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This article examines post-Civil Rights Act trends in private sector managerial representation for white men, white women, black men, and black women. We examine how three factors affect changing access to managerial positions: (1) industrial restructuring, (2) the process of bottom-up ascription, and (3) organizational characteristics. Accounting for compositional shifts in the labor supply, we find that white male managerial overrepresentation remains virtually unchanged since 1966, even while other status groups make gains. A significant portion of the observed equal opportunity advance for women and blacks takes place in the expanding service sectors of the economy. We also find that female and minority gains are enhanced in larger and more managerially intensive workplaces. For all groups, managerial representation is increasingly tied to the presence of similar others in nonmanagerial jobs. Further examination reveals a new status hierarchy of managers and subordinates--a hierarchy wherein white men are likely to manage men of all races. White women, in comparison, are realizing a growing racial privilege in managing women of color.

Providing adequate workers' compensation insurance (WCI) is mandatory by legislation in most countries for employers to hire workers. It is enforced to safeguard the interests of occupational injury victims while eliminating their employers' financial burden of compensation. WCI's significance in construction is immeasurable because the construction industry appears to be recording higher injury and fatality rates globally. On the other hand, insurance companies must be meticulous in deciding premiums for WCIs for construction projects. Traditionally, insurers have been adopting the experience modification rating technique for premium-rating of WCI. However, this technique has been proven ineffective for construction applications due to the unique characteristics of construction projects. Hence, a new premium-rating model for construction was developed and tested in the Singapore general insurance industry. The proposed model streamlines structured analyses of project hazards, contractors' safety management systems, market conditions, and insurers' internal factors to decide optimal premiums. Moreover, it infuses the partnering notion in WCI for construction. The implementation of the proposed model in the insurance industry would facilitate accident control in the construction industry and thereby loss minimization for insurers. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2008)134:8(601) CE Database subject headings: Construction site accidents; Safety; Insurance; Models.

We present evidence that accurate estimates of the labor-earning/employer-provided health insurance trade-off must account for two different effects: the heterogeneity of jobs and the endogeneity of health insurance. The size of the trade-off depends on employees' contribution to premiums, health-care needs, and valuation of insurance. We use Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data and instrumental variables/two-stage least squares. On average, workers accept about 16.5% to 20% lower earnings in return for insurance, and married women value insurance by about 3.5 percentage points more than married men, explaining about 3% of the gender-earning differentials. Health insurance does not contribute to the unexplained portion of the gender-pay gap. (JEL J3, J7, I1), I. INTRODUCTION Based on the seminal compensating wage differential work of Rosen (1986), a considerable number of empirical studies have analyzed the effect of employer-provided health insurance on various forms [...]

Abstract This paper presents the framework for computing the optimal premium for workers' compensation insurance, and a fuzzy system conceptual model that automates the proposed framework. The fuzzy system model [...]

Workers' compensation is one of the most pressing problem areas in the construction industry. The industry, due to the nature of work involved and the demand for safety, is constantly challenged to improve its management of workers' compensation. The current costs of coverage and administration are often thought to be excessive in the industry, while the protection and benefits provided to employees are sometimes perceived as unsatisfactory. This paper was developed from the findings of a Construction Industry Institute (CII) research project that was conducted to identify improved methods of management by contractors for their in-house workers' compensation insurance program. The team members from industry had more than 200 years of experience in construction safety and insurance management with construction organizations. In addition to the expertise of the team members, guidance was also sought from other contractors and the insurance profession. A major finding of the research was that many contractors do not take an active role in workers' compensation management; therefore, this paper presents the research team's major suggestions for contractors to improve their workers' compensation management program. Some means of reducing the costs of workers' compensation insurance while improving the system are given with an estimate of potential cost savings. Cost savings are primarily derived from lower premiums due to the reduction in a contractor's experience modification rate (EMR). Therefore, some discussion of the EMR is provided with an evaluation of its validity as a measure of a contractor's safety performance.

Physicians can avoid problems with insurers by developing a working knowledge of workers' compensation rules. The first step is to learn about their state's division of workers' compensation. Physicians should also verify whether a patient is covered by workers' compensation, determine if a patient's injury is work-related, file appropriate reports and become aware of the factors which prevent the receipt of payment., Here how to lighten the paperwork and handle the demands of malingering patients. It took two years and an appeals-court hearing for a California doctor to receive the $1,345 owed [...]

Most employers regard workers' compensation insurance (WCI) as an outrageously expensive, but necessary cost of doing business. One of the objectives of WCI, to provide incentives for employers to improve safety performance, has been lost in the complex method used to calculate WCI premiums. Few employers and few insurance agents understand the process. This paper explains how WCI Standard Premiums are calculated using manual rates, payroll, and an experience modification rating. Manual rates help predict loss rates for different work classifications, payroll gives an indication of risk exposure, and an experience modification rating compares an individual employer's actual loss experience to its expected record. This paper shows that employers with WCI are really self-insuring for most losses and ultimately pay for their own injuries. The paper shows how several small losses cost far more than one severe loss, how employers who try to save money by reporting incorrect work classifications may end up paying more, and why using the experience modification rating to compare the safety performance of different employers is not valid. Employers who understand how their WCI premiums are calculated will have far more incentive to improve safety, and will be better prepared to negotiate savings when purchasing WCI.

Beneficiaries in the DI program may experience a recovery termination. What factors affect their reentitlement to DI benefits? Data from the New Beneficiary Followup was used to model return to [...]