214 results on '"World Health Organization economics"'
Search Results
2. Global return on investment and cost-effectiveness of WHO's HEAR interventions for hearing loss: a modelling study.
- Author
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Tordrup D, Smith R, Kamenov K, Bertram MY, Green N, and Chadha S
- Subjects
- Cost-Benefit Analysis, Developing Countries, Ear Diseases economics, Ear Diseases prevention & control, Ear Diseases therapy, Health Services Accessibility economics, Hearing Aids economics, Hearing Loss economics, Humans, Mass Screening economics, Models, Econometric, World Health Organization economics, Hearing Loss prevention & control, Hearing Loss therapy, Universal Health Care, World Health Organization organization & administration
- Abstract
Background: To address the growing prevalence of hearing loss, WHO has identified a compendium of key evidence-based ear and hearing care interventions to be included within countries' universal health coverage packages. To assess the cost-effectiveness of these interventions and their budgetary effect for countries, we aimed to analyse the investment required to scale up services from baseline to recommended levels, and the return to society for every US$1 invested in the compendium., Methods: We did a modelling study using the proposed set of WHO interventions (summarised under the acronym HEAR: hearing screening and intervention for newborn babies and infants, pre-school and school-age children, older adults, and adults at higher risk of hearing loss; ear disease prevention and management; access to technologies such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, or hearing assistive technologies; and rehabilitation service provision), which span the life course and include screening and management of hearing loss and related ear diseases, costs and benefits for the national population cohorts of 172 countries. The return on investment was analysed for the period between 2020 and 2030 using three scenarios: a business-as-usual scenario, a progress scenario with a scale-up to 50% of recommended coverage, and an ambitious scenario with scale-up to 90% of recommended coverage. Using data for hearing loss burden from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, a transition model with three states (general population, diagnosed, and those who have died) was developed to model the national populations in countries. For the return-on-investment analysis, the monetary value of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) averted in addition to productivity gains were compared against the investment required in each scenario., Findings: Scaling up ear and hearing care interventions to 90% requires an overall global investment of US$238·8 billion over 10 years. Over a 10-year period, this investment promises substantial health gains with more than 130 million DALYs averted. These gains translate to a monetary value of more than US$1·3 trillion. In addition, investment in hearing care will result in productivity benefits of more than US$2 trillion at the global level by 2030. Together, these benefits correspond to a return of nearly US$15 for every US$1 invested., Interpretation: This is the first-ever global investment case for integrating ear and hearing care interventions in countries' universal health coverage services. The findings show the economic benefits of investing in this compendium and provide the basis for facilitating the increase of country's health budget for strengthening ear and hearing care services., Funding: None., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests DT, RS, and NG received consulting fees from WHO for the conduct of this study. KK, MYB, and SC declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2022 World Health Organization; licensee Elsevier. This is an Open Access article published under the CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO license which permits users to download and share the article for non-commercial purposes, so long as the article is reproduced in the whole without changes, and provided the original source is properly cited. This article shall not be used or reproduced in association with the promotion of commercial products, services or any entity. There should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organisation, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. This notice should be preserved along with the article's original URL.)
- Published
- 2022
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3. Treating epilepsy in forcibly displaced persons: timely, necessary, affordable.
- Author
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Mateen FJ
- Subjects
- Epilepsy economics, Global Health economics, Humans, Time Factors, Costs and Cost Analysis trends, Epilepsy epidemiology, Epilepsy therapy, Global Health trends, Refugees, World Health Organization economics
- Published
- 2021
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4. Availability, affordability and price components of insulin products in different-level hospital pharmacies: Evidence from two cross-sectional surveys in Nanjing, China.
- Author
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Wang L, Dai L, Liu H, Dai H, Li X, and Ge W
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- China epidemiology, Costs and Cost Analysis, Diabetes Mellitus epidemiology, Health Policy economics, Humans, Insulin chemical synthesis, Insulin economics, Pharmacies economics, Private Sector economics, Public Sector economics, World Health Organization economics, Diabetes Mellitus drug therapy, Drugs, Essential economics, Insulin therapeutic use
- Abstract
The essential medicine--insulin cannot be easily accessed and afforded in many countries. To help address this issue, we evaluated the availability, affordability and price of insulin products in Nanjing, eastern China. Two cross-sectional studies were conducted in 2016 and 2018. A total of 56 hospital pharmacies were sampled, using a simplified and adapted World Health Organization/Health Action International (WHO/HAI) methodology. Prices were expressed as Median Price Ratios (MPRs) to Australian Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme (PBS) prices. In addition, we investigated the price components of seven selected insulin products as a case study before and after the Online Centralized Procurement Policy for Hospital Drugs in May, 2018. Affordability was presented as the number of daily wages of the lowest paid unskilled government worker (LPGW) required to purchase 1000IU of insulin based on the average courses of treatment, approximately 30 days' treatment. The availability of insulin products was very high in secondary hospitals and tertiary hospitals both in 2016 and 2018, but in community hospitals was very low. In 2018, the availability of prandial insulin products showed fluctuation compared to 2016. The availability of pre-mixed human insulin products was over 95% overall, and also very high (80%) in community hospitals in 2018. The prices of insulin products were much lower than PBS prices of Australian in this study, with the MPRs less than 1 (0.32 to 0.71 in 2016 vs. 0.30 to 0.68 in 2018) for all insulin types. But insulin products in Nanjing in 2016 and 2018 were considered unaffordable, because the number of daily wages of the LPGW needed to purchase for the 30 days treatment of insulin products ranged from 2.26 to 8.49 in 2016 and 1.88 to 7.09 in 2018. The manufacturers' selling price contributed the main part (74.15% to 77.70% before and 74.86% to 91.51% after the implementation of the bidding policy) of the price components of target insulin brands. The availability of insulin products was high in secondary hospitals and tertiary hospitals, but lower in community hospitals. However, the affordability in community hospitals was better than other hospitals, but the insulin products were still unaffordable for patients on low incomes. Further improvements of the availability accessibility and affordability of medicines in advancing health insurance policies and lowering drug prices should be put forward., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
- Published
- 2021
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5. Addressing health disparities: no time like the present.
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The Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology
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- COVID-19 economics, COVID-19 therapy, Global Health economics, Healthcare Disparities economics, Humans, COVID-19 epidemiology, Global Health trends, Healthcare Disparities trends, World Health Organization economics
- Published
- 2021
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6. The effects of tobacco control policies on global smoking prevalence.
- Author
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Flor LS, Reitsma MB, Gupta V, Ng M, and Gakidou E
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- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Health Policy economics, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Public Policy economics, Smoking economics, Smoking epidemiology, Smoking psychology, Taxes, World Health Organization economics, Young Adult, Health Policy legislation & jurisprudence, Public Policy legislation & jurisprudence, Smoking legislation & jurisprudence, Nicotiana adverse effects
- Abstract
Substantial global effort has been devoted to curtailing the tobacco epidemic over the past two decades, especially after the adoption of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
1 by the World Health Organization in 2003. In 2015, in recognition of the burden resulting from tobacco use, strengthened tobacco control was included as a global development target in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development2 . Here we show that comprehensive tobacco control policies-including smoking bans, health warnings, advertising bans and tobacco taxes-are effective in reducing smoking prevalence; amplified positive effects are seen when these policies are implemented simultaneously within a given country. We find that if all 155 countries included in our counterfactual analysis had adopted smoking bans, health warnings and advertising bans at the strictest level and raised cigarette prices to at least 7.73 international dollars in 2009, there would have been about 100 million fewer smokers in the world in 2017. These findings highlight the urgent need for countries to move toward an accelerated implementation of a set of strong tobacco control practices, thus curbing the burden of smoking-attributable diseases and deaths.- Published
- 2021
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7. Biden's ambitious COVID plan: what scientists think.
- Author
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Maxmen A and Subbaraman N
- Subjects
- Advisory Committees, COVID-19 Testing, Economic Recession, Health Equity trends, Humans, Prevalence, Racism, United States epidemiology, Vaccination methods, World Health Organization economics, World Health Organization organization & administration, COVID-19 diagnosis, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 prevention & control, COVID-19 therapy, Disaster Planning methods, Disaster Planning organization & administration, Federal Government, Public Health methods
- Published
- 2021
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8. International collaboration and covid-19: what are we doing and where are we going?
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Bump JB, Friberg P, and Harper DR
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- Altruism, COVID-19 diagnosis, COVID-19 virology, Climate Change, Global Health standards, Health Occupations education, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Noncommunicable Diseases epidemiology, SARS-CoV-2 genetics, COVID-19 epidemiology, International Cooperation history, Noncommunicable Diseases prevention & control, World Health Organization economics
- Abstract
Competing Interests: Competing interests: We have read and understood BMJ policy on declaration of interests and have no relevant interests to declare. Provenance and peer review: Commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
- Published
- 2021
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9. Why did the world's pandemic warning system fail when COVID hit?
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Maxmen A
- Subjects
- Asia epidemiology, COVID-19 economics, COVID-19 prevention & control, COVID-19 transmission, Color, Contact Tracing, Diplomacy, Emergencies economics, Emergencies epidemiology, Humans, Pandemics economics, Physical Distancing, Quarantine, SARS-CoV-2 genetics, SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity, Time Factors, World Health Organization economics, COVID-19 epidemiology, Disaster Planning methods, Disaster Planning organization & administration, Global Health economics, Global Health statistics & numerical data, International Cooperation, Pandemics prevention & control, Pandemics statistics & numerical data, World Health Organization organization & administration
- Published
- 2021
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10. Nature's 10: ten people who helped shape science in 2020.
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Cyranoski D, Dolgin E, Gaind N, Hall S, Ledford H, Lewis D, Mallapaty S, Rodríguez Mega E, and Subbaraman N
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- Animals, Arctic Regions, COVID-19 diagnosis, COVID-19 prevention & control, COVID-19 virology, COVID-19 Vaccines standards, COVID-19 Vaccines supply & distribution, China epidemiology, Dengue prevention & control, Dengue transmission, Expeditions, Global Health, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Humans, Indonesia epidemiology, Information Dissemination, Mosquito Vectors microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U.S.) organization & administration, New Zealand epidemiology, Physics, Politics, Racism prevention & control, Safety, Sexism prevention & control, United States epidemiology, Uruguay epidemiology, World Health Organization economics, World Health Organization organization & administration, COVID-19 epidemiology, Science
- Published
- 2020
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11. A review of 2020 through Nature's editorials.
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- Animals, Automated Facial Recognition, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 prevention & control, COVID-19 psychology, COVID-19 Vaccines standards, COVID-19 Vaccines supply & distribution, Communication, DNA, Mitochondrial, Environmental Policy, Gene Editing, Grasshoppers, Humans, Mars, Physical Distancing, Politics, Racism prevention & control, Research Personnel economics, Space Flight, United States, World Health Organization economics, World Health Organization organization & administration, Periodicals as Topic
- Published
- 2020
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12. Cost-effectiveness of WHO Problem Management Plus for adults with mood and anxiety disorders in a post-conflict area of Pakistan: randomised controlled trial.
- Author
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Hamdani SU, Huma ZE, Rahman A, Wang D, Chen T, van Ommeren M, Chisholm D, and Farooq S
- Subjects
- Adult, Anxiety economics, Anxiety therapy, Humans, Pakistan, Treatment Outcome, Anxiety Disorders economics, Anxiety Disorders therapy, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Depression economics, Depression therapy, World Health Organization economics, World Health Organization organization & administration
- Abstract
Background: With the development of evidence-based interventions for treatment of priority mental health conditions in humanitarian settings, it is important to establish the cost-effectiveness of such interventions to enable their scale-up., Aims: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the Problem Management Plus (PM+) intervention compared with enhanced usual care (EUC) for common mental disorders in primary healthcare in Peshawar, Pakistan. Trial registration ACTRN12614001235695 (anzctr.org.au)., Method: We randomly allocated 346 participants to either PM+ (n = 172) or EUC (n = 174). Effectiveness was measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) at 3 months post-intervention. Cost-effectiveness analysis was performed as incremental costs (measured in Pakistani rupees, PKR) per unit change in anxiety, depression and functioning scores., Results: The total cost of delivering PM+ per participant was estimated at PKR 16 967 (US$163.14) using an international trainer and supervisor, and PKR 3645 (US$35.04) employing a local trainer. The mean cost per unit score improvement in anxiety and depression symptoms on the HADS was PKR 2957 (95% CI 2262-4029) (US$28) with an international trainer/supervisor and PKR 588 (95% CI 434-820) (US$6) with a local trainer/supervisor. The mean incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) to successfully treat a case of depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) using an international supervisor was PKR 53 770 (95% CI 39 394-77 399) (US$517), compared with PKR 10 705 (95% CI 7731-15 627) (US$102.93) using a local supervisor., Conclusions: The PM+ intervention was more effective but also more costly than EUC in reducing symptoms of anxiety, depression and improving functioning in adults impaired by psychological distress in a post-conflict setting of Pakistan.
- Published
- 2020
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13. What a Joe Biden presidency would mean for five key science issues.
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Maxmen A, Subbaraman N, Tollefson J, Viglione G, and Witze A
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- COVID-19, COVID-19 Vaccines, China, Contact Tracing, Coronavirus Infections economics, Coronavirus Infections epidemiology, Coronavirus Infections prevention & control, Democracy, Disaster Planning, Emigration and Immigration legislation & jurisprudence, Humans, Intellectual Property, International Cooperation legislation & jurisprudence, Pandemics economics, Pandemics prevention & control, Pneumonia, Viral economics, Pneumonia, Viral epidemiology, Pneumonia, Viral prevention & control, Politics, United States epidemiology, United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration legislation & jurisprudence, Viral Vaccines economics, Viral Vaccines supply & distribution, World Health Organization economics, World Health Organization organization & administration, Biomedical Research legislation & jurisprudence, Climate Change, Federal Government, Foreign Professional Personnel legislation & jurisprudence, Pandemics legislation & jurisprudence, Science legislation & jurisprudence, Science trends, Space Flight legislation & jurisprudence
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- 2020
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14. Keep Politics out of Funding Decisions for Medical Research and Public Health.
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Rosenthal PJ, Bausch DG, Goraleski KA, Hill DR, Jacobson JA, John CC, and Breman JG
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- Biomedical Research ethics, Coronavirus pathogenicity, Coronavirus Infections economics, Coronavirus Infections epidemiology, Coronavirus Infections virology, Humans, Pandemics economics, Public Health economics, Public Health ethics, United States, United States Dept. of Health and Human Services ethics, World Health Organization economics, Biomedical Research economics, Coronavirus Infections prevention & control, Pandemics prevention & control, Politics, United States Dept. of Health and Human Services economics
- Published
- 2020
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15. (Re-)Making a People's WHO.
- Author
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Birn AE and Nervi L
- Subjects
- COVID-19, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Public-Private Sector Partnerships, World Health Organization economics, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics, Pneumonia, Viral, World Health Organization history, World Health Organization organization & administration
- Published
- 2020
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16. Analysis of stakeholder networks for breastfeeding policies and programs in Ghana.
- Author
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Aryeetey R, Harding K, Hromi-Fiedler A, and Pérez-Escamilla R
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- Female, Ghana, Government Agencies economics, Health Promotion economics, Health Promotion organization & administration, Humans, Stakeholder Participation, United Nations economics, World Health Organization economics, Breast Feeding economics, Nutrition Policy economics
- Abstract
Background: Suboptimal breastfeeding practices are driven by multiple factors. Thus, a multi-sectoral approach is necessary to design and implement appropriate policies and programs that protect, promote, and support breastfeeding., Methods: This study used Net-Map, an interactive social network interviewing and mapping technique, to: a) identify key institutional actors involved in breastfeeding policy/programs in Ghana, b) identify and describe links between actors (i.e., command, dissemination, funding, and technical assistance (TA)), and c) document actors influence to initiate or modify breastfeeding policy/programs. Ten experts were purposively selected from relevant institutions and were individually interviewed. Interview data was analysed using social networking mapping software, Gephi (version 0.9.2)., Results: Forty-six unique actors were identified across six actor categories (government, United Nations agencies, civil society, academia, media, others), with one-third being from government agencies. Dissemination and TA links accounted for two-thirds of the identified links between actors (85/261 links for dissemination; 85/261 for TA). Command links were mainly limited to government agencies, while other link types were observed across all actor groups. Ghana Health Service (GHS) had the greatest in-degree centrality for TA and funding links, primarily from United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and development partners. The World Health Organization, UNICEF, Ministry of Health, and GHS had the highest weighted average relative influence scores., Conclusions: Although diverse actors are involved in breastfeeding policy and programming in Ghana, GHS plays a central role. United Nations and donor agencies are crucial supporters of GHS providing breastfeeding technical and financial assistance in Ghana.
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- 2020
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17. US withdrawal from WHO is unlawful and threatens global and US health and security.
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Gostin LO, Koh HH, Williams M, Hamburg MA, Benjamin G, Foege WH, Davidson P, Bradley EH, Barry M, Koplan JP, Periago MFR, El Sadr W, Kurth A, Vermund SH, and Kavanagh MM
- Subjects
- Betacoronavirus isolation & purification, COVID-19, Coronavirus Infections prevention & control, Coronavirus Infections virology, Decision Making ethics, Diplomacy trends, Disease Outbreaks prevention & control, Humans, Intersectoral Collaboration, Pandemics prevention & control, Pneumonia, Viral prevention & control, Pneumonia, Viral virology, SARS-CoV-2, Security Measures legislation & jurisprudence, United States epidemiology, World Health Organization organization & administration, Coronavirus Infections epidemiology, Diplomacy ethics, Global Health statistics & numerical data, Pneumonia, Viral epidemiology, World Health Organization economics
- Published
- 2020
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18. US decision to pull out of World Health Organization.
- Author
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Sridhar D and King L
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- COVID-19, Humans, SARS-CoV-2, United States, Betacoronavirus, Coronavirus Infections epidemiology, Pandemics, Pneumonia, Viral epidemiology, Politics, World Health Organization economics
- Abstract
Competing Interests: Competing interests: We have read and understood BMJ policy on declaration of interests and have no relevant interests to declare.
- Published
- 2020
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19. Keeping governments accountable: the COVID-19 Assessment Scorecard (COVID-SCORE).
- Author
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Lazarus JV, Binagwaho A, El-Mohandes AAE, Fielding JE, Larson HJ, Plasència A, Andriukaitis V, and Ratzan SC
- Subjects
- COVID-19, COVID-19 Testing, Checklist, Clinical Laboratory Techniques economics, Clinical Laboratory Techniques methods, Clinical Laboratory Techniques standards, Disease Notification economics, Disease Notification methods, Disease Notification standards, Government Programs economics, Government Programs organization & administration, Humans, International Cooperation, Population Surveillance, Quality Improvement, Research Design, Surveys and Questionnaires, World Health Organization economics, World Health Organization organization & administration, Civil Defense methods, Civil Defense organization & administration, Civil Defense standards, Coronavirus Infections diagnosis, Coronavirus Infections economics, Coronavirus Infections epidemiology, Coronavirus Infections prevention & control, Government, Government Programs standards, Health Services Needs and Demand economics, Health Services Needs and Demand organization & administration, Health Services Needs and Demand standards, Pandemics economics, Pandemics prevention & control, Pneumonia, Viral diagnosis, Pneumonia, Viral economics, Pneumonia, Viral epidemiology, Pneumonia, Viral prevention & control, Social Responsibility
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- 2020
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20. COVID-19 Reveals Urgent Need to Strengthen the World Health Organization.
- Author
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Gostin LO
- Subjects
- COVID-19, Humans, SARS-CoV-2, Betacoronavirus, Coronavirus Infections epidemiology, Pandemics, Pneumonia, Viral epidemiology, World Health Organization economics
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- 2020
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21. What a US exit from the WHO means for COVID-19 and global health.
- Author
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Maxmen A
- Subjects
- COVID-19, Coronavirus Infections economics, Humans, Pandemics economics, Pneumonia, Viral economics, United States epidemiology, Coronavirus Infections epidemiology, Federal Government, Global Health economics, Global Health trends, Pneumonia, Viral epidemiology, World Health Organization economics, World Health Organization organization & administration
- Published
- 2020
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22. Getting out of the World Health Organization might not be as easy as Trump thinks.
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- COVID-19, Coronavirus Infections economics, Coronavirus Infections prevention & control, Coronavirus Infections transmission, Health Policy, Humans, Pandemics economics, Pandemics prevention & control, Pneumonia, Viral economics, Pneumonia, Viral prevention & control, Pneumonia, Viral transmission, United States, Coronavirus Infections epidemiology, Decision Making, International Cooperation, Pneumonia, Viral epidemiology, World Health Organization economics, World Health Organization organization & administration
- Published
- 2020
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23. Strengthening accountability of the global health metrics enterprise.
- Author
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Shiffman J and Shawar YR
- Subjects
- Betacoronavirus isolation & purification, COVID-19, Coronavirus Infections virology, Global Burden of Disease methods, Global Health statistics & numerical data, Humans, Knowledge, Pandemics, Pneumonia, Viral virology, Policy Making, Poverty legislation & jurisprudence, Quality Indicators, Health Care ethics, SARS-CoV-2, Social Responsibility, United Nations economics, United Nations organization & administration, United States epidemiology, United States Agency for International Development, World Health Organization economics, World Health Organization organization & administration, Benchmarking methods, Coronavirus Infections epidemiology, Global Health standards, Pneumonia, Viral epidemiology, Poverty economics, Quality Indicators, Health Care standards
- Published
- 2020
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24. Using the Knowledge to Action Framework to Describe a Nationwide Implementation of the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist in Cameroon.
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White MC, Daya L, Karel FKB, White G, Abid S, Fitzgerald A, Mballa GAE, Sevdalis N, and Leather AJM
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- Cameroon epidemiology, Checklist economics, Humans, Operating Rooms economics, Patient Safety economics, Personnel, Hospital economics, Personnel, Hospital standards, Prospective Studies, Checklist standards, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Operating Rooms standards, Patient Safety standards, World Health Organization economics
- Abstract
Background: Surgical safety has advanced rapidly with evidence of improved patient outcomes through structural and process interventions. However, knowledge of how to apply these interventions successfully and sustainably at scale is often lacking. The 2019 Global Ministerial Patient Safety Summit called for a focus on implementation strategies to maintain momentum in patient safety improvements, especially in low- and middle-income settings. This study uses an implementation framework, knowledge to action, to examine a model of nationwide World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist implementation in Cameroon. Cameroon is a lower-middle-income country, and based on data from high- and low-income countries, we hypothesized that more than 50% of participants would be using the checklist (penetration) in the correct manner (fidelity) 4 months postintervention., Methods: A collaboration of 3 stakeholders (Ministry of Health, academic institution, and nongovernmental organization) used a prospective observational design. Based on knowledge to action, there were 3 phases to the study implementation: problem identification (lack of routine checklist use in Cameroonian hospitals), multifaceted implementation strategy (3-day multidisciplinary training course, coaching, facilitated leadership engagement, and support networks), and outcome evaluation 4 months postintervention. Validated implementation outcomes were assessed. Primary outcomes were checklist use (penetration) and fidelity; secondary outcomes were perioperative teams' reactions, learning and behavior change; and tertiary outcomes were perioperative teams' acceptability of the checklist., Results: Three hundred and fifty-one operating room staff members from 25 hospitals received training. Median time to evaluation was 4.5 months (interquartile range [IQR]: 4.5-5.5, range 3-7); checklist use (penetration) increased from 20% (95% confidence interval [CI], 16-25) to 56% (95% CI, 49-63); fidelity for adherence to 6 basic safety processes was high: verification of patient identification was 91% (95% CI, 87-95); risk assessment for difficult intubation was 79% (95% CI, 73-85): risk assessment for blood loss was 88% (95% CI, 83-93) use of pulse oximetry was 93% (95% CI, 90-97); antibiotic administration was 95% (95% CI, 91-98); surgical counting was 89% (95% CI, 84-93); and fidelity for nontechnical skills measured by the WHO Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale was 4.5 of 7 (95% CI, 3.5-5.4). Median scores for all secondary outcomes were 10/10, and 7 acceptability measures were consistently more than 70%., Conclusions: This study shows that a multifaceted implementation strategy is associated with successful checklist implementation in a lower-middle-income country such as Cameroon, and suggests that a theoretical framework can be used to practically drive nationwide scale-up of checklist use.
- Published
- 2020
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25. Withholding funding from the World Health Organization is wrong and dangerous, and must be reversed.
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- COVID-19, Coronavirus Infections economics, Developing Countries economics, Humans, Pandemics prevention & control, Pandemics statistics & numerical data, Pneumonia, Viral economics, Protective Clothing, United States, World Health Organization organization & administration, Coronavirus Infections epidemiology, Federal Government, Health Policy economics, International Cooperation, Pandemics economics, Pneumonia, Viral epidemiology, Politics, World Health Organization economics
- Published
- 2020
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26. Why WHO needs a feminist economic agenda.
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Herten-Crabb A and Davies SE
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- Delivery of Health Care economics, Female, Global Health economics, Health Policy economics, Humans, Women's Rights economics, Feminism, World Health Organization economics
- Published
- 2020
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27. Effect of donor funding for immunization from Gavi and other development assistance channels on vaccine coverage: Evidence from 120 low and middle income recipient countries.
- Author
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Ikilezi G, Augusto OJ, Dieleman JL, Sherr K, and Lim SS
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- Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Global Health economics, Global Health trends, Health Resources trends, Humans, Immunization Programs trends, International Cooperation, Universal Health Insurance trends, Vaccination Coverage trends, Developing Countries economics, Health Resources economics, Immunization Programs economics, Universal Health Insurance economics, Vaccination Coverage economics, World Health Organization economics
- Abstract
Donor assistance for immunization has remained resilient with increased resource mobilization efforts in recent years to achieve current global coverage targets. As a result, more countries continue to introduce new vaccines while optimizing coverage for traditional vaccines. Gavi the Vaccine Alliance has been at the forefront of immunization support specifically among low and middle income countries, alongside other channels of development assistance which continue to play a vital role in immunization. Using available recipient country level data from 1996 to 2016, we estimate the impact of Gavi support for vaccines and health systems strengthening on vaccine coverage for 3 dose DPT, 3 dose pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, 3 dose pentavalent, 2 dose measles and 2 dose rotavirus vaccines. We investigate the same effects of total aid for immunization from other channels of development assistance. Standard time series cross sectional analysis methods are applied to investigate the effects of vaccine support controlling for country income, governance and population, with robustness tests implemented using different model specifications. Double counting was eliminated and results are presented in real 2017 US dollars. We found significant positive effects of aid particularly among the newer vaccines. Using 2016 country specific disbursements and coverage levels as baseline, we estimated that among recipient countries below the universal target, additional DAH per capita required to reach 90%, ranged from 0.01USD to 4.33USD for PCV, 0.03USD to 9.06USD for pentavalent vaccine and 0.01USD to 2.57USD for rotavirus vaccine. The estimated number of children vaccinated through 2016, attributable to Gavi support totaled 46.6million, 75.2million and 12.3million for PCV, pentavalent and rotavirus vaccines respectively. Our analysis suggests substantial success both from a historical and prospective perspective in the implementation of global immunization initiatives thus far. As more vaccines are rolled out and countries transition from donor aid, strategies for fiscal sustainability and efficiency need to be strengthened in order to achieve universal immunization coverage., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
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- 2020
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28. [Monoclonal antibodies worldwide and for all?]
- Author
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Hirsch F
- Subjects
- Africa epidemiology, Animals, Antibodies, Monoclonal economics, Asia epidemiology, Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals economics, Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals therapeutic use, Developed Countries economics, Developed Countries statistics & numerical data, Developing Countries economics, Developing Countries statistics & numerical data, Epidemics economics, Epidemics prevention & control, Geography, Global Health economics, Global Health statistics & numerical data, Global Health trends, Humans, South America epidemiology, World Health Organization economics, Antibodies, Monoclonal therapeutic use, Health Services Accessibility economics, Health Services Accessibility organization & administration, Health Services Accessibility statistics & numerical data, Health Services Accessibility trends, Immunotherapy economics, Immunotherapy statistics & numerical data, Immunotherapy trends
- Published
- 2019
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29. Health systems readiness to provide geriatric friendly care services in Uganda: a cross-sectional study.
- Author
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Ssensamba JT, Mukuru M, Nakafeero M, Ssenyonga R, and Kiwanuka SN
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- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Sectional Studies, Delivery of Health Care economics, Female, Geriatrics education, Health Facilities economics, Health Services Accessibility economics, Humans, Male, Primary Health Care economics, Primary Health Care standards, Public Health economics, Public Health standards, Uganda epidemiology, World Health Organization economics, Delivery of Health Care standards, Geriatrics standards, Health Facilities standards, Health Services Accessibility standards
- Abstract
Background: As ageing emerges as the next public health threat in Africa, there is a paucity of information on how prepared its health systems are to provide geriatric friendly care services. In this study, we explored the readiness of Uganda's public health system to offer geriatric friendly care services in Southern Central Uganda., Methods: Four districts with the highest proportion of old persons in Southern Central Uganda were purposively selected, and a cross-section of 18 randomly selected health facilities (HFs) were visited and assessed for availability of critical items deemed important for provision of geriatric friendly services; as derived from World Health Organization's Age-friendly primary health care centres toolkit. Data was collected using an adapted health facility geriatric assessment tool, entered into Epi-data software and analysed using STATA version 14. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's post hoc tests were conducted to determine any associations between readiness, health facility level, and district., Results: The overall readiness index was 16.92 (SD ±4.19) (range 10.8-26.6). This differed across districts; Lwengo 17.91 (SD ±3.15), Rakai 17.63 (SD ±4.55), Bukomansimbi 16.51 (SD ±7.18), Kalungu 13.74 (SD ±2.56) and facility levels; Hospitals 26.62, Health centers four (HCIV) 20.05 and Health centers three (HCIII) 14.80. Low readiness was due to poor scores concerning; leadership (0%), financing (0%), human resources (1.7%) and health management information systems (HMIS) (11.8%) WHO building blocks. Higher-level HFs were statistically significantly friendlier than lower-level HFs (p = 0.015). The difference in readiness between HCIIIs and HCIVs was 2.39 (p = 0.025)., Conclusion: There is a low readiness for public health facilities to provide geriatric friendly care services in Uganda. This is due to gaps in all of the health system building blocks. There is a need for health system reforms in Uganda to adequately cater for service provision for older adults if the 2020 global healthy ageing goal is to be met.
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- 2019
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30. Differences between coverage of yellow fever vaccine and the first dose of measles-containing vaccine: A desk review of global data sources.
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Adrien N, Hyde TB, Gacic-Dobo M, Hombach J, Krishnaswamy A, and Lambach P
- Subjects
- Africa, Humans, Immunization Schedule, Information Storage and Retrieval economics, Latin America, Measles economics, Measles immunology, World Health Organization economics, Yellow Fever economics, Yellow Fever immunology, Yellow fever virus immunology, Global Health economics, Measles Vaccine economics, Measles Vaccine immunology, Vaccination economics, Yellow Fever Vaccine economics, Yellow Fever Vaccine immunology
- Abstract
Introduction: The strategy to Eliminate Yellow Fever Epidemics (EYE) is a global initiative that includes all countries with risk of yellow fever (YF) virus transmission. Of these, 40 countries (27 in Africa and 13 in the Americas) are considered high-risk and targeted for interventions to increase coverage of YF vaccine. Even though the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that YF vaccine be given concurrently with the first dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) in YF-endemic settings, estimated coverage for MCV1 and YF vaccine have varied widely. The objective of this study was to review global data sources to assess discrepancies in YF vaccine and MCV1 coverage and identify plausible reasons for these discrepancies., Methods: We conducted a desk review of data from 34 countries (22 in Africa, 12 in Latin America), from 2006 to 2016, with national introduction of YF vaccine and listed as high-risk by the EYE strategy. Data reviewed included procured and administered doses, immunization schedules, routine coverage estimates and reported vaccine stock-outs. In the 30 countries included in the comparitive analysis, differences greater than 3 percentage points between YF vaccine and MCV1 coverage were considered meaningful., Results: In America, there were meaningful differences (7-45%) in coverage of the two vaccines in 6 (67%) of the 9 countries. In Africa, there were meaningful differences (4-27%) in coverage of the two vaccines in 9 (43%) of the 21 countries. Nine countries (26%) reported MVC1 stock-outs while sixteen countries (47%) reported YF vaccine stock-outs for three or more years during 2006-2016., Conclusion: In countries reporting significant differences in coverage of the two vaccines, differences may be driven by different target populations and vaccine availability. However,these were not sufficient to completely explain observed differences. Further follow-up is needed to identify possible reasons for differences in coverage rates in several countries where these could not fully be explained., (Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
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- 2019
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31. Framework for developing a national surgical, obstetric and anaesthesia plan.
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Sonderman KA, Citron I, Mukhopadhyay S, Albutt K, Taylor K, Jumbam D, Iverson KR, Nthele M, Bekele A, Rwamasirabo E, Maongezi S, Steer ML, Riviello R, Johnson W, and Meara JG
- Subjects
- Anesthesia economics, Anesthesia standards, Delivery of Health Care economics, Delivery of Health Care organization & administration, Female, Health Plan Implementation methods, Health Workforce organization & administration, Humans, Information Management, Leadership, National Health Programs organization & administration, Obstetrics economics, Obstetrics standards, Stakeholder Participation, Surgical Procedures, Operative economics, Surgical Procedures, Operative standards, Universal Health Care, World Health Organization economics, World Health Organization organization & administration, Anesthesia methods, Emergency Medical Services standards, Obstetrics organization & administration, Surgical Procedures, Operative methods
- Abstract
Background: Emergency and essential surgical, obstetric and anaesthesia (SOA) care are now recognized components of universal health coverage, necessary for a functional health system. To improve surgical care at a national level, strategic planning addressing the six domains of a surgical system is needed. This paper details a process for development of a national surgical, obstetric and anaesthesia plan (NSOAP) based on the experiences of frontline providers, Ministry of Health officials, WHO leaders, and consultants., Methods: Development of a NSOAP involves eight key steps: Ministry support and ownership; situation analysis and baseline assessments; stakeholder engagement and priority setting; drafting and validation; monitoring and evaluation; costing; governance; and implementation. Drafting a NSOAP involves defining the current gaps in care, synthesizing and prioritizing solutions, and providing an implementation and monitoring plan with a projected cost for the six domains of a surgical system: infrastructure, service delivery, workforce, information management, finance and governance., Results: To date, four countries have completed NSOAPs and 23 more have committed to development. Lessons learned from these previous NSOAP processes are described in detail., Conclusion: There is global movement to address the burden of surgical disease, improving quality and access to SOA care. The development of a strategic plan to address gaps across the SOA system systematically is a critical first step to ensuring countrywide scale-up of surgical system-strengthening activities., (© 2019 The Authors. BJS Open published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of BJS Society Ltd.)
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- 2019
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32. To contain Ebola, the United States must fulfil its promise to the World Health Organization.
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- Armed Conflicts, Democratic Republic of the Congo epidemiology, Ebolavirus isolation & purification, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola prevention & control, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola transmission, Humans, Politics, Trust, United States, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola economics, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola epidemiology, International Cooperation, World Health Organization economics, World Health Organization organization & administration
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- 2019
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33. Global access to insulin.
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Holt RIG
- Subjects
- Adult, Africa epidemiology, Age Factors, Canada epidemiology, Drug Industry economics, Drug Industry ethics, Drug Industry organization & administration, Female, Global Health economics, Global Health standards, Healthcare Disparities economics, Healthcare Disparities ethics, Healthcare Disparities organization & administration, Humans, Male, Parent-Child Relations, United States epidemiology, Universal Health Insurance economics, Universal Health Insurance organization & administration, Universal Health Insurance standards, World Health Organization economics, World Health Organization organization & administration, Drug Costs ethics, Health Services Accessibility economics, Health Services Accessibility organization & administration, Health Services Accessibility standards, Health Services Accessibility statistics & numerical data, Insulin economics, Insulin therapeutic use, Insurance Benefits economics, Insurance Benefits ethics, Insurance Benefits statistics & numerical data, Insurance Benefits trends
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- 2019
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34. Health crisis in Venezuela: Status of communicable diseases and implications for the European Union and European Economic Area, May 2019.
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Espinosa L and Mirinaviciute G
- Subjects
- Communicable Diseases diagnosis, Communicable Diseases economics, Disease Outbreaks economics, Europe epidemiology, Health Resources economics, Humans, Population Surveillance methods, Venezuela epidemiology, World Health Organization economics, Communicable Diseases epidemiology, Disease Outbreaks prevention & control, Emigrants and Immigrants, European Union economics, Health Resources trends, Transients and Migrants
- Abstract
Re-emerging diseases outbreaks are being reported in Venezuela since 2012/13, following ongoing political and economic crisis. Healthcare system collapse has led to an increasing incidence and mortality from communicable diseases. Increasing movement of people between Venezuela and the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA) creates a need for increased awareness of the infectious disease risks and requirements for appropriate investigation and treatment of individuals arriving from Venezuela; overall risk for EU/EEA citizens is low.
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- 2019
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35. Ebola outbreak continues despite powerful vaccine.
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Cohen J
- Subjects
- Democratic Republic of the Congo epidemiology, Humans, Disease Outbreaks prevention & control, Disease Outbreaks statistics & numerical data, Ebola Vaccines administration & dosage, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola epidemiology, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola prevention & control, World Health Organization economics
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- 2019
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36. Building a tuberculosis-free world: The Lancet Commission on tuberculosis.
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Reid MJA, Arinaminpathy N, Bloom A, Bloom BR, Boehme C, Chaisson R, Chin DP, Churchyard G, Cox H, Ditiu L, Dybul M, Farrar J, Fauci AS, Fekadu E, Fujiwara PI, Hallett TB, Hanson CL, Harrington M, Herbert N, Hopewell PC, Ikeda C, Jamison DT, Khan AJ, Koek I, Krishnan N, Motsoaledi A, Pai M, Raviglione MC, Sharman A, Small PM, Swaminathan S, Temesgen Z, Vassall A, Venkatesan N, van Weezenbeek K, Yamey G, Agins BD, Alexandru S, Andrews JR, Beyeler N, Bivol S, Brigden G, Cattamanchi A, Cazabon D, Crudu V, Daftary A, Dewan P, Doepel LK, Eisinger RW, Fan V, Fewer S, Furin J, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Gomez GB, Graham SM, Gupta D, Kamene M, Khaparde S, Mailu EW, Masini EO, McHugh L, Mitchell E, Moon S, Osberg M, Pande T, Prince L, Rade K, Rao R, Remme M, Seddon JA, Selwyn C, Shete P, Sachdeva KS, Stallworthy G, Vesga JF, Vilc V, and Goosby EP
- Subjects
- Cost of Illness, Disease Eradication, Global Health statistics & numerical data, Goals, Health Policy, Health Priorities, Humans, Incidence, Leadership, Mortality, Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug effects, Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenicity, Political Systems, Quality of Health Care standards, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary drug therapy, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary epidemiology, World Health Organization economics, Global Health legislation & jurisprudence, Quality of Health Care trends, Research economics, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary economics, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary prevention & control
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- 2019
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37. WHO structural overhaul draws mixed initial response.
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Zarocostas J
- Subjects
- Humans, World Health Organization organization & administration, Decision Making ethics, Health Care Reform trends, World Health Organization economics
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- 2019
- Full Text
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38. WHO is 'changing its DNA' in bid to meet new goals.
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Kupferschmidt K
- Subjects
- Humans, Global Health economics, World Health Organization economics, World Health Organization organization & administration
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- 2019
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39. Links between think tanks and the tobacco industry.
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Burki TK
- Subjects
- Humans, Tobacco Industry economics, World Health Organization economics, Lobbying, Policy Making, Tobacco Industry ethics
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- 2019
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- View/download PDF
40. Review of international efforts to strengthen the global outbreak response system since the 2014-16 West Africa Ebola Epidemic.
- Author
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Ravi SJ, Snyder MR, and Rivers C
- Subjects
- Africa, Western, Disease Outbreaks economics, Epidemiological Monitoring, Europe, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola prevention & control, Humans, United States, World Health Organization economics, World Health Organization organization & administration, Disease Outbreaks prevention & control, Global Health, International Cooperation
- Abstract
The 2014-16 West Africa Ebola epidemic was a watershed moment for global health. The outbreak galvanized global action around strengthening infectious disease prevention, detection and response capabilities. We examined the nascent landscape of international programmes, initiatives and institutions established in the aftermath of the 2014-16 Ebola outbreak with the aim of assessing their progress to date to illustrate the current state of the world's global health security architecture. We also compare these efforts with shortcomings in epidemic management documented during the epidemic, and underscore remaining gaps in regional and global epidemic response capabilities that might benefit from additional programmatic and financial support. Notably, most of the post-Ebola initiatives considered in this analysis have yet to meet their financial goals. Operational progress has also been limited, revealing a need for continued investments to improve outbreak surveillance and detection capabilities specifically. Furthermore, our review highlighted the dominance of the USA and Europe in leading and financing efforts to coordinate long-term recovery efforts in West Africa, strengthen health systems across the continent, and enhance global preparedness for future epidemics, raising important questions about ownership of global health security efforts in non-Western regions of the world. Finally, the lack of transparency and available data on these initiatives' activities and budgets also complicate efforts to project their impacts on the global health security landscape., (© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press in association with The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
- Published
- 2019
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41. Institutionalizing documentation for WHO Nigeria country office visibility and improved donor relations, 2013-2016.
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Warigon C, Alemu W, Braka F, Tashikalmah H, Yehushualet Y, Hammanyero K, Bawa S, Oviaesu D, Tegegne S, Maiiyali MU, Jean Baptiste AE, Nsubuga P, and Agyemang CB
- Subjects
- Communication, Humans, Nigeria, Social Responsibility, Documentation, Financial Support, Public Relations, World Health Organization economics
- Abstract
Background: The mandate and unique experience of the World Health Organization (WHO) globally, enables over 190 countries, Nigeria inclusive, to depend on the technical support provided by the organization to define and mitigate the threats to public health. With other emerging health actors competing for scarce donors' resources, the demand for visibility has invariably equaled expectations on WHO's expertise and technical support. However, the inability to systematically document activities conducted by WHO personnel before 2013 overshadowed most of its invaluable contributions due to poor publicity. The inauguration of the Communications Group in December 2013 with a visibility plan necessitated a paradigm shift towards building a culture of documentation to engender visibility., Methods: We used a pre-post design of activities to evaluate the effectiveness of specific interventions implemented to improve visibility from 2013 to 2016. The paper highlights how incorporating communication strategies into the accountability framework of staff contributed in changing the landscape as well as showcasing the activities of WHO in Nigeria for improved donor relations., Results: With the specific interventions implemented to improve WHO's visibility in Nigeria, we found that donor relations improved between 2013 and 2015. It is not a mere coincidence that the period corresponds with the era of incorporation of documentation into the accountability framework of technical staff for visibility as locally mobilized resources increased to record 112% in 2013 and 2014. The intervention assisted in the positive projection of WHO and its donors by the Nigeria media., Conclusion: Despite several interventions, which worked, made WHO ubiquitous and added awareness and visibility for donors who funded various projects, other factors could have contributed towards achieving results. Notwithstanding, incorporating documentation component into the accountability framework of field staff and clusters has significantly improved communication of WHO's work and promoted healthy competition for increased visibility.
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- 2018
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42. The financial sustainability of the World Health Organization and the political economy of global health governance: a review of funding proposals.
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Reddy SK, Mazhar S, and Lencucha R
- Subjects
- Humans, Global Health economics, Politics, World Health Organization economics
- Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) continues to experience immense financial stress. The precarious financial situation of the WHO has given rise to extensive dialogue and debate. This dialogue has generated diverse technical proposals to remedy the financial woes of the WHO and is intimately tied to existential questions about the future of the WHO in global health governance. In this paper, we review, categorize, and synthesize the proposals for financial reform of the WHO. It appears that less contentious issues, such as convening financing dialogue and establishing a health emergency programme, received consensus from member states. However, member states are reluctant to increase the assessed annual contributions to the WHO, which weakens the prospect for greater autonomy for the organisation. The WHO remains largely supported by earmarked voluntary contributions from states and non-state actors. We argue that while financial reform requires institutional changes to enhance transparency, accountability and efficiency, it is also deeply tied to the political economy of state sovereignty and ideas about the leadership role of the WHO in a crowded global health governance context.
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- 2018
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- View/download PDF
43. The case for investing in WHO.
- Author
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The Lancet
- Subjects
- Budgets, Global Health trends, Humans, Investments, World Health Organization economics
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. New Ebola Outbreak in Africa Is a Major Test for the WHO.
- Author
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Gostin LO
- Subjects
- Africa, Western epidemiology, Democratic Republic of the Congo epidemiology, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola drug therapy, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola prevention & control, Humans, Disease Outbreaks prevention & control, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola epidemiology, World Health Organization economics
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Yemen in a Time of Cholera: Current Situation and Challenges.
- Author
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Al-Mekhlafi HM
- Subjects
- Cholera mortality, Cholera prevention & control, Cholera Vaccines administration & dosage, Diarrhea therapy, Health Education, Humans, Water Supply standards, World Health Organization economics, Yemen epidemiology, Armed Conflicts, Cholera epidemiology, Sanitation standards, Water standards
- Abstract
Since early 2015, Yemen has been in the throes of a grueling civil war, which has devastated the health system and public services, and created one of the world's worst humanitarian disasters. The country is currently facing a cholera epidemic the world's largest on record, surpassing one million (1,061,548) suspected cases, with 2,373 related deaths since October 2016. Cases were first confirmed in Sana'a city and then spread to almost all governorates except Socotra Island. Continued efforts are being made by the World Health Organization and international partners to contain the epidemic through improving water, sanitation and hygiene, setting up diarrhea treatment centers, and improving the population's awareness about the disease. The provision of clean water and adequate sanitation is imperative as an effective long-term solution to prevent the further spread of this epidemic. Cholera vaccination campaigns should also be conducted as a preventive measure.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. New approaches to WHO financing: the key to better health.
- Author
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Clift C and Røttingen JA
- Subjects
- Financing, Organized organization & administration, Healthcare Financing, Humans, World Health Organization organization & administration, Financing, Organized economics, World Health Organization economics
- Abstract
Competing Interests: Competing interests: We have read and understood BMJ policy on declaration of interests and declare that we have no competing interests.
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- 2018
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- View/download PDF
47. Challenges for the World Health Organization.
- Author
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Sørensen E
- Subjects
- Communicable Disease Control, Global Health, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, World Health Organization economics, World Health Organization organization & administration
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Cost of a measles outbreak in a remote island economy: 2014 Federated States of Micronesia measles outbreak.
- Author
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Pike J, Tippins A, Nyaku M, Eckert M, Helgenberger L, and Underwood JM
- Subjects
- Adult, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. economics, Humans, Immunization Programs economics, Micronesia epidemiology, Public Health economics, United Nations economics, United States, Vaccination economics, World Health Organization economics, Young Adult, Costs and Cost Analysis economics, Disease Outbreaks economics, Measles economics
- Abstract
After 20years with no reported measles cases, on May 15, 2014 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was notified of two cases testing positive for measles-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies in the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). Under the Compact of Free Association, FSM receives immunization funding and technical support from the United States (US) domestic vaccination program managed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In a collaborative effort, public health officials and volunteers from FSM and the US government worked to respond and contain the measles outbreak through an emergency mass vaccination campaign, contact tracing, and other outbreak investigation activities. Contributions were also made by United Nations Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO). Total costs incurred as a result of the outbreak were nearly $4,000,000; approximately $10,000 per case. Direct medical costs (≈$141,000) were incurred in the treatment of those individuals infected, as well as lost productivity of the infected and informal caregivers (≈$250,000) and costs to contain the outbreak (≈$3.5 million). We assessed the economic burden of the 2014 measles outbreak to FSM, as well as the economic responsibilities of the US. Although the US paid the majority of total costs of the outbreak (≈67%), examining each country's costs relative to their respective economy illustrates a far greater burden to FSM. We demonstrate that while FSM was heavily assisted by the US in responding to the 2014 Measles Outbreak, the outbreak significantly impacted their economy. FSM's economic burden from the outbreak is approximately equivalent to their entire 2016 Fiscal Year budget dedicated to education., (Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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49. Who pays for cooperation in global health? A comparative analysis of WHO, the World Bank, the Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance.
- Author
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Clinton C and Sridhar D
- Subjects
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome prevention & control, Costs and Cost Analysis, Global Health economics, Humans, Interinstitutional Relations, International Cooperation, Malaria prevention & control, Tuberculosis prevention & control, United Nations economics, Vaccines economics, World Health Organization economics, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome economics, Healthcare Financing, Malaria economics, Tuberculosis economics
- Abstract
In this report we assess who pays for cooperation in global health through an analysis of the financial flows of WHO, the World Bank, the Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, TB and Malaria, and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. The past few decades have seen the consolidation of influence in the disproportionate roles the USA, UK, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation have had in financing three of these four institutions. Current financing flows in all four case study institutions allow donors to finance and deliver assistance in ways that they can more closely control and monitor at every stage. We highlight three major trends in global health governance more broadly that relate to this development: towards more discretionary funding and away from core or longer-term funding; towards defined multi-stakeholder governance and away from traditional government-centred representation and decision-making; and towards narrower mandates or problem-focused vertical initiatives and away from broader systemic goals., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Burden of neurological conditions in Canada.
- Author
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Gaskin J, Gomes J, Darshan S, and Krewski D
- Subjects
- Canada epidemiology, Female, Humans, Male, World Health Organization economics, Nervous System Diseases economics, Nervous System Diseases epidemiology, Public Health economics
- Abstract
Neurological conditions are among the leading causes of disability in the Canadian population and are associated with a large public health burden. An increase in life expectancy and a declining birth rate has resulted in an aging Canadian population, and the proportion of age-adjusted mortality due to non-communicable diseases has been steadily increasing. These conditions are frequently associated with chronic disability and an increasing burden of care for patients, their families and caregivers. The National Population Health Study of Neurological Conditions (NPHSNC) aims to improve knowledge about neurological conditions and their impacts on individuals, their families, caregivers and health care system. The Systematic Review of Determinants of Neurological Conditions, a specific objective within the NPHSNC, is a compendium of systematic reviews on risk factors affecting onset and progression of the following 14 priority neurological conditions: Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), brain tumours (BT), cerebral palsy (CP), dystonia, epilepsy, Huntington's disease (HD), hydrocephalus, multiple sclerosis (MS), muscular dystrophies (MD), neurotrauma, Parkinson's disease (PD), spina bifida (SB), and Tourette's syndrome (TS). The burden of neurological disease is expected to increase as the population ages, and this trend is presented in greater detail for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease because the incidence of these two common neurological diseases increases significantly with age over 65 years. This article provides an overview of burden of neurological diseases in Canada to set the stage for the in-depth systematic reviews of the 14 priority neurological conditions presented in subsequent articles in this issue., (Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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