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Background: There is a lack of evidence regarding 24-hour movement behaviors of young children from low- and middle-income countries. This study examined Mongolian preschoolers' adherence to the World Health Organization's guidelines for physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep; their associations with health indicators, and the feasibility of the SUNRISE International study in Mongolia. Methods: Preschool-aged children were recruited from 5 kindergartens in urban and rural areas of Ulaanbaatar city and Tuv province in Mongolia. Physical activity and sedentary behavior were measured by an ActiGraph accelerometer worn for 5 consecutive days. Screen time and sleep were reported by parents. The National Institute of Health and Early Years Toolboxes were used to assess motor skills and executive function, respectively. Results: One hundred and one children participated in the study (mean age = 4.82 y, boys = 58), with 88% (n = 89) having complete data for analysis. The proportion of children who met the recommendations for physical activity, sedentary screen time, and sleep was 61%, 23%, and 82%, respectively. Only 7% met all recommendations. Meeting the sleep recommendation individually (P =.032) and in combination with the physical activity recommendation was associated with better gross (P =.019) and fine (P =.042) motor skills. Spending more time in physical activity was positively correlated with motor development. Results confirmed that the SUNRISE study protocol was feasible, age-appropriate, and enjoyable for children. Conclusions: The results of the SUNRISE pilot study will help inform the SUNRISE Mongolia main study and lay the groundwork for future research into children's 24-hour movement behaviors in Mongolia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the global implementation of flywheel training (FT) by basketball strength and conditioning (S&C) coaches in various contexts, encompassing daily practice, games, and sessions. Methods: Survey data were collected from 117 basketball S&C coaches who participated in a 24-question online survey. The survey was structured into 6 key areas, including country and competition, S&C coach context, training methodology, flywheel and competition, postactivation performance enhancement, and recovery. Results: Notably, all respondents emphasized the necessity of a familiarization period with flywheel technology, with a substantial 96% indicating that FT yielded improved player performance on the court. The predominant mention was the conical pulley system. During the season, the prevalent approach involved integrating FT into training twice a week, allocating <15 minutes per session, often in conjunction with traditional strength training. A diverse array of lower-body closed kinetic chain exercises were reported, encompassing squats, decelerations, and backward lunges. Intriguingly, FT implementation on match days was unlikely (77%), with the primary aims cited as injury prevention (34%) and enhancing players' strength levels during various phases of the regular season (27%). Conclusions: Recognizing its inherent limitations, this descriptive study provides valuable contextual insights and practical applications for professional basketball practitioners grappling with the utilization of FT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction In May 1991, the 44th World Health Assembly, adopted a resolution urging Member States to accelerate efforts towards elimination of leprosy as a public health problem by the year [...]

The intensification of aquaculture industries around the globe has led to increased susceptibility and exposure to diseases. To ensure the well-being of animals and the profitability of the industry, many aquaculture farms resort to antibiotic treatments. However, with the increasing presence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), it has become important to regulate and limit the use of antibiotics, especially in animal production and regarding the antibiotics that are deemed as critically important for human health by the World Health Organization (WHO). This review describes how AMR mitigation strategies have developed over time in international settings and how they relate to aquaculture. Furthermore, we analyzed how different countries and regions abide by these statutes, as well as the antibiotic standards from a selection of certification schemes. Our results show that the role of aquaculture has been inexplicitly addressed in international guidance documents and that there is a need to further increase the activities of aquaculture operations in combating AMR, with an emphasis on alternatives to antibiotic use. We also found that most countries and regions allow the highest priority-, or critically important antibiotics in aquaculture, which could have detrimental effects on animal, environmental, and public health. As a result, most countries fail to comply with the recommendations and standards set by international organizations and certification schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has brought new challenges to speaker identification systems, particularly due to the acoustic alterations caused by the widespread use of face masks. Aiming to mitigate these distortions and improve the accuracy of speaker identification, this study introduces a novel two-level classification system, leveraging a unique integration of Vision Transformers (ViT) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM). This ViT-LSTM model was trained and tested on an extensive dataset composed of diverse speakers, both masked and unmasked, allowing a comprehensive evaluation of its capabilities. Our experimental results demonstrate remarkable improvements in speaker identification, with an accuracy score of 95.67%, significantly surpassing traditional and other deep learning-based methods. Moreover, our framework also shows considerable strength in detecting the presence of a mask, achieving an accuracy of 91.15% and outperforming existing state-of-the-art models. This study provides the first-ever benchmark for mask detection in the context of speaker identification, opening new pathways for research in this emerging area and presenting a robust solution for speaker identification in the era of face masks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) antiviral administration and adherence are essential to reach the World Health Organization's 2030 hepatitis elimination goals. As HBV treatment guidelines are now simplified and expanded, adherence to treatment will be critical, but challenges to adherence are poorly studied. After introducing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) monotherapy to expectant mothers with high-risk HBV in Kinshasa, DRC, we conducted semi-structured interviews to understand medication adherence behaviors, to complement pill counts and measurement of TDF metabolite levels. Key facilitators of adherence identified included trust in healthcare workers, a better understanding of HBV, and family support. Identified barriers included fear of stigma and low health literacy. Knowledge about HBV disease remains low, underscoring the importance of ongoing education of clinic staff and patients alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving the sexual health components of sexual and reproductive health and rights as outlined in the sustainable development goals (SDGs) is integral to overall physical and mental well-being and a core part of universal health coverage. However, tracking national and global progress towards advancing the sexual health and rights of people is challenging because of the paucity of indicators to examine many of its components. To assess the state of sexual health in populations, determine service provision needs, evaluate the effectiveness of health system interventions and monitor progress in optimizing health, a comprehensive set of indicators is needed to cover every component of sexual health. Without comparable global indicators for each component of sexual health across the individual, health systems and policy levels, and disaggregated across subgroups including all genders, there is a considerable lack of insight into people's sexual health needs and progress towards meeting those needs. This article explores the availability of global indicators for the different components of sexual health by analysing two key sources: the global indicator framework of the SDGs and the indicator index of the Global Health Observatory. We summarize the indicators for each component of sexual health using the Guttmacher-Lancet Commission framework, highlighting gaps in current indicators, and recommend areas where additional indicators are needed along with strategies on how to improve data availability, quality and inclusiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young adults have long been leaders of social change, yet university student samples are often criticized for limits to generalizability. However, students may be a critical population to gather insight from to understand how they engage in activism and how their wellbeing is impacted by global conflict. We conducted two studies examining college students' perceptions of the Russian invasion of Ukraine and their activism at an urban Northeastern US university. In study one which included two waves of data collection (n = 44 at T1; n = 30 at T2), students reported increased anxiety related to the invasion which decreased over time, but not significantly. In study two, participants (n = 123) reported high levels of direct and indirect activism across a variety of social issues. Findings indicate that students were impacted by global conflict and engaged in social activism. University students provide valuable insight into global and social issues and should be considered as more than a convenience sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global health consensus in recent years has highlighted 'decolonisation' as an important factor in the pursuit of equity. Initiatives such as the United Nations' sustainable development goals for 2030 have come amid talk of 'bottom up' programming, driven by the needs of people living and working in the world's most deprived regions. However, most high-level meetings still take place in wealthy countries where United Nations bodies, major donors and the biggest non-governmental organisations are headquartered. In midwifery, maternity experts from low- and middle-income countries may struggle to take part in discussions because of barriers such as visa restrictions, travel costs and the challenge of breaking into old-school networks. Meanwhile multimillion dollar programmes designed to save mothers' and babies' lives lose out on insights from the very people that they are intended to help. With this in mind, a wave of non-governmental organisations focused on women's health and gender equality are moving their conferences closer to the action. This article explores a dynamic field, where forces for change are responding directly to evidence on 'conference inequity'. Non-governmental organisations including WomenLift Health and the International Confederation of Midwives explain how and why they are shaking things up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Previous attempts to pool prevalence studies in PsA have failed to take account of important methodological differences between studies that may have created biased estimates. The aim of this review is to estimate the prevalence of PsA within the adult general population worldwide, considering potential differences between population-based and health administrative studies separately. Methods Four electronic databases were systematically searched for articles reporting the prevalence of PsA. Data were pooled to generate worldwide prevalence estimates. Where sufficient data were available, results were summarized by continent. Results Thirty studies were identified, with half from Europe (n  = 15). Thirteen population-based studies were identified comprising >92 000 adults, plus 17 studies (>180 million adults) based on health administrative data. The worldwide prevalence of PsA was 112 per 100 000 adults. The prevalence of PsA estimated using population-based studies was 113 per 100 000 with continent-specific estimates of 207 (Europe), 64 (North America) and 37 (Asia) per 100 000. Health administrative studies gave a global prevalence of 109 per 100 000 with continent-specific prevalence of 175 (Europe), 147 (North America), 78 (Asia) and 17 (South America). Conclusion This review compiles currently available estimates of PsA prevalence in the general population into global and continent-based estimates and considers important study design characteristics. There is wide variability between continents, and data in some geographical areas are sparse, but available evidence suggests that PsA is more common in Europe and North America compared with Asia and South America, and current best estimates suggest a global prevalence of 112 per 100 000 adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article advances the study of the global governance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in International Relations. It shows how the global (health) governance of AMR emerged, highlights the inherent tension in this governance between two entangled ideas, and discusses fragmentation as a central, built-in characteristic of this governance. Further, the article analyzes two processes that have shaped perceptions and actions within this governance. The first is about the perception of AMR as a crisis. A potential future disaster encompassed in a global threat. The second is about strategies of affinity that are linked to a growing perception of AMR as an emergency. A future disaster quickly becoming a present reality. Attention to those processes, ideas, and approaches, the article argues, not only sheds light on current developments and dynamics in the global governance of AMR, but possibly also global health governance more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Cancer presents a significant global health burden. Traditional treatment modalities, especially radiotherapy and chemotherapy, have improved survival, but they have long‐term consequences. Treatment‐induced malignancies, a growing concern, pose risks to survivors. Often with limited treatment options, these tumors tend to have a worse survival rate. A thorough understanding of the main risk groups is critical for lifelong follow‐up and personalized care strategies. This review provides an update on the knowledge of treatment‐induced malignancies of the head and neck in cancer survivors; specifically, it discusses the risks, histological considerations, diagnosis and treatment strategies, follow‐up recommendations, and future perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This commentary is a call for problematizing the concept of "empowerment" as it is often used in global health. The authors urge that scholars and policymakers use the concept as it is defined in specific contexts, particularly within communities in low to middle‐income countries. The authors also interrogate universalized assumptions about the use of "empowerment" as a political concept, as well as the use of social categories such as "women". Finally, the authors challenge and complicate the notion that empowerment is a concept which can be delivered from donors in high‐income countries to so‐called disempowered recipients in low‐income contexts. Key points: Global health is often defined and operated through northern institutions and researchers in HICs and is embedded in systems of power and a history of colonization.Conceptualizations of empowerment in global health are often popularized and depoliticized, and are rife with assumptions regarding the meaning of the term, as well as the aimed recipients. However, empowerment as a concept is often rooted in social movement approaches to dismantling structural forms of power.Decolonizing empowerment and categories can include challenging universalized assumptions regarding social categories, including the category of woman, but also intersectional and complex considerations of the ways in which diverse expressions and experiences of sexuality and gender are often invisibilized in global health interventions, often amplifying health disparities for specific groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a major global public health emergency, the COVID-19 epidemic has had a significant impact on the development of the global port operation. Based on the data from 1 January 20191 January 2019 to 31 December 202231 December 2022, this study utilizes the global spatial autocorrelation and local spatial autocorrelation to measure and evaluate the resistance and resilience of global ports. From the outcomes, we find that the overall level of resistance and resilience for the global ports is relatively low, further have not been effectively restored and adjusted, and the resilience of ports in the world is generally heterogeneous. In addition, the impact of the epidemic on global ports is temporary, where the resilience of ports has been significantly improved after the end of 2021, and most ports have recovered from the impact of the epidemic and have a positive trend in 2022. Meanwhile, the ports have a significant positive spatial correlation in response to the effect of the COVID-19 epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Counter-empathy may have more serious negative effects on women than on men. Sixty-four female Chinese university students participated in this study. Based on the counter-empathy model in a competitive setting, we examined how forgiveness affects counter-empathy. We manipulated the degree of participants' forgiveness toward their opponents by changing the type of information they received from their opponents. We also measured counter-empathy through self-reported pleasantness caused by opponents' facial expressions (smiles or frowns). We found that forgiveness can effectively alleviate women's counter-empathy, restraining their emotional experience from being inconsistent with the offender and enhancing their empathic concern toward the offender. We preliminarily explored how forgiveness works on counter-empathy and provided insight into the use of forgiveness to maintain global women's emotional health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to comprehensively assess how dietary risk factors have influenced the prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in China from 1990 to 2021. The study seeks to provide robust data and scientific evidence essential for formulating effective preventive and control strategies to combat T2DM in China. This cross-sectional study conducted secondary analyses using data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 (GBD 2021) to assess the burden of T2DM in China attributable to dietary risks. The study analyzed age-adjusted metrics related to T2DM, including death counts, Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), and Age-Standardized Rates (ASRs), using GBD 2021 data, stratified by age and sex. Additionally, Estimated Annual Percentage Changes (EAPCs) were employed to track trends over time. In 2021, the results show that 21.43 % of T2DM-related deaths and 23.51 % of DALYs were attributable to dietary risk factors, notably a diet low in whole grains and high in red and processed meats. Over the period from 1990 to 2021, there has been an increasing trend in the EAPCs of death rates and DALYs associated with dietary risks in China, suggesting a substantial impact of dietary factors on the burden of T2DM in the country. This study highlights the urgent need for targeted public health interventions to promote dietary changes and reduce the burden of T2DM in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the trends and current situation of the injury burden as well as attributable burden to injury risk factors at global, regional, and national levels based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 are presented. To assess the attributable burden of injury risk factors, the data of interest on data sources were retrieved from the Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) and analyzed. Cause-specific death from injuries was estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model in the GBD 2019. The burden attributable to each injury risk factor was incorporated in the population attributable fraction to estimate the total attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life years. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) was used to evaluate countries' developmental status. Globally, there were 713.9 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 663.8 to 766.9) injuries incidence and 4.3 million (UI: 3.9 to 4.6) deaths caused by injuries in 2019. There was an inverse relationship between age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate and SDI quintiles in 2019. Overall, low bone mineral density was the leading risk factor of injury deaths in 2019, with a contribution of 10.5% (UI: 9.0 to 11.6) of total injuries and age-standardized deaths, followed by occupational risks (7.0% [UI: 6.3–7.9]) and alcohol use (6.8% [UI: 5.2 to 8.5]). Various risks were responsible for the imposed burden of injuries. This study highlighted the small but persistent share of injuries in the global burden of diseases and injuries to provide beneficial data to produce proper policies to reach an effective global injury prevention plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is a diagnostic test for? We might assume the answer to this question is straightforward. A good test would help identify what disease someone suffers from, assist health providers to determine the correct course of treatment and/or enable public health authorities to know and intervene in health at the level of the population. In this article, we show that what a specific diagnostic test is for, the value it holds for different actors, and what makes it good, or not, is often far from settled. We tell the story of the development and design of a rapid antibody test for onchocerciasis, or river blindness, tracking multiple iterations of the device through three configurational moments in the framing of onchocerciasis disease and reshaping of the global health innovation ecosystem. Efforts to build that ecosystem for diagnostics are often premised on the notion that public health needs for diagnostics are pre-given and stable; the challenge is seen to be how to incentivize investment and find a customer base for diagnostics in under-resourced settings. By contrast, we show that for any disease, diagnostic needs are both multiple and constantly in flux, and are unlikely to be met by a single, stand-alone product. In the case of the onchocerciasis Ov-16 rapid test, the failure to recognize and address the multiplicity and instability of diagnostic needs in the innovation process resulted in the development of a rapid point of care test that might be manufactured, procured and used, but is unloved by public health experts and commercial manufacturers alike. The equivocal value of the onchocerciasis rapid test, we suggest, reveals the inadequacy of the current global health innovation ecosystem for developing diagnostic 'goods'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue asks what happens to international research and collaboration when the research community becomes temporarily immobilized. The COVID-19 global pandemic powerfully disrupted normal ways of doing research and, therefore, created a perfect natural experiment of the "otherwise" for digital qualitative research in sensitive contexts. The collected papers argue that the lessons extracted from this recent global health crisis should shape our thinking on qualitative research amid crisis and research on the crisis. The authors speak to core themes like the digital platforming of research, continued inequality in research relations, and the concept of compounding crises. The special issue reflects on the authors' own experiences with international collaborations during COVID-19 in a multiplicity of contexts from Peru, to Pakistan, Mexico and the Great Lakes Region of Africa. This introductory essay argues that the uniquely rapid and global context of COVID-19 offered a glimpse into one possible alterity of research production. It extracts lessons for the present and future, not only for other global crises, but for willed disruptions of research relations so that these are marked by less inequality and more balanced power relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What happens when researchers based in the Global North are suddenly unable to access research sites, especially those in the Global South? In 2020, COVID-related public health measures and travel restrictions made clear how dependent certain categories of researchers in the North are on easy access to research sites in the South. The space opened up by their pandemic-imposed retreat and the solutions devised in response have provoked both challenges and opportunities. In this article, we reflect on this space, focusing on how forms of more just collaboration become possible when the inertia of Global North-controlled research is interrupted. Many scholars have argued for change in how Global North-South scholarly collaborations proceed, seeking to root out colonial practices and attend to power imbalances that disadvantage South-based scholars. COVID's disruptions offer a chance to reorient these collaborations toward more ethical forms of research. We examine the ethical and practical questions inherent in such collaborations and explore two case studies of attempts to reorient collaborative work, drawing primarily on examples of collaboration between African, European, and North American scholars. Cognizant that these efforts are only initial attempts toward reworking collaborative practice, we also trace the challenges they bring, from the duty of care and paternalistic approaches to funding and practical problems. We suggest that a careful consideration of these issues can help to establish more just ways to fully reengage North-South research and collaboration in the wake of the global pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across the globe, spiritual care is offered by individuals, healthcare chaplains, and humanitarian, social and related spiritual groups on account of zeal, voluntary and paid services. Sometimes, services are provided without understanding the connectivity of compassion, spiritual care, and scientific protocols. There are instances where health professionals and managers disagree with spiritual caregivers or reject spiritual services because of poor service deliveries in conflict with healthcare protocols. Against this background, this article focuses on how spiritual care services can be provided scientifically to improve service delivery. It presents leading questions to link the scientific and compassionate approach to spiritual care. These include-What is science? What is compassion? What is spiritual care? What makes compassion and spiritual care scientific? Are there tenets of compassion in religions? How are compassion, science and spiritual care linked? What are the implications of the intersections for public health and safety? Hopefully, the provided answers may improve the service delivery performance of spiritual caregivers and their collaboration with healthcare professionals, social workers, and related groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagnostic overshadowing refers to a phenomenon whereby people with mental health conditions encounter inadequate or delayed medical attention and misdiagnosis. This occurs when physical symptoms are mistakenly attributed to their mental health condition. This paper presents a scoping review focusing on direct causes and background factors of diagnostic overshadowing in the context of hepatitis C infection in people who inject drugs and have concurrent mental health conditions. Despite significant strides in hepatitis C treatment with direct‐acting antiviral drugs, the complex interplay of mental health conditions and physical symptoms necessitates a nuanced approach for accurate diagnosis and effective screening. This review was conducted using Joanna Briggs Institute's methodology for scoping reviews. The databases searched included Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, Global Health, CINAHL and Scopus. This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA‐ScR). The search strategies identified 1995 records. Overall, 166 studies were excluded. Forty‐two (42) studies met the inclusion criteria. Three (n = 3) studies represented direct causes, and 39 (n = 39) with background factors related to diagnostic overshadowing. Studies highlighted six key themes encompassing diagnostic overshadowing, with communication barriers, stigma and knowledge deficiencies being the most prominent. Recognising and addressing diagnostic overshadowing in chronic hepatitis C will lead to increased screening, diagnosis and timely administration of life‐saving antiviral therapy, resulting in profound enhancements in well‐being and health outcomes. Moreover, this proactive approach will play a pivotal role in advancing the global effort towards eliminating hepatitis C by 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: The European Academy of Neurology (EAN) has adhered to the global plan for reducing the burden of neurological disorders and promoting brain health launched by the World Health Organisation (WHO), the WHO Intersectoral Global Action Plan on Epilepsy and Other Neurological Disorders. This study reports the results of an EAN survey among national neurological societies (NNSs) on their awareness of brain health policies. Methods: The EAN survey on the current state of national brain health policies was conducted among the 47 presidents of the NNSs affiliated with the EAN, with the aim of developing the best strategy for close collaboration among stakeholders. Results: From June 2023 to February 2024, 36/47 responses (77%) were collected. Among respondents, 67% were in contact with their Ministry of Health and 78% were aware of and in contact with one or more national neurological patient organisation, while 17% had no contacts with any association. Ninety‐two percent declared a high to medium degree of awareness of the need to support brain health and of brain health plans and strategies in their country. Conclusions: Our findings suggest good awareness of the importance of brain health and of the strategies implemented at the national level among the EAN‐affiliated NNSs and representatives. Efforts towards improvement may be directed towards cooperation between NNSs and political institutions, as well as patient organisations, to optimise brain and global public health and neurological care in each country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All UN member States committed to realizing universal health coverage (UHC) when they included UHC as Target 3.8 in the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015. However, the global commitment to UHC has not been matched with action on the ground. According to the World Health Organization, about half of the world population lacks full coverage for essential health services. To accelerate progress toward UHC, a close understanding of factors that drive adoption of UHC policies at the national and local levels is essential. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impetus for establishing a sub-national health insurance program in Kenya—the Makueni county government health insurance program (MakueniCare)—which led to increasing the percentage of the county population with health insurance, the majority of whom live in poverty, from 8.8% in 2013 to 91% in 2018. This qualitative case study drew on Kenyan law and policy documents as well as semi-structured interviews with 30 key informants in government and NGOs to understand the drivers that led to the establishment of MakueniCare. Findings revealed that several drivers—namely, global norms, decentralization, democratic competition, and the strategic action of social change-minded leaders—coalesced to influence the adoption of MakueniCare. The study offers timely insights into the factors driving UHC in Makueni, Kenya and lessons for other low- and middle-income countries working toward UHC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, cranial and cervical vascular disorders have become major global health concerns, significantly impacting patients, families, and societies. Headache is a prevalent symptom of these vascular diseases and can often be the initial, primary, or sole manifestation. The intricate relationship between headaches and cranial/cervical vascular disorders poses a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, with the underlying mechanisms remaining largely elusive. Understanding this association is crucial for the early diagnosis, prevention, and intervention of such conditions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the clinical features and potential pathogenesis of headaches attributed to cranial and cervical vascular disorders and provide a reference for disease management and a basis for potential pathological mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenoid ameloblastoma (AA) was recently recognised as a separate tumour type in the most recent World Health Organisation (WHO) classification of head and neck tumours. This decision has been considered controversial by several groups, who have described AA as a subtype of ameloblastoma, a hybrid odontogenic tumour or to fall within the spectrum of other recognised odontogenic tumours, including dentinogenic ghost cell tumour and adenomatoid odontogenic tumour. Here we review the reasons for the WHO decision to classify AA as a separate tumour type. We also critique molecular and histological findings from recent reports published since the WHO classification. While acknowledging that the classification of tumours is constantly evolving, the balance of current evidence suggests that AA should remain a distinct tumour type, and not a subtype of ameloblastoma, pending further molecular characterisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Access to pediatric dialysis is challenged in low-resource settings due to high costs, scarcity of equipment, and the lack of qualified personnel availability. We demonstrated the manual single lumen alternating micro-batch (mSLAMB) device can remove small solutes in vitro without the need for electricity, batteries, or pumps. We developed a new version (Kirpa Kit™) to address some of the technical limitations of mSLAMB. Here, we compare the in vitro clearance performance and ease of use of the Kirpa Kit™ with that of prior mSLAMB configurations. Methods: A mixture of expired packed red blood cells, 0.9% NaCl, urea, and heparin was used to test the efficiency of two mSLAMB configurations and the Kirpa Kit™ in removing potassium and urea. Clearance was evaluated by measuring percent reduction after 25-min sessions with each device. A survey was used to evaluate the ease of use of each configuration. Results: The Kirpa Kit™ achieved a median urea reduction of 82.4% and potassium reduction of 82.1%, which were higher than those achieved with the best-performing mSLAMB configuration (urea 71.9%, potassium 75.4%). The Kirpa Kit™ was easier to use with a shorter perceived time of use than the mSLAMB. Conclusions: The Kirpa Kit™, evolution of mSLAMB, is easy to use and may have improved efficacy, making it an optimal candidate for in vivo testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose.: Increasingly, PT programs in the United States are providing educational experiences outside of the home country (OHC) where faculty and students engage in global health initiatives. It is important to consider that the field of global health has its historical roots in colonialism, which has led to inequities and injustice. Those who are engaged in this work must assist in reversing this colonial legacy. The purpose of this position paper is to present the colonial history of global health, to provide context, and to spark critical reflection among PT educators about how OHC experiences are developed and configured. Position and Rationale.: As a profession, we must educate ourselves about the history of global health and critically reflect on OHC engagements to ensure that we support equity and justice. Discussion and Conclusion.: We must start by grounding our OHC experiences in health equity and justice. This should be done by considering the colonial history of global health and the privileges we hold as members of academic institutions in the United States. Why we offer OHC experiences in PT education should be investigated and clear to both faculty and students. Excluding this colonial history and its impacts risks perpetuating the historical harms to the health and well-being of the populations we claim to be serving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The present systematic review with meta‐analysis aimed to investigate the global association between smokeless tobacco (SLT) use and periodontitis, considering significant effect size variation based on the income levels of countries. Methods: We searched seven databases to identify studies that assessed the prevalence of periodontitis in adult SLT users compared to non‐users. The quality of studies was evaluated using the 10‐item risk‐of‐bias tool, and publication bias was addressed through the trim‐and‐fill method. Sensitivity analysis utilized the leave‐one‐out approach. Meta‐analysis and meta‐regression, stratified by country income, SLT type, and smoking status, employed robust variance estimation. Results: From an initial pool of 484 studies, 29 studies met the selection criteria and were subjected to qualitative synthesis. Subsequently, data from 19 studies were included in the meta‐analysis. SLT users exhibited a nearly threefold greater likelihood of periodontitis compared to non‐users (OR = 2.99; 95% CI: 2.10, 4.27; p <.01). The pooled estimate did not vary significantly based on the type of SLT used or concurrent smoking. However, the odds of periodontitis varied according to the economic level of the country; the pooled estimate was higher in high‐income countries (OR = 1.69; 95% CI: 1.20, 2.37; p <.01) and even higher in lower‐middle‐income and lower‐income countries (OR = 3.91; 95% CI: 2.66, 5.77; p <.01). Conclusions: Smokeless tobacco users have a higher likelihood of developing periodontitis. This study underscores global disparities in the SLT–periodontitis relationship, highlighting the need for targeted interventions, particularly in economically challenged areas where SLT use is largely unregulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 Pandemic highlighted global health inequities, put a pause on short-term experiences in global health (STEGH's), and emphasized new virtual modalities of international collaboration. In light of these new modes of collaboration, this article will reflect on and suggest changes to the current landscape of global health education in US dental schools. Results: The authors suggest that existing global oral health engagements, which are predominantly STEGH's, can be improved through adherence to guiding principles, such as those of the Brocher Declaration. Further, the authors argue that implementing global health didactics and internationalization of education into dental school curriculums would more optimally prepare students for participation in global health. Conclusions: In summary, a shift in the introductory global health educational modality in dentistry, from the current STEGH-dominated model to a combination of formal didactics, internationalized education, and collaborative, sustainable, and interprofessional clinical experiences would strengthen both the future of global oral health and the field of dentistry altogether. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1950s H-bomb tests by the United States are a turning point in the history of technology—and today are seen by some scientists as the start of the Anthropocene, the current geological era of human planetary dominance. This paper examines how US news organizations covered the scientific debates surrounding fallout risks. Journalists were caught between official secrecy and growing scientific concern over global health dangers that later played a role in emerging anti-nuclear, environmental, and climate movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Over the last decade there is an increased awareness that the need for surgical care in under-resourced countries is contributing to significant health inequities and financial hardship across the globe. Plastic surgery has long been recognized as a surgical discipline that has been successful in deploying resources to help address these inequities but to be sustainable there must be a lasting commitment through teaching and education. The purpose of this study is to answer the question "In plastic and reconstructive surgical residents, how does participation in global health initiatives influence independent clinical practice and their perceptions of global health?" Methods: A survey was administered through Redcap to 59 total eligible current or previous Wake Forest School of Medicine plastic and reconstructive surgical residents. Results: About 33 out of 34 participants have had some kind of global health exposure with the majority being through mission trips, volunteering, and external rotations. There was a 33.3% improvement in awareness of global surgical disease burden (P =.000093 <.05), 23.5% improvement in obligations to create global change (P =.00021 <.05), 26.3% improvement in comfortability with language and cultural barriers (P =.0013 <.05), and 20.9% improvement in doctor-patient relationships with patients of differing backgrounds (P =.0019 <.05) when comparing participant's views prior and after residency training. Overall, participants were inclined to continue with global health initiatives in the future as 75.8% see themselves participating in another global health experience and 90.9% believed participating in global health has an impact on independent clinical practice and professional development post-residency. Conclusions: Global health initiatives within surgical residency curriculums have had tremendous effects on the perceptions of global health amongst plastic and reconstructive surgical residents, which may improve physician shortage and global health needs in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the 1892 International Sanitary Conference in Venice, experts established international health politics as governing the flows of people, traffic, and information. This focus has remained ingrained in current health politics and shaped the international response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper focuses on the micropolitics among these experts to understand the emergence of such governance expertise. In Venice, experts struggled to perform authority as European governments were unwilling to accept authoritative international expert practice. In response, the experts limited the role of international politics to regulating the movements of information, traffic, and people to make their expertise more agreeable. Such compromising governance expertise entailed two acts of silencing. The experts claimed that interventions that limited themselves to governing these flows were still highly effective and also silenced the de facto intrusiveness of their expertise into colonized sites. Combining classical sociology with science and technology studies, this article contributes conceptually by detailing how authority performances affect governance expertise. Contributing to the history of international relations, I show how the notion of international health politics as governing flows—rather than targeting ill health with global sanitary reform—became established in the late nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In understanding and responding to the problem of misinformation during global health emergencies, health experts and organizations such as the WHO have relied on the concept of the "infodemic," or the idea that there is such an overabundance of information that ascertaining trustworthy sources and reliable guidance is difficult. Is this the best way to understand the problem of misinformation, however? A large and multidisciplinary literature has argued that such an approach misses the important role of individual psychological factors and societal "mega-trends" such as hyperpolarization, structural shifts in the media, and public mistrust in elites. This article argues that such contributions are important in understanding the multifaceted problem of misinformation but may miss another, equally important component: the politics of emergency. Specifically, the prominent role of speculation during moments of emergency—the need to respond to "what ifs" rather than just "what is"—provides a conducive context for misinformation, facilitating its production and spread while also problematizing efforts to correct it. The article illuminates this relationship through a discourse analysis of prominent misinformation claims during the US responses to Ebola in 2014 and COVID-19 in 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the COVID-19 pandemic was not Nigeria’s first encounter with a global health crisis, it profoundly disrupted nearly every sector of society. This study focuses on Akwa Ibom State in Nigeria’s Niger Delta, offering insights into how the pandemic unfolded within the state. Utilising a qualitative methodology that combines content analysis of newspapers with anonymised interviews, framed by New Institutionalism Theory (NIT), this research reveals how the pandemic’s peak intensified tensions between state administration and health officials, alongside public controversies regarding the distribution and use of palliative measures. Our findings highlight the importance of prioritising public needs and ensuring that government actions align with this priority for effective crisis management during large-scale public health emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marburg virus (MARV) causes lethal hemorrhagic fever in humans, posing a threat to global health. We determined by cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) the MARV helical ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex structure in single-layered conformation, which differs from the previously reported structure of a double-layered helix. Our findings illuminate novel RNP interactions and expand knowledge on MARV genome packaging and nucleocapsid assembly, both processes representing attractive targets for the development of antiviral therapeutics against MARV disease. Zinzula et al. reconstituted the helical ribonucleoprotein complex of Marburg virus in vitro, and determined its structure by cryo-electron microscopy in a single-layer conformation that recapitulates the assembly of authentic filovirus particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mpox (human mpox) is an opportunistic viral zoonosis that bears a strong resemblance to smallpox. The virus is divided into 2 distinct clades, clade I and clade II, which were originally confined to the moist forest regions of Africa. However, due to air travel and the exotic pet trade, these clades have spread globally. As immunity from smallpox vaccination declined, Mpox emerged as the most significant viral infection affecting humans within the Orthopoxvirus genus. While sporadic cases occurred worldwide, the largest Mpox outbreak outside Africa took place in 2022, prompting the WHO to declare a global public health emergency. Asia plays a pivotal role in both hosting and contributing to the spread of Mpox, driven by socio-economic factors such as high population density, widespread illegal wildlife trade, and a continuous rise in air travel. The increasing number of Mpox cases in Asia poses a significant challenge to healthcare systems, especially during times of global economic crisis. Strengthening diagnostic capabilities and infrastructure, while sustainably utilizing available resources to target high-risk populations, will be essential in addressing the Mpox threat in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Children with a raised BMI are a major public health challenge in the world that can cause serious consequences for children's physical and mental health. Child health care nurses' responsibility is to promote health and prevent ill-health in children, but because being overweight is stigmatized CHC-nurses find it difficult to talk to the parents about concerns over the children's weight, in fear of losing their trust. Aim: The purpose of this study was to describe parents' experiences of when CHC-nurses introduce a conversation related to their child being overweight. Method: This study was conducted via semi-structured interviews with nine parents and the data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: The result showed that being overweight in childhood is a sensitive topic, and this is presented as four categories A hard time coping, A desire to protect the Children, Changes of Parental Perspective and Trust - a mediating factor. This is a sensitive topic for the parents, who have a hard time accepting the situation and place the blame on themselves, and the nurse's approach and relationship with the parents is of great importance for the outcome of the conversation. Conclusions: Parents seem to have another perspective on health and weight than the healthcare providers, and both parents and CHC-nurses might benefit from an increased understanding of one another's view. Parents need to gain knowledge about how healthcare providers assess children's growth, and the CHC-nurses need to be aware about how to be responsive to the parents and allow them time to process the information. The focus should be on healthy lifestyle choices regardless of weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the beginning of 2020, the entire world was shocked by a global health emergency. According to the literature, fear, high mortality and health restrictions had significant psychological consequences on the population. This study evaluates the French lockdown's impact on the grieving process and how people worked through their grief. Two semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 31 participants who had lost a loved one between March 2020, June, and September 2021 (T0) and 6 months later (T1). Subsequently, they were divided into two groups: those who lost someone during the first lockdown (Group 1) and those who lost someone outside the lockdown periods (Group 2). The interviews were analysed using the ALCESTE software, a statistical analysis tool for textual data based on word co‐occurrences. This research significantly advances the understanding of bereavement during crises, providing new perspectives and practical insights for policymakers, healthcare professionals and support organisations. Its methodological innovation and detailed analysis contribute to the ongoing discussion on grief and resilience in challenging circumstances. Ultimately, this study lays the foundation for improved support and intervention strategies tailored to the needs of bereaved individuals during crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) maintains a black-box warning for antidepressants warning of an increased risk of suicidality in children and young adults that is based on proprietary clinical trial data from study sponsors that were submitted for regulatory approval. This article aimed to assess whether the black-box warning for antidepressants is still valid today using recent drug safety data. Methods: Post-marketing adverse drug event data were obtained from the US FDA's Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) for the years 2017 through 2023. Logistic regression analysis was conducted using the case versus non-case methodology and adjusted for gender, age group, drug role (primary drug, secondary drug, interacting drug, and concomitant drug), initial FDA reporting year, reporter country, and a drug*gene*age group interaction. Results: In the multivariate analysis, compared to fluoxetine and patients aged 25 to 64 years, children [adjusted reporting odds ratio (aROR) = 7.38, 95% CI, 6.02–9.05] and young adults (aROR = 3.49, 95% CI, 2.65–4.59) were associated with an increased risk of reporting suicidality, but not for the elderly (aROR = 0.76, 95% CI, 0.53–1.09). Relative to fluoxetine, esketamine was associated with the highest rate of reporting suicidality in children (aROR = 3.20, 95% CI, 2.25–4.54); however, esketamine was associated with a lower risk of reporting suicidality in young adults (aROR = 0.59, 95% CI, 0.41–0.84), but not significantly in the elderly (aROR = 0.77, 95% CI, 0.48–1.23). For country-specific findings, relative to the USA, the Slovak Republic, India, and Canada had the lowest risk of reporting suicidality. For the overall study population, desvenlafaxine (aROR = 0.61, 95% CI, 0.46–0.81) and vilazodone (aROR = 0.56, 95% CI, 0.32–0.99) were the only two antidepressants associated with a reduced risk of reporting suicidality. Conclusion: This study shows that with recent antidepressant drug safety data, the US FDA's black-box warning for prescribing antidepressants to children and young adults is valid today in the USA. However, relative to the USA, 15 countries had a significantly lower risk of reporting suicidality, while 16 countries had a higher risk of reporting suicidality from 38 antidepressants and lithium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MASLD) presents a growing global health challenge with limited therapeutic choices. This review delves into the array of ex vivo tools and models utilized in MASLD research, encompassing liver-on-a-chip (LoC) systems, organoid-derived tissue-like structures, and human precision-cut liver slice (PCLS) systems. Given the urgent need to comprehend MASLD pathophysiology and identify novel therapeutic targets, this paper aims to shed light on the pivotal role of advanced ex vivo models in enhancing disease understanding and facilitating the development of potential therapies. Despite challenges posed by the elusive disease mechanism, these innovative methodologies offer promise in reducing the utilization of in vivo models for MASLD research while accelerating drug discovery and biomarker identification, thereby addressing critical unmet clinical needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of HIV/AIDS is often told from the Global North, a viewpoint that is naturalized in policies and programs that privilege biomedical models of treatment and prevention. This article explores how one Indonesian transgender population known as waria became the subject of various forms of research since the 1980s. Research was one way that waria came to be classified as part of the key population of “transgender people.” Drawing on an oral history project conducted in 2021/2022, we show how – while necessarily hierarchical – ethnographic accounts of other HIV/AIDS histories can rethink fundamental global health concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The challenges are immense when it comes to enhancing the development of pediatric surgery in low- and middle-income countries in line with current recommendations for holistic and sustainable approaches. The Pediatric surgery development plan in Burkina Faso was started in 2020. This paper reports on our unique experience, focusing on the main actions and indicators monitored. Methods: The program was developed based on the core principles of the Global Initiative for Children's Surgery, employing a comprehensive health system-strengthening strategy. Our approach aimed to address the pediatric surgical ecosystem through partnerships, research, and interventions at all levels of the healthcare system. Results: Significant actions were implemented across various domains, including infrastructure, quality of care, workforce, community awareness, research, and advocacy. These efforts have led to a substantial strengthening of the pediatric surgical ecosystem in the country, achieving major milestones and outcomes in each of these areas. Conclusion: This program has not only helped to create a major impulse for the expansion of pediatric surgery in Burkina Faso, but also enriched the community of interest with a robust implementation program to confirm the main challenge to succeed: integrating this most essential discipline into the wider framework of global health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last year, there have been many remarkable articles published in the Italian Journal of Pediatrics. This review highlights papers that can be potentially helpful in healthcare practice among the most cited or accessed papers on the journal website. We have chosen key articles on allergy, analgesics, cardiology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, genetics, global health, infectious diseases, neonatology, neurology and pulmonology. Advances in understanding risk factors, mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment options and prevention of pediatric diseases have been discussed and in the context of the subsequent steps. We think that progresses achieved in 2023 will have a significant impact on the management of diseases in childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Research is key to the development of any nation, with health research being of high value to society. Research provides data that is useful for the generation and provision of knowledge needed for policy making, planning and strategic management to develop nations. Despite the African population accounting for nearly 14% of the world's population, little published research originates from African scholars. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to highlight the reasons for the lack of robust research by scientists from African low-and-middle-income countries and to emphasize the inequity experienced by African scientists in global health research. Possible solutions to the dearth in African global health research are equally explored. Findings: Insufficient research has led to poor growth, development and advancements in health in Africa. A significant gap in African-led and published research, lack of mentorship, inequitable access to research funding and grant eligibility, and increased dependency on foreign organizations have contributed to the lack of sustainability and failure of African research. Conclusion: Research is crucial for national development, especially in health. However, African researchers are underrepresented in global publications. To optimize research, local needs and African researchers must be prioritized, and research systems in African institutions must be strengthened. Additionally, the international community must respect, be transparent, and support research development in Africa. These efforts are essential for fostering a robust research environment, addressing global health challenges, and promoting sustainable development across Africa and LMICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is the framework for describing disability. The aim of the study was to compare differences in health status between the populations of the Podkarpackie region of Poland and the Castilla y León region of Spain, using the ICF core set for post-acute musculoskeletal conditions. A total of 840 people were included in the study. The brief version of ICF core set for post-acute musculoskeletal conditions was used in the study. Information obtained from semi-structured interviews and a physiotherapy assessment was recoded into ICF qualifiers to obtain comparable data. Significant differences in functioning were found between the two samples, with a higher prevalence in all the ICF entities for the Spanish sample. Similarities were found in the ICF components 'Body Functions' and 'Environmental Factors', with the most prevalent ICF entities being 'b280 Sensation of pain' and 'e225 Climate' respectively. For 'Activities and Participation', differences were observed, with 'd430 Lifting and carrying objects' being the most common for the Spanish sample and 'd450 Walking' for the Polish sample. Significant differences were found between the two samples, indicating better musculoskeletal health in the Polish sample. Future research using the ICF Core Sets in practice should be expanded and carried out in other countries to improve the ability to make comparisons between populations and to develop policies for territorial equity in health. Trial registration: NCT06283407. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eye diseases remain a significant global health concern, with trace elements crucial in maintaining ocular health and preventing ocular disorders. In ocular health, trace elements have been recognized as critical factors influencing the development and progression of multiple eye diseases. In this study, we conducted a thorough literature search through PubMed to acquire data concerning different eye diseases associated with trace elements. These diseases are essential in trace element imbalances or deficiencies in their progression. Our approach included a meticulous compilation of information from various databases, systematically integrated into a carefully curated database. In total, we identified 178 distinct genes that encode proteins linked to fourteen trace elements in this comprehensive list. A web-based database designed to formulate evidence-based hypotheses regarding the impact of trace element deficiency and imbalance on eye diseases was presented using Shiny R. This study underscores the vital role of trace elements in preserving ocular health. The Shiny R application facilitates subsequent investigations, fostering enhanced insights into public health, clinical practices, and eye disease research. The URL of TraceEyeDiseas is https://tredis.shinyapps.io/TraceEyeDisease/. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Dr. Martin C. Mihm, Jr.'s innovative work on the dysplastic nevus achieved a milestone in his chapter in the World Health Organisation Classification of Skin Tumours (WHO‐C). WHO‐C presents a dichotomous classification (high‐grade versus low‐grade dysplastic nevi) and a quantitative metric to assess melanocytic nuclear enlargement. The Duke classification is a related approach that provides mostly quantitative histopathologic criteria for dysplastic nevi and gives due weight to architectural features as well as cytology. This paper proposes and illustrates updated criteria for scoring and grading melanocytic dysplasia, incorporating some of the definitions and categories of WHO‐C, while refining the quantitative and architectural elements of the Duke grading system to facilitate more detailed and precise assessment of dysplastic nevi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]