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Abayneh Shewangzaw Engda,1 Hailu Belay Yigzaw,1 Nigus Alemnew Engdaw,1 Elyas Admasu Basha,1 Ahmed Adem,2 Abate Dargie Wubetu,1 Worku Misganaw Kebede,3 Bantealem Tilaye Atinafu,3 Fetene Nigussie Tarekegn,3 Makda Abate Belew3 1Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; 2Department of Nursing, Psychiatry Unit, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia; 3Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Abayneh Shewangzaw Engda, Debre Berhan University, P.O. Box 445, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia, Tel +251 9 20320375, Email abaynehshewa@gmail.comBackground: Anxiety is an un-pleasurable emotional state associated with psychophysiological changes in response to an intra-psychic conflict. The perioperative period is one of the worrying events for most surgical patients. Despite preoperative anxiety having many negative consequences on post-operative physical and mental health, no adequate information on the degree to which the preoperative period exposed clients to preoperative anxiety and its associated factors.Objective: To assess the prevalence of preoperative anxiety and associated factors among adult surgical patients in Debre Berhan Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia.Methods: Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June 1, 2020, to August 30, 2020. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Scale (S-STAI) was used to measure the level of pre-operative anxiety. A systematic random sampling technique was employed to collect the data. The data were entered to Epi-Data version 4.6 and exported to SPSS version 25 for data analysis. A statistically significant association was declared at a p-value less than 0.05.Results: A total of 330 patients were enrolled in the study with a response rate of 93.2%. The prevalence of a high level of preoperative anxiety was 53.6% (95% CI (49.6– 58.7)). Being female 3.2 (2.19, 3.71) illiterate 4.1 (2.01, 15.39), fear of death 2.12 (1.30, 3.44), results of operation 2.60 (1.75, 4.18), postoperative pain 2.35 (1.37, 4.02), and surgical complication 1.9 (1.03, 12.13) were statistically significant factors.Conclusion: Preoperative anxiety affects more than half of surgical patients which is a high and serious health burden. Additionally, this study revealed that being female, illiterate, fear of death, having a history of surgical complications and fear of complications, and fear of postoperative pain were significantly associated with preoperative anxiety. Assessing during the preoperative period helps to detect and ameliorate the problem. Preoperative counseling and informed consent taken as a prerequisite for surgery will help in reducing preoperative anxiety.Keywords: preoperative period, preoperative anxiety, surgical patient, Ethiopia

Bantalem Tilaye Atinafu,1 Fetene Nigussie Tarekegn,1 Getaneh Baye Mulu,1,2 Worku Misganaw Kebede,1 Yideg Abinew,3 Yalew Mossie3 1School of Nursing and Midwifery, Asrat Weldeyes Health Science Campus, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; 2Clinical and Psychosocial Epidemiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; 3School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, Haramaya University, Harare, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Bantalem Tilaye Atinafu, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Asrat Weldeyes Health Science Campus, Debre Berhan University, Po. Box 445, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia, Email bantalemtilaye@gmail.comIntroduction: Diabetic disease and its complications are major public health problems that result in long-term hospitalization, amputation, and poor quality of life for patients. This study aimed to determine the magnitude and associated factors of diabetic foot ulcers among patients with chronic diabetic mellitus in northeast Ethiopia.Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted. The sample was selected using a systematic random sampling technique based on inclusion criteria. Data were collected using a self-administered pre-tested structured questionnaire. The collected data were entered into EpiData 3.1 and exported to SPSS 25 for statistical analysis. A binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between dependent and independent variables. All variables with P-value < 0.25 were included in multivariable logistic regression. Adjusted odds ratio at 95% confidence intervals and considered significant with P-value < 0.05 in final statistical significance was used to determine the level of association.Results: The overall 283 samples of diabetic cases in the follow-up were included. The magnitude of diabetic foot ulcer was 7.1% (95% CI=3.92, 47.2%). Duration greater than 5 years (AOR=2.28, 95% CI=3.04, 17.69), history of ulceration (AOR=7.24, 95%, CI=1.25, 11.78), peripheral neuropathy (AOR=5.77, 95% CI=1.33, 12.155), oral hypoglycemic (AOR=3.2, 95% CI=4.02, 4.36) and insulin (AOR=2.6, 95% CI=1.75, 4.36) were found to be the significant factors of diabetic foot ulcer.Conclusion: The magnitude of diabetic foot ulcer patients was 7.2% and associated with duration of diabetes mellitus, history of ulceration, peripheral neuropathy, and oral hypoglycemic medication. Therefore, attention is needed for prevention, early detection, and caring for foot ulcers.Keywords: diabetes, magnitude, Ethiopia, foot ulcer, factors

BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is one of the public neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impulsivity and restlessness or hyperactivity. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its associated factors among children aged 6 to 17 years in Shewa Robit town, Northeastern Ethiopia,2020.METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 365 children aged 6-17 years from Feb 1-March 30, 2020, at Shewa Robit town. Systematic random sampling was employed to select study participants. Data were collected by interview using structured and pretested questionnaires. Finally, data was entered using Epi-data 4.2 and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify associated factors of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Odds ratios with 95% CI were calculated, and variables having a p-value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.RESULT: The prevalence of ADHD among children aged 6 to 17 years was 13%. Financial crises [AOR 4.76(95% CI 1.51-15.05)], children a previous history of the mental problem [AOR 8.45(95% CI 1.24-57.43)], C/S delivery [AOR 6.38(95% CI 1.26-32.26)] and substance use in life [AOR 2.43(95% CI 1.09-5.43)] were significantly associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.CONCLUSION: The prevalence of ADHD in children 6 to 17 years old was high (13%). Financial crises, children's history of mental disorders, C/S delivery, and lifetime substance use were significantly associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Therefore, particular attention should be given to mothers and children with significant factors.

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging respiratory disease that is caused by a novel coronavirus and was first detected in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The disease is highly infectious, and its main clinical symptoms include fever, dry cough, fatigue, myalgia, and dyspnea. Healthcare providers are in front in fighting the coronavirus spread by making themselves the risk of contracting the disease. Objective To assess the preparedness and responses of healthcare providers to combat the spread of COVID-19 among North Shewa Zone Hospitals, Amhara, Ethiopia. Methods Facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May 2020 among 422 healthcare providers in the North Shewa Zone, Amhara, Ethiopia using a self-administered questionnaire. Study subjects were selected through systematic random sampling based on their proportional distribution of sample size to each hospital. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. The data were coded and entered into the Epi data 4.2.1 version and the analysis was carried out in Statistical Package for Social Science 25 versions. Results Four hundred four participants involved in the study have been given a response rate of 95.7%. The self-satisfaction of healthcare providers revealed 301 (74.5%) of study participants feel unsafe in their workplace. Two-third, 260 (64.4%), of them responded that they feel anxious while working with febrile patients. Nearly one-third (31%), 27.4%, 15.9%, 14.5%, 14.2% of HCPs had access to gloves, facemask, goggle, shoe, and apron respectively in hospitals. Conclusion Protecting healthcare workers is a public health priority. Access to essential personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic was limited. The poor perception of healthcare professionals about not having enough support from medical institutions and public health authorities raises the need to urgently implement strategies to protect healthcare workers in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND፡ The prevalence of diabetes and its associated complications rising in Ethiopia ranged from 2.0%–6.5%, the primary cause of morbidity and mortality with consequential economic impact. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of dyslipidemia among diabetes follow-up patients.METHODS: Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Debre Berhan Referral Hospital from January to March 2020 in 347 Adult type 2 diabetes follow-up patients using a convenient sampling technique. Data were collected by interviews and entered using Epi-data 4.2 and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Factors having a p-value < 0.25 in the bivariable logistic regression model were entered into a multivariable logistic regression model. Statistical Significance was declared at a p-value ≤ of 0.05.RESULTS: The prevalence of dyslipidemia among type 2 diabetes patients in this study was 59 %. Significantly associated variables were being female [AOR 2.6 (95% CI 1.2-3.2), P = 0.011], smoking history [AOR 4.1 (95% CI 2-6.8), P = 0.001], Being overweight [AOR 3.5 (95% CI 1.6-7.8), P = 0.002], Being obese [AOR 4.8 (95% CI 1.7-13), P = 0.002].Conclusion: Prevalence of dyslipidemia was high among diabetic patients, which accounts for 59%. Being female, smoking history, being overweight, and being obese were determinants of dyslipidemia. Patients with poor glycemic control need additional lipid-lowering therapies to prevent secondary Atheroscleroticvascular complications.

Background: Hyperlactatemia and lactic acidosis are commonly encountered during and after cardiac surgery. Hyperlactatemia is highly suggestive of tissue ischemia and is associated with a prolonged intensive care unit stay, a prolonged requirement for respiratory and cardiovascular support, and increased postoperative mortality. Objective: To assess hyperlactatemia and adverse outcomes among patients who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass surgery at Cardiac Center Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2021.Method: An institution-based retrospective cross-sectional study was employed among all patients who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass surgery from December to January 2020. Blood lactate samples were collected intraoperatively and postoperatively. We entered the collected data into Epidata version 4.2 and export it to SPSS 25 for analysis. We did descriptive statistics for categorical and continuous variables and chi-square to show an association between the outcome variable and independent variables. We entered variables fitted in bivariate analysis into multivariable analysis to show the strength of the association and the statistically significant variable.Result: The prevalence of hyperlactatemia in this study among patients who underwent cardiac surgery procedures at Cardiac Center Ethiopia was 37.5 %. A rise in lactate level prolongs ICU stay, prolongs intubation duration, and increases the need for Inotropes support. Lactate level was measured on the immediate postoperative day within 10 hours after the surgery and was defined as lactate level > 3 mmol/L in the first hour after surgery. Age > 40 years [AOR: 6.8 (95% CI 1.7-25), P=Conclusion and Recommended: An early rise in lactate levels in patients who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass surgery is a strong and robust predictor of morbidity. As a result, screening of patients in the preoperative period and strict follow-up management of those factors is recommended.

Background The magnitude and impact of women's suicidal behaviors, like suicidal ideation and suicidal attempts, are an important public health problem in low and middle-income countries, including Ethiopia. Suicidal behavior and being overweight are typical complications of reproductive age with many undesired consequences. Despite both having a serious impact on women of reproductive age, they are neglected in Ethiopia. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine the magnitude and determinants of suicide among overweight reproductive-age women in Chacha and Debre Berhan towns, Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study design was once employed from April 1, 2020 to June 1, 2020. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to measure suicidal attempts and ideation, and the data was collected by direct interview. All collected data were entered into Epi Data version 4.6 and analyzed with SPSS version 25. Bivariate and multivariable regression models were used to determine the factors associated with a suicidal attempt and ideation. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result Of the total participants, 523 were included, with a response rate of 93.7%. The prevalence of suicidal ideation was 13.0% (95% CI 10.1–15.9), whereas suicidal attempt was 2.3% (95% CI 1.1–3.6). Based on multivariable regression analysis, the odds of suicidal ideation have been higher among overweight women with stressful life events, depression, and younger age groups. Conclusion Suicidal ideation was frequent in overweight reproductive-age women. Preventing, treating, and using coping mechanisms regarding identified factors is a good way to minimize the burden of suicide.

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19 is an emerging respiratory disease that is caused by a novel coronavirus and was first detected in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The disease is highly infectious, and its main clinical symptoms include fever, dry cough, fatigue, myalgia, and dyspnea. Health care providers are in front in fighting the coronavirus spread by making themselves the risk of contracting the disease. This study aimed to assess the preparedness and approaches of healthcare providers to tackle the transmission of COVID-19 among North Shewa Zone Hospitals. Methods Facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May 2020 among 422 healthcare providers in the North Shewa Zone, Amhara, Ethiopia using a self-administered questionnaire. Study subjects were selected through systematic random sampling based on their proportional distribution of sample size to each hospital. A structured questionnaire will be used to collect data. The data were coded and entered into the Epi data 4.2.1 version and the analysis was carried out in statistical package for social science 25 versions. Results 404 participants involved in the study gives a response rate of 95.7%. The self-satisfaction of healthcare providers revealed 301 (74.5%) of study participants feel unsafe in their workplace. Two-third, 260 (64.4%) of them responded that they feel anxious while working with febrile patients. Nearly one -third (31%), 27.4%, 15.9%, 14.5%, 14.2% of HCP had access to gloves, facemask, goggle, shoe, and apron respectively in hospitals. Conclusion Protecting healthcare workers is a public health priority. Access to essential personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic was limited. The poor perception of healthcare professionals about not having enough support from medical institutions and public health authorities raises the need to urgently implement strategies to protect healthcare workers in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging respiratory disease that is caused by a novel coronavirus and was first detected in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The disease is highly infectious, and its main clinical symptoms include fever, dry cough, fatigue, myalgia, and dyspnea. Healthcare providers are in front in fighting the coronavirus spread by making themselves the risk of contracting the disease. Objective To assess the preparedness and responses of healthcare providers to combat the spread of COVID-19 among North Shewa Zone Hospitals, Amhara, Ethiopia. Methods Facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May 2020 among 422 healthcare providers in the North Shewa Zone, Amhara, Ethiopia using a self-administered questionnaire. Study subjects were selected through systematic random sampling based on their proportional distribution of sample size to each hospital. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. The data were coded and entered into the Epi data 4.2.1 version and the analysis was carried out in Statistical Package for Social Science 25 versions. Results Four hundred four participants involved in the study have been given a response rate of 95.7%. The self-satisfaction of healthcare providers revealed 301 (74.5%) of study participants feel unsafe in their workplace. Two-third, 260 (64.4%), of them responded that they feel anxious while working with febrile patients. Nearly one-third (31%), 27.4%, 15.9%, 14.5%, 14.2% of HCPs had access to gloves, facemask, goggle, shoe, and apron respectively in hospitals. Conclusion Protecting healthcare workers is a public health priority. Access to essential personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic was limited. The poor perception of healthcare professionals about not having enough support from medical institutions and public health authorities raises the need to urgently implement strategies to protect healthcare workers in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic.