morino, Isamu, Muller, Jurek, Murguia-Flores, Fabiola, Naik, Vaishali, Niwa, Yosuke, Noce, Sergio, Doherty, Simon O., Parker, Robert J., Peng, Changhui, Peng, Shushi, Peters, Glen P., Prigent, Catherine, Prinn, Ronald, Ramonet, Michel, Regnier, Pierre, Riley, William J., Rosentreter, Judith A., Segers, Arjo, Simpson, Isobel J., Shi, Hao, Smith, Steven J., Steele, L. Paul, Thornton, Brett F., Tian, Hanqin, Tohjima, Yasunori, Tubiello, Francesco N., Tsuruta, Aki, Viovy, Nicolas, Voulgarakis, Apostolos, Weber, Thomas S., van Weele, Michiel, van der Werf, Guido R., Weiss, Ray F., Worthy, Doug, Wunch, Debra, Yin, Yi, Yoshida, Yukio, Zhang, Wenxin, Zhang, Zhen, Zhao, Yuanhong, Zheng, Bo, Zhu, Qing, Zhu, Qiuan, Zhuang, Qianlai, Saunois, Marielle, Stavert, Ann R., Poulter, Ben, Bousquet, Philippe, Canadell, Josep G., Jackson, Robert B., Raymond, Peter A., Dlugokencky, Edward J., Houweling, Sander, Patra, Prabir K., Ciais, Philippe, Arora, Vivek K., Bastviken, David, Bergamaschi, Peter, Blake, Donald R., Brailsford, Gordon, Bruhwiler, Lori, Carlson, Kimberly M., Carrol, Mark, Castaldi, Simona, Chandra, Naveen, Crevoisier, Cyril, Crill, Patrick M., Covey, Kristofer, Curry, Charles L., Etiope, Giuseppe, Frankenberg, Christian, Gedney, Nicola, Hegglin, Michaela I, Hoglund-Isaksson, Lena, Hugelius, Gustaf, Ishizawa, Misa, Ito, Akihiko, Janssens-Maenhout, Greet, Jensen, Katherine M., Joos, Fortunat, Kleinen, Thomas, Krummel, Paul B., Langenfelds, Ray L., Laruelle, Goulven G., Liu, Licheng, Machida, Toshinobu, Maksyutov, Shamil, McDonald, Kyle C., McNorton, Joe, Miller, Paul A., Melton, Joe R., Morino, Isamu, Muller, Jurek, Murguia-Flores, Fabiola, Naik, Vaishali, Niwa, Yosuke, Noce, Sergio, Doherty, Simon O., Parker, Robert J., Peng, Changhui, Peng, Shushi, Peters, Glen P., Prigent, Catherine, Prinn, Ronald, Ramonet, Michel, Regnier, Pierre, Riley, William J., Rosentreter, Judith A., Segers, Arjo, Simpson, Isobel J., Shi, Hao, Smith, Steven J., Steele, L. Paul, Thornton, Brett F., Tian, Hanqin, Tohjima, Yasunori, Tubiello, Francesco N., Tsuruta, Aki, Viovy, Nicolas, Voulgarakis, Apostolos, Weber, Thomas S., van Weele, Michiel, van der Werf, Guido R., Weiss, Ray F., Worthy, Doug, Wunch, Debra, Yin, Yi, Yoshida, Yukio, Zhang, Wenxin, Zhang, Zhen, Zhao, Yuanhong, Zheng, Bo, Zhu, Qing, Zhu, Qiuan, and Zhuang, Qianlai

Abstract

Understanding and quantifying the global methane (CH4) budget is important for assessing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. Atmospheric emissions and concentrations of CH4 continue to increase, making CH4 the second most important human-influenced greenhouse gas in terms of climate forcing, after carbon dioxide (CO2). The relative importance of CH4 compared to CO2 depends on its shorter atmospheric lifetime, stronger warming potential, and variations in atmospheric growth rate over the past decade, the causes of which are still debated. Two major challenges in reducing uncertainties in the atmospheric growth rate arise from the variety of geographically overlapping CH4 sources and from the destruction of CH4 by short-lived hydroxyl radicals (OH). To address these challenges, we have established a consortium of multidisciplinary scientists under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project to synthesize and stimulate new research aimed at improving and regularly updating the global methane budget. Following Saunois et al. (2016), we present here the second version of the living review paper dedicated to the decadal methane budget, integrating results of top-down studies (atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up estimates (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry, inventories of anthropogenic emissions, and data-driven extrapolations). For the 2008-2017 decade, global methane emissions are estimated by atmospheric inversions (a top-down approach) to be 576 Tg CH4 yr(-1) (range 550-594, corresponding to the minimum and maximum estimates of the model ensemble). Of this total, 359 Tg CH4 yr(-1) or similar to 60 % is attributed to anthropogenic sources, that is emissions caused by direct human activity (i.e. anthropogenic emissions; range 336-376 Tg CH4 yr(-1) or 50 %-65 %). The mean annual total emission for the new decade (2008-2017) is 29 Tg CH4 yr(-1) larger, Funding Agencies|FAO

Published
2020
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21. Influences of hydroxyl radicals (OH) on top-down estimates of the global and regional methane budgets

Author

Zhao, Yuanhong, primary, Saunois, Marielle, additional, Bousquet, Philippe, additional, Lin, Xin, additional, Berchet, Antoine, additional, Hegglin, Michaela I., additional, Canadell, Josep G., additional, Jackson, Robert B., additional, Dlugokencky, Edward J., additional, Langenfelds, Ray L., additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Worthy, Doug, additional, and Zheng, Bo, additional

Published
2020
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22. The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017

Author

Saunois, Marielle, primary, Stavert, Ann R., additional, Poulter, Ben, additional, Bousquet, Philippe, additional, Canadell, Josep G., additional, Jackson, Robert B., additional, Raymond, Peter A., additional, Dlugokencky, Edward J., additional, Houweling, Sander, additional, Patra, Prabir K., additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Arora, Vivek K., additional, Bastviken, David, additional, Bergamaschi, Peter, additional, Blake, Donald R., additional, Brailsford, Gordon, additional, Bruhwiler, Lori, additional, Carlson, Kimberly M., additional, Carrol, Mark, additional, Castaldi, Simona, additional, Chandra, Naveen, additional, Crevoisier, Cyril, additional, Crill, Patrick M., additional, Covey, Kristofer, additional, Curry, Charles L., additional, Etiope, Giuseppe, additional, Frankenberg, Christian, additional, Gedney, Nicola, additional, Hegglin, Michaela I., additional, Höglund-Isaksson, Lena, additional, Hugelius, Gustaf, additional, Ishizawa, Misa, additional, Ito, Akihiko, additional, Janssens-Maenhout, Greet, additional, Jensen, Katherine M., additional, Joos, Fortunat, additional, Kleinen, Thomas, additional, Krummel, Paul B., additional, Langenfelds, Ray L., additional, Laruelle, Goulven G., additional, Liu, Licheng, additional, Machida, Toshinobu, additional, Maksyutov, Shamil, additional, McDonald, Kyle C., additional, McNorton, Joe, additional, Miller, Paul A., additional, Melton, Joe R., additional, Morino, Isamu, additional, Müller, Jurek, additional, Murguia-Flores, Fabiola, additional, Naik, Vaishali, additional, Niwa, Yosuke, additional, Noce, Sergio, additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Parker, Robert J., additional, Peng, Changhui, additional, Peng, Shushi, additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Prigent, Catherine, additional, Prinn, Ronald, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Regnier, Pierre, additional, Riley, William J., additional, Rosentreter, Judith A., additional, Segers, Arjo, additional, Simpson, Isobel J., additional, Shi, Hao, additional, Smith, Steven J., additional, Steele, L. Paul, additional, Thornton, Brett F., additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Tohjima, Yasunori, additional, Tubiello, Francesco N., additional, Tsuruta, Aki, additional, Viovy, Nicolas, additional, Voulgarakis, Apostolos, additional, Weber, Thomas S., additional, van Weele, Michiel, additional, van der Werf, Guido R., additional, Weiss, Ray F., additional, Worthy, Doug, additional, Wunch, Debra, additional, Yin, Yi, additional, Yoshida, Yukio, additional, Zhang, Wenxin, additional, Zhang, Zhen, additional, Zhao, Yuanhong, additional, Zheng, Bo, additional, Zhu, Qing, additional, Zhu, Qiuan, additional, and Zhuang, Qianlai, additional

Published
2020
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24. Supplementary material to "Influences of hydroxyl radicals (OH) on top-down estimates of the global and regional methane budgets"

Author

Zhao, Yuanhong, primary, Saunois, Marielle, additional, Bousquet, Philippe, additional, Lin, Xin, additional, Berchet, Antoine, additional, Hegglin, Michaela I., additional, Canadell, Josep G., additional, Jackson, Robert B., additional, Dlugokencky, Edward J., additional, Langenfelds, Ray L., additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Worthy, Doug, additional, and Zheng, Bo, additional

Published
2020
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26. The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017

Author

Saunois, Marielle, primary, Stavert, Ann R., additional, Poulter, Ben, additional, Bousquet, Philippe, additional, Canadell, Joseph G., additional, Jackson, Robert B., additional, Raymond, Peter A., additional, Dlugokencky, Edward J., additional, Houweling, Sander, additional, Patra, Prabir K., additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Arora, Vivek K., additional, Bastviken, David, additional, Bergamaschi, Peter, additional, Blake, Donald R., additional, Brailsford, Gordon, additional, Bruhwiler, Lori, additional, Carlson, Kimberly M., additional, Carrol, Mark, additional, Castaldi, Simona, additional, Chandra, Naveen, additional, Crevoisier, Cyril, additional, Crill, Patrick M., additional, Covey, Kristofer, additional, Curry, Charles L., additional, Etiope, Giuseppe, additional, Frankenberg, Christian, additional, Gedney, Nicola, additional, Hegglin, Michaela I., additional, Höglund-Isaksson, Lena, additional, Hugelius, Gustaf, additional, Ishizawa, Misa, additional, Ito, Akihiko, additional, Janssens-Maenhout, Greet, additional, Jensen, Katherine M., additional, Joos, Fortunat, additional, Kleinen, Thomas, additional, Krummel, Paul B., additional, Langenfelds, Ray L., additional, Laruelle, Goulven G., additional, Liu, Licheng, additional, Machida, Toshinobu, additional, Maksyutov, Shamil, additional, McDonald, Kyle C., additional, McNorton, Joe, additional, Miller, Paul A., additional, Melton, Joe R., additional, Morino, Isamu, additional, Müller, Jureck, additional, Murgia-Flores, Fabiola, additional, Naik, Vaishali, additional, Niwa, Yosuke, additional, Noce, Sergio, additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Parker, Robert J., additional, Peng, Changhui, additional, Peng, Shushi, additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Prigent, Catherine, additional, Prinn, Ronald, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Regnier, Pierre, additional, Riley, William J., additional, Rosentreter, Judith A., additional, Segers, Arjo, additional, Simpson, Isobel J., additional, Shi, Hao, additional, Smith, Steven J., additional, Steele, L. Paul, additional, Thornton, Brett F., additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Tohjima, Yasunori, additional, Tubiello, Francesco N., additional, Tsuruta, Aki, additional, Viovy, Nicolas, additional, Voulgarakis, Apostolos, additional, Weber, Thomas S., additional, van Weele, Michiel, additional, van der Werf, Guido R., additional, Weiss, Ray F., additional, Worthy, Doug, additional, Wunch, Debra, additional, Yin, Yi, additional, Yoshida, Yukio, additional, Zhang, Wenxin, additional, Zhang, Zhen, additional, Zhao, Yuanhong, additional, Zheng, Bo, additional, Zhu, Qing, additional, Zhu, Qiuan, additional, and Zhuang, Qianlai, additional

Published
2019
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27. Supplementary material to "The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017"

Author

Saunois, Marielle, primary, Stavert, Ann R., additional, Poulter, Ben, additional, Bousquet, Philippe, additional, Canadell, Joseph G., additional, Jackson, Robert B., additional, Raymond, Peter A., additional, Dlugokencky, Edward J., additional, Houweling, Sander, additional, Patra, Prabir K., additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Arora, Vivek K., additional, Bastviken, David, additional, Bergamaschi, Peter, additional, Blake, Donald R., additional, Brailsford, Gordon, additional, Bruhwiler, Lori, additional, Carlson, Kimberly M., additional, Carrol, Mark, additional, Castaldi, Simona, additional, Chandra, Naveen, additional, Crevoisier, Cyril, additional, Crill, Patrick M., additional, Covey, Kristofer, additional, Curry, Charles L., additional, Etiope, Giuseppe, additional, Frankenberg, Christian, additional, Gedney, Nicola, additional, Hegglin, Michaela I., additional, Höglund-Isaksson, Lena, additional, Hugelius, Gustaf, additional, Ishizawa, Misa, additional, Ito, Akihiko, additional, Janssens-Maenhout, Greet, additional, Jensen, Katherine M., additional, Joos, Fortunat, additional, Kleinen, Thomas, additional, Krummel, Paul B., additional, Langenfelds, Ray L., additional, Laruelle, Goulven G., additional, Liu, Licheng, additional, Machida, Toshinobu, additional, Maksyutov, Shamil, additional, McDonald, Kyle C., additional, McNorton, Joe, additional, Miller, Paul A., additional, Melton, Joe R., additional, Morino, Isamu, additional, Müller, Jureck, additional, Murgia-Flores, Fabiola, additional, Naik, Vaishali, additional, Niwa, Yosuke, additional, Noce, Sergio, additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Parker, Robert J., additional, Peng, Changhui, additional, Peng, Shushi, additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Prigent, Catherine, additional, Prinn, Ronald, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Regnier, Pierre, additional, Riley, William J., additional, Rosentreter, Judith A., additional, Segers, Arjo, additional, Simpson, Isobel J., additional, Shi, Hao, additional, Smith, Steven J., additional, Steele, L. Paul, additional, Thornton, Brett F., additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Tohjima, Yasunori, additional, Tubiello, Francesco N., additional, Tsuruta, Aki, additional, Viovy, Nicolas, additional, Voulgarakis, Apostolos, additional, Weber, Thomas S., additional, van Weele, Michiel, additional, van der Werf, Guido R., additional, Weiss, Ray F., additional, Worthy, Doug, additional, Wunch, Debra, additional, Yin, Yi, additional, Yoshida, Yukio, additional, Zhang, Wenxin, additional, Zhang, Zhen, additional, Zhao, Yuanhong, additional, Zheng, Bo, additional, Zhu, Qing, additional, Zhu, Qiuan, additional, and Zhuang, Qianlai, additional

Published
2019
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28. Sensitivity of biomass burning emissions estimates to land surface information.

Author

Makoto Saito, Tomohiro Shiraishi, Ryuichi Hirata, Yosuke Niwa, Kazuyuki Saito, Steinbacher, Martin, Worthy, Doug, and Tsuneo Matsunaga

Subjects
BIOMASS burning, ATMOSPHERIC transport, CARBON cycle, CARBON monoxide, LAND cover
Abstract

Emissions from biomass burning (BB) are a key source of atmospheric tracer gases that affect the atmospheric carbon cycle. We estimated four types of global BB emissions using a bottom-up approach and by combining the remote sensing products related to fire distribution with two aboveground biomass (AGB) and two land cover classification (LCC) distributions. The sensitivity of the estimates of BB emissions to the AGB and LCC data was evaluated using the carbon monoxide (CO) emissions associated with each BB estimate. We found a substantial spatial difference in CO emissions for both the AGB and LCC data, which resulted in a large (factor of approximately three) spread of estimates for the mean annual CO emissions. We simulated atmospheric CO variability using an atmospheric tracer transport model and the BB emissions estimates and compared it with ground-based and satellite observations. At ground-based observation sites during fire seasons, statistical comparisons indicated that the impact of differences in the BB emissions estimates on atmospheric CO variability was poorly defined in our simulations. However, when compared at the regional and global scales, the distribution of atmospheric CO concentrations in the simulations show substantial differences among the estimates of BB emissions. These results indicate that the estimates of BB emissions are highly sensitive to the AGB and LCC data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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29. Variability and quasi-decadal changes in the methane budget over the period 2000–2012

Author

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Prinn, Ronald G, Saunois, Marielle, Bousquet, Philippe, Poulter, Ben, Peregon, Anna, Ciais, Philippe, Canadell, Josep G., Dlugokencky, Edward J., Etiope, Giuseppe, Bastviken, David, Houweling, Sander, Janssens-Maenhout, Greet, Tubiello, Francesco N., Castaldi, Simona, Jackson, Robert B., Alexe, Mihai, Arora, Vivek K., Beerling, David J., Bergamaschi, Peter, Blake, Donald R., Brailsford, Gordon, Bruhwiler, Lori, Crevoisier, Cyril, Crill, Patrick, Covey, Kristofer, Frankenberg, Christian, Gedney, Nicola, Höglund-Isaksson, Lena, Ishizawa, Misa, Ito, Akihiko, Joos, Fortunat, Kim, Heon-Sook, Kleinen, Thomas, Krummel, Paul, Lamarque, Jean-François, Langenfelds, Ray, Locatelli, Robin, Machida, Toshinobu, Maksyutov, Shamil, Melton, Joe R., Morino, Isamu, Naik, Vaishali, O'Doherty, Simon, Parmentier, Frans-Jan W., Patra, Prabir K., Peng, Changhui, Peng, Shushi, Peters, Glen P., Pison, Isabelle, Ramonet, Michel, Riley, William J., Saito, Makoto, Santini, Monia, Schroeder, Ronny, Simpson, Isobel J., Spahni, Renato, Takizawa, Atsushi, Thornton, Brett F., Tian, Hanqin, Tohjima, Yasunori, Viovy, Nicolas, Voulgarakis, Apostolos, Weiss, Ray, Wilton, David J., Wiltshire, Andy, Worthy, Doug, Wunch, Debra, Xu, Xiyan, Yoshida, Yukio, Zhang, Bowen, Zhang, Zhen, Zhu, Qiuan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Prinn, Ronald G, Saunois, Marielle, Bousquet, Philippe, Poulter, Ben, Peregon, Anna, Ciais, Philippe, Canadell, Josep G., Dlugokencky, Edward J., Etiope, Giuseppe, Bastviken, David, Houweling, Sander, Janssens-Maenhout, Greet, Tubiello, Francesco N., Castaldi, Simona, Jackson, Robert B., Alexe, Mihai, Arora, Vivek K., Beerling, David J., Bergamaschi, Peter, Blake, Donald R., Brailsford, Gordon, Bruhwiler, Lori, Crevoisier, Cyril, Crill, Patrick, Covey, Kristofer, Frankenberg, Christian, Gedney, Nicola, Höglund-Isaksson, Lena, Ishizawa, Misa, Ito, Akihiko, Joos, Fortunat, Kim, Heon-Sook, Kleinen, Thomas, Krummel, Paul, Lamarque, Jean-François, Langenfelds, Ray, Locatelli, Robin, Machida, Toshinobu, Maksyutov, Shamil, Melton, Joe R., Morino, Isamu, Naik, Vaishali, O'Doherty, Simon, Parmentier, Frans-Jan W., Patra, Prabir K., Peng, Changhui, Peng, Shushi, Peters, Glen P., Pison, Isabelle, Ramonet, Michel, Riley, William J., Saito, Makoto, Santini, Monia, Schroeder, Ronny, Simpson, Isobel J., Spahni, Renato, Takizawa, Atsushi, Thornton, Brett F., Tian, Hanqin, Tohjima, Yasunori, Viovy, Nicolas, Voulgarakis, Apostolos, Weiss, Ray, Wilton, David J., Wiltshire, Andy, Worthy, Doug, Wunch, Debra, Xu, Xiyan, Yoshida, Yukio, Zhang, Bowen, Zhang, Zhen, and Zhu, Qiuan

Abstract

Following the recent Global Carbon Project (GCP) synthesis of the decadal methane (CH₄) budget over 2000-2012 (Saunois et al., 2016), we analyse here the same dataset with a focus on quasi-decadal and inter-annual variability in CH₄ emissions. The GCP dataset integrates results from top-down studies (exploiting atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up models (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry), inventories of anthropogenic emissions, and data-driven approaches. The annual global methane emissions from top-down studies, which by construction match the observed methane growth rate within their uncertainties, all show an increase in total methane emissions over the period 2000-2012, but this increase is not linear over the 13 years. Despite differences between individual studies, the mean emission anomaly of the top-down ensemble shows no significant trend in total methane emissions over the period 2000-2006, during the plateau of atmospheric methane mole fractions, and also over the period 2008-2012, during the renewed atmospheric methane increase. However, the top-down ensemble mean produces an emission shift between 2006 and 2008, leading to 22 [16-32]Tg CH₄ yr⁻¹ higher methane emissions over the period 2008-2012 compared to 2002-2006. This emission increase mostly originated from the tropics, with a smaller contribution from mid-latitudes and no significant change from boreal regions. The regional contributions remain uncertain in top-down studies. Tropical South America and South and East Asia seem to contribute the most to the emission increase in the tropics. However, these two regions have only limited atmospheric measurements and remain therefore poorly constrained. The sectorial partitioning of this emission increase between the periods 2002-2006 and 2008-2012 differs from one atmospheric inversion study to another. However, all top-down studies sugge

Published
2018

30. Influences of hydroxyl radicals (OH) on top-down estimates of the global and regional methane budgets.

Author

Yuanhong Zhao, Saunois, Marielle, Bousquet, Philippe, Xin Lin, Berchet, Antoine, Hegglin, Michaela I., Canadell, Josep G., Jackson, Robert B., Dlugokencky, Edward J., Langenfelds, Ray L., Ramonet, Michel, Worthy, Doug, and Bo Zheng

Abstract

The hydroxyl radical (OH), which is the dominant sink of methane (CH4), plays a key role to close the global methane budget. Previous research that assessed the impact of OH changes on the CH4 budget mostly relied on box modeling inversions with a very simplified atmospheric transport and no representation of the heterogeneous spatial distribution of OH radicals. Here using a variational Bayesian inversion framework and a 3D chemical transport model, LMDz, combined with 10 different OH fields derived from chemistry-climate models (CCMI experiment), we evaluate the influence of OH burden, spatial distribution, and temporal variations on the global CH4 budget. The global tropospheric mean CH4-reaction-weighted [OH] ([OH]GM-CH4) ranges 10.3–16.3 × 105 molec cm−3 across 10 OH fields during the early 2000s, resulting in inversion-based global CH4 emissions between 518 and 757 Tg yr−1. The uncertainties in CH4 inversions induced by the different OH fields are comparable to, or even larger than the uncertainty typically given by bottom-up and top-down estimates. Based on the LMDz inversions, we estimate that a 1 %-increase in OH burden leads to an increase of 4 Tg yr−1 in the estimate of global methane emissions, which is about 25 % smaller than what is estimated by box-models. The uncertainties in emissions induced by OH are largest over South America, corresponding to large inter-model differences of [OH] in this region. From the early to the late 2000s, the optimized CH4 emissions increased by 21.9 ± 5.7 Tg yr−1 (16.6–30.0 Tg yr−1), of which ~ 25 % (on average) is contributed by −0.5 to +1.8 % increase in OH burden. If the CCMI models represent the OH trend properly over the 2000s, our results show that a higher increasing trend of CH4 emissions is needed to match the CH4 observations compared to the CH4 emission trend derived using constant OH. This study strengthens the importance to reach a better representation of OH burden and of OH spatial and temporal distributions to reduce the uncertainties on the global CH4 budget. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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33. Quantification of methane sources in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region of Alberta by aircraft mass balance

Author

Baray, Sabour, primary, Darlington, Andrea, additional, Gordon, Mark, additional, Hayden, Katherine L., additional, Leithead, Amy, additional, Li, Shao-Meng, additional, Liu, Peter S. K., additional, Mittermeier, Richard L., additional, Moussa, Samar G., additional, O'Brien, Jason, additional, Staebler, Ralph, additional, Wolde, Mengistu, additional, Worthy, Doug, additional, and McLaren, Robert, additional

Published
2018
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34. Detectability of Arctic methane sources at six sites performing continuous atmospheric measurements

Author

Thonat, Thibaud, Saunois, Marielle, Bousquet, Philippe, Pison, Isabelle, Tan, Zeli, Zhuang, Qianlai, Crill, Patrick M., Thornton, Brett F., Bastviken, David, Dlugokencky, Ed J., Zimov, Nikita, Laurila, Tuomas, Hatakka, Juha, Hermansen, Ove, Worthy, Doug E. J., Thonat, Thibaud, Saunois, Marielle, Bousquet, Philippe, Pison, Isabelle, Tan, Zeli, Zhuang, Qianlai, Crill, Patrick M., Thornton, Brett F., Bastviken, David, Dlugokencky, Ed J., Zimov, Nikita, Laurila, Tuomas, Hatakka, Juha, Hermansen, Ove, and Worthy, Doug E. J.

Abstract

Understanding the recent evolution of methane emissions in the Arctic is necessary to interpret the global methane cycle. Emissions are affected by significant uncertainties and are sensitive to climate change, leading to potential feedbacks. A polar version of the CHIMERE chemistry-transport model is used to simulate the evolution of tropospheric methane in the Arctic during 2012, including all known regional anthropogenic and natural sources, in particular freshwater emissions which are often overlooked in methane modelling. CHIMERE simulations are compared to atmospheric continuous observations at six measurement sites in the Arctic region. In winter, the Arctic is dominated by anthropogenic emissions; emissions from continental seepages and oceans, including from the East Siberian Arctic Shelf, can contribute significantly in more limited areas. In summer, emissions from wetland and freshwater sources dominate across the whole region. The model is able to reproduce the seasonality and synoptic variations of methane measured at the different sites. We find that all methane sources significantly affect the measurements at all stations at least at the synoptic scale, except for biomass burning. In particular, freshwater systems play a decisive part in summer, representing on average between 11 and 26% of the simulated Arctic methane signal at the sites. This indicates the relevance of continuous observations to gain a mechanistic understanding of Arctic methane sources. Sensitivity tests reveal that the choice of the land-surface model used to prescribe wetland emissions can be critical in correctly representing methane mixing ratios. The closest agreement with the observations is reached when using the two wetland models which have emissions peaking in August-September, while all others reach their maximum in JuneJuly. Such phasing provides an interesting constraint on wetland models which still have large uncertainties at present. Also testing different freshwate, Funding Agencies|Franco-Swedish IZOMET-FS

Published
2017
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35. Quantification of Methane Sources in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region of Alberta by Aircraft Mass-Balance

Author

Baray, Sabour, primary, Darlington, Andrea, additional, Gordon, Mark, additional, Hayden, Katherine L., additional, Leithead, Amy, additional, Li, Shao-Meng, additional, Liu, Peter S. K., additional, Mittermeier, Richard L., additional, Moussa, Samar G., additional, O'Brien, Jason, additional, Staebler, Ralph, additional, Wolde, Mengistu, additional, Worthy, Doug, additional, and McLaren, Robert, additional

Published
2017
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36. Supplementary material to "Quantification of Methane Sources in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region of Alberta by Aircraft Mass-Balance"

Author

Baray, Sabour, primary, Darlington, Andrea, additional, Gordon, Mark, additional, Hayden, Katherine L., additional, Leithead, Amy, additional, Li, Shao-Meng, additional, Liu, Peter S. K., additional, Mittermeier, Richard L., additional, Moussa, Samar G., additional, O'Brien, Jason, additional, Staebler, Ralph, additional, Wolde, Mengistu, additional, Worthy, Doug, additional, and McLaren, Robert, additional

Published
2017
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37. Detectability of Arctic methane sources at six sites performing continuous atmospheric measurements

Author

Thonat, Thibaud, primary, Saunois, Marielle, additional, Bousquet, Philippe, additional, Pison, Isabelle, additional, Tan, Zeli, additional, Zhuang, Qianlai, additional, Crill, Patrick M., additional, Thornton, Brett F., additional, Bastviken, David, additional, Dlugokencky, Ed J., additional, Zimov, Nikita, additional, Laurila, Tuomas, additional, Hatakka, Juha, additional, Hermansen, Ove, additional, and Worthy, Doug E. J., additional

Published
2017
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38. Variability and quasi-decadal changes in the methane budget over the period 2000–2012

Author

Saunois, Marielle, primary, Bousquet, Philippe, additional, Poulter, Benjamin, additional, Peregon, Anna, additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Canadell, Josep G., additional, Dlugokencky, Edward J., additional, Etiope, Giuseppe, additional, Bastviken, David, additional, Houweling, Sander, additional, Janssens-Maenhout, Greet, additional, Tubiello, Francesco N., additional, Castaldi, Simona, additional, Jackson, Robert B., additional, Alexe, Mihai, additional, Arora, Vivek K., additional, Beerling, David J., additional, Bergamaschi, Peter, additional, Blake, Donald R., additional, Brailsford, Gordon, additional, Bruhwiler, Lori, additional, Crevoisier, Cyril, additional, Crill, Patrick, additional, Covey, Kristofer, additional, Frankenberg, Christian, additional, Gedney, Nicola, additional, Höglund-Isaksson, Lena, additional, Ishizawa, Misa, additional, Ito, Akihiko, additional, Joos, Fortunat, additional, Kim, Heon-Sook, additional, Kleinen, Thomas, additional, Krummel, Paul, additional, Lamarque, Jean-François, additional, Langenfelds, Ray, additional, Locatelli, Robin, additional, Machida, Toshinobu, additional, Maksyutov, Shamil, additional, Melton, Joe R., additional, Morino, Isamu, additional, Naik, Vaishali, additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Parmentier, Frans-Jan W., additional, Patra, Prabir K., additional, Peng, Changhui, additional, Peng, Shushi, additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Pison, Isabelle, additional, Prinn, Ronald, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Riley, William J., additional, Saito, Makoto, additional, Santini, Monia, additional, Schroeder, Ronny, additional, Simpson, Isobel J., additional, Spahni, Renato, additional, Takizawa, Atsushi, additional, Thornton, Brett F., additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Tohjima, Yasunori, additional, Viovy, Nicolas, additional, Voulgarakis, Apostolos, additional, Weiss, Ray, additional, Wilton, David J., additional, Wiltshire, Andy, additional, Worthy, Doug, additional, Wunch, Debra, additional, Xu, Xiyan, additional, Yoshida, Yukio, additional, Zhang, Bowen, additional, Zhang, Zhen, additional, and Zhu, Qiuan, additional

Published
2017
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39. Supplementary material to "Variability and quasi-decadal changes in the methane budget over the period 2000–2012"

Author

Saunois, Marielle, primary, Bousquet, Philippe, additional, Poulter, Benjamin, additional, Peregon, Anna, additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Canadell, Josep G., additional, Dlugokencky, Edward J., additional, Etiope, Giuseppe, additional, Bastviken, David, additional, Houweling, Sander, additional, Janssens-Maenhout, Greet, additional, Tubiello, Francesco N., additional, Castaldi, Simona, additional, Jackson, Robert B., additional, Alexe, Mihai, additional, Arora, Vivek K., additional, Beerling, David J., additional, Bergamaschi, Peter, additional, Blake, Donald R., additional, Brailsford, Gordon, additional, Bruhwiler, Lori, additional, Crevoisier, Cyril, additional, Crill, Patrick, additional, Covey, Kristofer, additional, Frankenberg, Christian, additional, Gedney, Nicola, additional, Höglund-Isaksson, Lena, additional, Ishizawa, Misa, additional, Ito, Akihiko, additional, Joos, Fortunat, additional, Kim, Heon-Sook, additional, Kleinen, Thomas, additional, Krummel, Paul, additional, Lamarque, Jean-François, additional, Langenfelds, Ray, additional, Locatelli, Robin, additional, Machida, Toshinobu, additional, Maksyutov, Shamil, additional, Melton, Joe R., additional, Morino, Isamu, additional, Naik, Vaishali, additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Parmentier, Frans-Jan W., additional, Patra, Prabir K., additional, Peng, Changhui, additional, Peng, Shushi, additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Pison, Isabelle, additional, Prinn, Ronald, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Riley, William J., additional, Saito, Makoto, additional, Santini, Monia, additional, Schroeder, Ronny, additional, Simpson, Isobel J., additional, Spahni, Renato, additional, Takizawa, Atsushi, additional, Thornton, Brett F., additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Tohjima, Yasunori, additional, Viovy, Nicolas, additional, Voulgarakis, Apostolos, additional, Weiss, Ray, additional, Wilton, David J., additional, Wiltshire, Andy, additional, Worthy, Doug, additional, Wunch, Debra, additional, Xu, Xiyan, additional, Yoshida, Yukio, additional, Zhang, Bowen, additional, Zhang, Zhen, additional, and Zhu, Qiuan, additional

Published
2017
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41. Supplementary material to "Detectability of Arctic methane sources at six sites performing continuous atmospheric measurements"

Author

Thonat, Thibaud, primary, Saunois, Marielle, additional, Bousquet, Philippe, additional, Pison, Isabelle, additional, Tan, Zeli, additional, Zhuang, Qianlai, additional, Crill, Patrick, additional, Thornton, Brett, additional, Bastviken, David, additional, Dlugokencky, Ed J., additional, Zimov, Nikita, additional, Laurila, Tuomas, additional, Hatakka, Juha, additional, Hermansen, Ove, additional, and Worthy, Doug E. J., additional

Published
2017
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42. Spacio-temporal distributions of atmospheric nitrous oxide and its isotopocules in the Arctic region

Author

Toyoda, Sakae, Machida, Toshinobu, Tohjima, Yasunori, Morimoto, Shinji, Worthy, Doug, Ishijima, Kentaro, and Yoshida, Naohiro

Abstract

第6回極域科学シンポジウム分野横断セッション：[IA] 急変する北極気候システム及びその全球的な影響の総合的解明―GRENE北極気候変動研究事業研究成果報告2015―11月19日（木） 国立極地研究所１階交流アトリウム

Published
2015

43. The global methane budget 2000–2012

Author

Saunois, Marielle, primary, Bousquet, Philippe, additional, Poulter, Ben, additional, Peregon, Anna, additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Canadell, Josep G., additional, Dlugokencky, Edward J., additional, Etiope, Giuseppe, additional, Bastviken, David, additional, Houweling, Sander, additional, Janssens-Maenhout, Greet, additional, Tubiello, Francesco N., additional, Castaldi, Simona, additional, Jackson, Robert B., additional, Alexe, Mihai, additional, Arora, Vivek K., additional, Beerling, David J., additional, Bergamaschi, Peter, additional, Blake, Donald R., additional, Brailsford, Gordon, additional, Brovkin, Victor, additional, Bruhwiler, Lori, additional, Crevoisier, Cyril, additional, Crill, Patrick, additional, Covey, Kristofer, additional, Curry, Charles, additional, Frankenberg, Christian, additional, Gedney, Nicola, additional, Höglund-Isaksson, Lena, additional, Ishizawa, Misa, additional, Ito, Akihiko, additional, Joos, Fortunat, additional, Kim, Heon-Sook, additional, Kleinen, Thomas, additional, Krummel, Paul, additional, Lamarque, Jean-François, additional, Langenfelds, Ray, additional, Locatelli, Robin, additional, Machida, Toshinobu, additional, Maksyutov, Shamil, additional, McDonald, Kyle C., additional, Marshall, Julia, additional, Melton, Joe R., additional, Morino, Isamu, additional, Naik, Vaishali, additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Parmentier, Frans-Jan W., additional, Patra, Prabir K., additional, Peng, Changhui, additional, Peng, Shushi, additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Pison, Isabelle, additional, Prigent, Catherine, additional, Prinn, Ronald, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Riley, William J., additional, Saito, Makoto, additional, Santini, Monia, additional, Schroeder, Ronny, additional, Simpson, Isobel J., additional, Spahni, Renato, additional, Steele, Paul, additional, Takizawa, Atsushi, additional, Thornton, Brett F., additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Tohjima, Yasunori, additional, Viovy, Nicolas, additional, Voulgarakis, Apostolos, additional, van Weele, Michiel, additional, van der Werf, Guido R., additional, Weiss, Ray, additional, Wiedinmyer, Christine, additional, Wilton, David J., additional, Wiltshire, Andy, additional, Worthy, Doug, additional, Wunch, Debra, additional, Xu, Xiyan, additional, Yoshida, Yukio, additional, Zhang, Bowen, additional, Zhang, Zhen, additional, and Zhu, Qiuan, additional

Published
2016
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46. Supplementary material to "The Global Methane Budget: 2000–2012"

Author

Saunois, Marielle, primary, Bousquet, Philippe, additional, Poulter, Ben, additional, Peregon, Anna, additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Canadell, Josep G., additional, Dlugokencky, Edward J., additional, Etiope, Giuseppe, additional, Bastviken, David, additional, Houweling, Sander, additional, Janssens-Maenhout, Greet, additional, Tubiello, Francesco N., additional, Castaldi, Simona, additional, Jackson, Robert B., additional, Alexe, Mihai, additional, Arora, Vivek K., additional, Beerling, David J., additional, Bergamaschi, Peter, additional, Blake, Donald R., additional, Brailsford, Gordon, additional, Brovkin, Victor, additional, Bruhwiler, Lori, additional, Crevoisier, Cyril, additional, Crill, Patrick, additional, Curry, Charles, additional, Frankenberg, Christian, additional, Gedney, Nicola, additional, Höglund-Isaksson, Lena, additional, Ishizawa, Misa, additional, Ito, Akihiko, additional, Joos, Fortunat, additional, Kim, Heon-Sook, additional, Kleinen, Thomas, additional, Krummel, Paul, additional, Lamarque, Jean-François, additional, Langenfelds, Ray, additional, Locatelli, Robin, additional, Machida, Toshinobu, additional, Maksyutov, Shamil, additional, McDonald, Kyle C., additional, Marshall, Julia, additional, Melton, Joe R., additional, Morino, Isamu, additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Parmentier, Frans-Jan W., additional, Patra, Prabir K., additional, Peng, Changhui, additional, Peng, Shushi, additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Pison, Isabelle, additional, Prigent, Catherine, additional, Prinn, Ronald, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Riley, William J., additional, Saito, Makoto, additional, Schroeder, Ronny, additional, Simpson, Isobel J., additional, Spahni, Renato, additional, Steele, Paul, additional, Takizawa, Atsushi, additional, Thornton, Brett F., additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Tohjima, Yasunori, additional, Viovy, Nicolas, additional, Voulgarakis, Apostolos, additional, van Weele, Michiel, additional, van der Werf, Guido, additional, Weiss, Ray, additional, Wiedinmyer, Christine, additional, Wilton, David J., additional, Wiltshire, Andy, additional, Worthy, Doug, additional, Wunch, Debra B., additional, Xu, Xiyan, additional, Yoshida, Yukio, additional, Zhang, Bowen, additional, Zhang, Zhen, additional, and Zhu, Qiuan, additional

Published
2016
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47. Atmospheric constraints on the methane emissions from the East Siberian Shelf

Author

Berchet, Antoine, primary, Bousquet, Philippe, additional, Pison, Isabelle, additional, Locatelli, Robin, additional, Chevallier, Frédéric, additional, Paris, Jean-Daniel, additional, Dlugokencky, Ed J., additional, Laurila, Tuomas, additional, Hatakka, Juha, additional, Viisanen, Yrjo, additional, Worthy, Doug E. J., additional, Nisbet, Euan, additional, Fisher, Rebecca, additional, France, James, additional, Lowry, David, additional, Ivakhov, Viktor, additional, and Hermansen, Ove, additional

Published
2016
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49. Analysis of atmospheric CH4 in Canadian Arctic and estimation of the regional CH4 fluxes.

Author

Misa Ishizawa, Chan, Douglas, Worthy, Doug, Chan, Elton, Vogel, Felix, and Maksyutov, Shamil

Abstract

The Canadian Arctic has the potential for enhanced atmospheric methane (CH4) source regions as a response to the ongoing global warming. Current bottom-up and top-down estimates of the regional CH4 flux range widely. This study analyses the recent observations of atmospheric CH4 from five arctic monitoring sites and presents estimates of the regional CH4 fluxes for 2012-2015. The observational data reveal sizeable synoptic summertime enhancements in the atmospheric CH4 that are clearly distinguishable from background variations, which indicate strong regional fluxes (mainly wetland and biomass burning CH4 emissions) around Behchoko and Inuvik in the western Canadian Arctic. Multiple regional Bayesian inversion modelling systems are applied to estimate fluxes for the entire Canadian Arctic and show relatively robust results in amplitude and temporal variations even across different transport models, prior fluxes and sub-region masking. The estimated mean total CH4 annual flux for the Canadian Arctic is 1.8 ± 0.6 Tg CH4 yr-1. The flux estimate in this study is partitioned into biomass burning, 0.3 ± 0.1 Tg CH4 yr-1, and the remaining natural (wetland) flux 1.5 ± 0.5 Tg CH4 yr-1. The estimated summertime natural CH4 fluxes show clear inter-annual variability that is positively correlated with surface temperature anomalies. This indicates that the hot summer weather conditions stimulate the wetland CH4 emissions. More data and analysis are required to statistically characterise the dependence of regional CH4 fluxes on climate in the Arctic. These Arctic measurement sites should help quantify the inter-annual variations and long-term trends in CH4 emissions in the Canadian Arctic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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50. Quantification of Methane Sources in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region of Alberta by Aircraft Mass-Balance.

Author

Baray, Sabour, Darlington, Andrea, Gordon, Mark, Hayden, Katherine L., Leithead, Amy, Shao-Meng Li, Liu, Peter S. K., Mittermeier, Richard L., Moussa, Samar G., O'Brien, Jason, Staebler, Ralph, Wolde, Mengistu, Worthy, Doug, and McLaren, Robert

Abstract

Aircraft-based measurements of methane (CH4) and other air pollutants in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) were made during a summer intensive field campaign between August 13 and September 7 2013, in support of the Joint Canada-Alberta Implementation Plan for Oil Sands Monitoring. Chemical signatures were used to identify CH4 sources from tailings ponds (BTEX VOC's), open-pit surface mines (NOy and rBC) and elevated plumes from bitumen upgrading facilities (SO2 and NOy). Emission rates of CH4 were determined for the five primary surface mining facilities in the region using two mass balance methods. Emission rates from source categories within each facility were estimated when plumes from the sources were spatially separable. Tailings ponds accounted for 45 % of total CH4 emissions measured from the major surface mining facilities in the region while emissions from operations in the open pit mines accounted for ~ 50 %. The average open pit surface mining emission rates ranged from 1.2 to 2.8 tonnes of CH4 hr-1 for different facilities in the AOSR. Amongst the 19 tailings ponds, Mildred Lake Settling Basin, the oldest pond in the region, was found to be responsible for the majority of tailings ponds emissions of CH4 (> 70 %). The sum of measured emission rates of CH4 from the five major facilities, 19.2 ± 1.1 tonnes CH4 hr-1, was similar to a single mass balance determination of CH4 from all major sources in the AOSR determined from a single flight downwind of the facilities, 23.7 ± 3.7 tonnes CH4 hr-1. The measured hourly CH4 emission rate from all facilities in the AOSR is 48 ± 8 % higher than that extracted for 2013 from the Canadian Green House Gas Reporting Program, a legislated facility-reported Emissions Inventory, converted to hourly units. The measured emissions correspond to an emissions rate of 0.17 ± 0.01 Tg CH4 yr-1, if the emissions are assumed temporally constant, an uncertain assumption. The emission rates reported here are relevant for the summer season. In future, effort should be devoted to measurements in different seasons to further our understanding of seasonal parameters impacting fugitive emissions of CH4 and to allow better estimates of annual emissions and year to year variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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