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This is a study carried out in the Tocantina Amazon, with the aim of analyzing the pedagogical practice of teachers/graduates of the Degree in Field Education in the Countryside - LEDOC, in dialogue with the lives of the subjects in the communities, based on the dimensions of work and cultural identity. It was based on a qualitative approach, and its methodological procedures included field research using participant observation and semi-structured interviews. The results revealed that LEDOC graduates, when working in schools in the countryside, waters and forests, have sought to dialog with aspects of the territory, work and identity of the subjects, despite the difficulties faced in their socio-professional insertion.

Laili Rahayuwati,1 Syahmida S Arsyad,2,* Rindang Ekawati,2,* Muhammad Dawam,2,* Rahmadewi Rahmadewi,2,* Septi Nurhayati,2,* Ikhsan Fahmi,3,* Sherllina Rizqi Fauziah4 1Department of Community Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia; 2Research Centre for Population, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Jakarta, Indonesia; 3Directorate of Population and Labour Statistics, BPS Statistics Indonesia, Central Jakarta, Indonesia; 4Nursing Science Study Program, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Laili Rahayuwati, Department of Community Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang, KM. 21., Jatinangor, Kabupaten Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia, Tel +62 812 213 8385, Fax +62 22 779 5596, Email laili.rahayuwati@unpad.ac.idAim: As individuals age, they are expected to experience a natural progression that usually involves a slight and permanent decrease in bodily functions and physical abilities. Despite this, many older people remain active in the workforce.Purpose: This study seeks to explore the correlation between the health conditions, disabilities, social factors, and demographic circumstances of elderly individuals engaged in both formal and informal employment sectors.Methods: This study utilizes an observational analytical method with a cross-sectional structure. The participants in the research involved all individuals aged 60 years and above who met the outlined criteria, totaling 15,034,946 respondents. The data analysis was conducted using multivariate logistic regression in Model II.Results: Overall, most older adults are working in informal jobs. Moreover, most respondents are 60– 69 years old, married, have a primary school certificate, own health insurance and a house, and live with family. In addition, the multivariate analysis shows the relationship between each variable and the informal sector working elderly. It is known that older women have a 1.45 times higher limited educational background, not having savings is 1.21 times, rural areas living 1.93 times, not being the head of the family is linked 1.34 times, poor health conditions are 1.01 times, and having a disability has a 1.20 times higher likelihood of informal-sector employment.Conclusion: Several variables are assigned as the determinants that increase the number of elderly working in informal sectors, including gender, education level, savings ownership, living areas, head of the family role, health status, and disability.Keywords: determinants, elderly, informal, sector, work

Objective: To analyze the interface between the nurse's professional identity and her work process in mental health. Method: An exploratory, qualitative study was conducted in six Psychosocial Care Centers in Salvador - Brazil. The data was collected between June and August 2022 through interviews with ten nurses and was subjected to thematic analysis. Results: the thematic analysis resulted in one category: Identity conflicts and ambiguities, with the themes "Core know-how and the identity of the 'traditional nurse'" and "Field know-how and the vagueness of identity contours". Conclusion: The results point to the need for more in-depth research into the nurse's know-how, which includes the fulfillment of her private activities that are congruent with the production of care in the field of psychosocial care.

ABSTRACT This paper presents a systematic literature review, grounded on bibliometric procedures, of the (political economy) works, produced from 2008 to 2020, on the relations between Artificial Intelligence and employment. It detects a growing tendency of published papers in this field, especially from 2019, and identifies four main groups of concerns on this topic. Within these groups, a prevalence of more optimistic over skeptical accounts and, especially, of economic orthodox over heterodox approaches on the issue can be noted. Overall, it is possible to understand that both the reviewed works and their metrics are quite dispersed and varied in scope. Among other reasons, this is due to the lack of a common basic definition, within the field, of AI in the first place.

Today’s scenarios of constant transformation of society call for a necessary reflection on work from an exquisitely pedagogical point of view, in consideration of the multiple transitions that we are witnessing because of phenomena such as progress, forced digitization, the Covid-19 pandemic, conflicts and economic-financial crises. It’s essential to move, for an education to the transition to the Recommendation of 18 December 2006 of the European Parliament on key competences for lifelong learning, from learning to learn. It is one of the eight competences, but essentially the most characterizing so that “learners take the starting point from what they have previously learned and from their life experiences to use and apply knowledge and skills in a whole range of contexts: at home, at work, in education and training”.

Arabic has a function and essence for the life of Islamic communication, but because of its nature which is in the midst of an ongoing educational tradition today, it requires various innovations, as a logical consequence of the development of science and technology. The development of science and technology is so rapid for human life, it is necessary to make efforts on Arabic language teaching technicians who adapt to their respective fields and competencies. Then the purpose of learning Arabic with this specific purpose is to develop the professional abilities and academic potential of students.This type of research is descriptive qualitative research, namely a research conducted systematically by using library data using data collection tools, namely, observation, and documentation. This study provides a goal-based Arabic learning model to be achieved which is called Arabic learning for special purposes. This learning is more directed at learning Arabic for a certain scope and context, for example for work or professions and also in the academic field.

Introduction: Parenthood is a composite experience in which personal, couple, relational, environmental, historical and cultural variables interact. In recent years, western societies have experienced a steady downward trend in the birth rate. On the other hand, scientific contributions, in which a qualitative methodology prevails, highlight the tendency of this experience to be positive. There is therefore an interest in exploring this topic in greater depth, also with quantitative studies, but above all in highlighting what changes, or maturing, happens in adults, sometimes after the birth of their children. Objectives: Our study aims to investigate parenthood through the administration of an ad hoc questionnaire. In particular, we investigate the psycho-relational changes that the experience of parenthood (after at least 3 years) may have promoted in women and men, specifically with respect to self-perception and relationships, both with their own parents, within the couple, and in object relations in general, and we compare the evaluations of mothers and fathers. Method: With prior permission and written informed consent, the self-report was distributed in various kindergartens. The sample consisted of 326 subjects, of whom187 mothers and 139 fathers, residing in northern Italy. Results: Three main components emerged from the factor analysis of the questionnaire: Openness Factor, Castling or Closure Factor, and Depth Factor. The reliability statistic indicates a Cronbach's alpha of 0.74. According to our sample parenthood promotes positive changes; among these, the most widespread are an increase in tenderness (92,7%), sense of responsibility (89,1%), perception of feeling older and more capable (88,4%), gratitude towards their partner (81.5%), and perception of a strengthening of the couple bond (86,5%). Increased tenderness and gratitude are particularly significant indicators of mental functioning. Other changes present more articulated distributions, and it is interesting to note that the direction of change fostered by parenthood is not unique and does not follow a fixed rule. Conclusions: Parenthood can open a time window in which greater plasticity and readiness to change are possible. Parenthood is therefore a precious opportunity (but not a certainty) to promote a growth in maturity for adults.

Internship is the training period during MBBS in which medical students will be able to learn methods/modalities to administer actual practice of medical and health care based on the knowledge gainded in their medical school. The students will get short-term supervised professional learning experience in different departments of medical and surgical specialities and have opportunity to develop professional networks within their intended career field. Internship gets your foot in the door of the real-world health care practice environment from the theoretical learning. Gaining knowledge and skills by reflecting on mistakes in practical scenario will boosts confidence and refine the practice later on. An internship can be a powerful medium for personal and professional growth as it allows the sense of responsibility towards the patients, their family and the organisation. It is indeed a great opportunity to have a hands-on learning experience prior to graduation of medical school.

Intersectional inequalities supported by systems of oppression based on gender, class, race and geographical location led women to become smugglersin Ecuador’s border provinces of Carchi and El Oro. These systems have fostered unequal access to paid work. Customs control, police and military subsumed under national security further aggravate women’s access to an income. In 2011, the Ecuadorian government launched the Comprehensive Security Plan to complement its militarized response to security threats, like smuggling. Although this initiative incorporated a human security discourse, it did not recognize the diversity of women's experiences of inequality. Drawing on Black feminism’s idea of intersectionality, matrix of domination and feminist critiques of national security, the concept of “feminist critical human security” is advanced. Women smugglers are characterized as criminals by the discourse of border security authorities. However, smuggling has become an alternative to the lack of job opportunities in the border region.

BACKGROUND: Occupations might influence the employees' psychophysical conditions and an important issue is the human activity mechanization, which favors a hypokinetic work status and leads to several chronic diseases. One of the most hypokinetic occupations is the supermarket cashier, in which the individual may spend many hours a day in the same body position. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to evaluate the association between cardiovascular risk, quality of life and physical activity level in supermarket cashiers. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study which included 200 supermarket cashiers aged 20 to 41 years from São Paulo, Brazil. The following cardiovascular risk factors were evaluated: overweight, obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and tobacco smoking. Physical activity level and quality of life were assessed with the short-form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAq) and World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL), respectively. Student t test and Chi-square were carried out to evaluate mean gender comparations and frequency, respectively. Logistic regression models were applied to determine the association between cardiovascular risk factors and physical activity level. RESULTS: The prevalence for all cardiovascular risk factors was significantly high in the cashiers with a low physical activity level. However, there was a significant reduction in several risk factors in the groups with moderate and high physical activity levels. The odds ratio values were significantly reduced for the association between the cardiovascular risk factors and the moderate and high physical activity levels. The cashiers with moderate and high physical activity levels showed significantly higher quality of life scores for the social and environmental domain. CONCLUSIONS: A high physical activity level is positively related to quality of life in supermarket cashiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective: To identify the influence of family and work relationships on decision-making about retiring. Methods: A qualitative descriptive study was carried out with 16 pre-retirees from a public university institution located in the north of Paraná, Brazil. Data were collected between July and November 2012 from three reflection groups that discussed aspects related to retirement. The Content Analysis technique was chosen for data analysis. For the theoretical basis of the results, the Theory of Social Representations was used. Results: Two categories emerged from discourse analysis: The influence of family relationships on decision-making about retiring and the influence of work relationships on decision-making about retiring. Conclusion: Family and work experiences influence decision-making about retiring, and become more important when the pre-retiree does not have post-career life projects, demonstrating the importance of the participation of workers in strategies to prepare for retirement during working life.

The article I am going to propose is a reflection on the theme of recognition in working and social contexts, and focuses on problems and troubles people cope with in this historical moment. This is a period during which reciprocity and recognition relationships involving our education and work career seem to have no more value, because the world of work now focuses on involving people in production and does not care about involved subjects' life plans. I also wish to point out risks and sufferance affecting subjects who perceive with always greater precision that they are more and more often oppressed by labor and mind exploitation, rather than considered human resources with a working competence who can participate in a wider project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detendo-se na questão que envolve a educação inclusiva, a investigação recorre à noção de diversidade para caracterizar um processo que se impõe como a afirmação do direito à diferença e demanda a adequabilidade das estruturas socioculturais no sentido de possibilitar o cumprimento da legislação que, não se restringindo ao âmbito da instituição escolar e do sistema educacional que as compõem, mas tendo-o como fundamento, converge para construir as condições necessárias para viabilizar a condição de cidadania para os portadores de deficiência, transtornos globais do desenvolvimento e altas habilidades ou superdotação, entre outros problemas que representam um grau de dificuldade no tocante à adaptação ao arcabouço social que afeta desde a relação de ensino e aprendizagem até o exercício da atividade profissional e requer não menos do que a descoberta, a utilização e a ampliação das suas potencialidades, tanto quanto, em suma, a emergência das suas aptidões.

In the most recent years, the European Union published a set of documents with diverse statutes that have been setting the agenda of the so-called "European dimension of education", in particular concerning to education, training and lifelong learning. Several analyses are being produced on these European discourses with emphasis on the criticism about: i) its political pragmatism (Canário, R., 2003), ii) its vocational bias, iii) the transformation of State, Work and Citizenship relations induced by these European texts (Lima, L., 2003, Medina, T., 2002). In this article the authors intend to identify and to characterize the “profiles” of Citizen, State and Labor that emerge from the European discourses. The aim is to highlight how these discourses produce and induce a legitimate framework and meaning for the field and policies on adult education.

Classical development approaches neglect work, in general, and its conditions in particular. From the Structural Adjustment Programs to the Strategies for Growth and for Poverty Reduction, we observe a relative integration of the plurality of life dimensions. Nevertheless, work is not always really considered. This compromises the possibilities of transforming strategies and goals for development in activities and work for development, in order to simultaneously transform people´s work conditions and life conditions. A better consideration of work and of human activities would favour local populations´ appropriation by of the transformation processes inherent to development.

Karl Marx and Friedrich Nietzsche are two figures that are considered controversial in religious studies. Both stated that ‘religion is the opium and the God is dead’ are deemed to have passed the limits of tolerance. As a result, both are regarded as insane person in their time. When they are examined more deeply, both statements expressed deep concern over the social situation of the people that suffer as a result of oppression and domination. In this situation, religion precisely be one that encourages people to behave naive and counterproductive to the objectives of humanitarian material. Thus, “religion is the opium and God is dead” are social provocation and criticism for people to get out of the traps of stagnation. The purpose of human life is material. For Marx, human nature is working, while for Nietzsche, it is the willing to power. This means that human will be humanic if it human is able to express in productive work that is free from domination and have the will to implement the powers that are pushing for continually active and creative. Initially, religion supports human to manifest true humanity but evolved into rituals that hinder the process of humanization.

This article, based on secondary bibliography, deals with some contemporary family issues and tendencies in the city of Medellin. These changes in family structure stand out as a result of complex processes such as the decline of the patriarchal family, the massive entry of women into the labor force, and the culture and the success of birth control campaigns in Colombia since the middle of the twentieth century. It also deals with the problem of the new places of infancy and youth within the family and in school, where they occupy central positions with greater recognition than in the past, displacing adults from the center and challenging their authority; and in the forms of urban socialization, defining new cultural paradigms. As in other contexts of the western cultural world, the family has somehow become the refuge of urban life, due to the deterioration of public life, and its supposed crisis is closely associated to the appearance of other forms of socialization in large cities. These and other problems such as the new gender identities and the end of the heterosexuality on which the family and patriarchal society were based, are inscribed within the processes of internationalization of culture, with its distinctive traits in a city like Medellin.

Introduction: Military police officers play a crucial role in contemporary society, which is marked by the increase in criminality. Therefore, these professionals are constantly under pressure, both socially and professionally, so occupational stress is something present in their routine., Objectives: To investigate the stress levels of military police officers in the municipality of Fortaleza and its metropolitan region., Methods: This was a cross-sectional, quantitative study, conducted with 325 military police officers (53.1% men; 20> 51 years old) who belonged to military police battalions. The Police Stress Questionnaire was used to identify the stress level, following the Likert scale from 1 to 7; the higher the score, the higher the stress level., Results: The results indicated that the lack of professional recognition is the main stress factor among military police officers (Median = 7.00). Other items were relevant to the quality of life of these professionals, which are: "risks of injuries or wounds resulting from the profession", "working on days off", "lack of human resources", "excessive bureaucracy in the police service", " having the perception that we are pressured to give up free time "," lawsuits resulting from police service," "going to court, relationship with the judicial actors, " and "use of inadequate equipment for the service," respectively (Median = 6. 00)., Conclusions: The stress of these professionals is organizational in nature and comes from factors that transcend the violence with which they deal., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: None

Background The workplace is an important setting for reaching potentially large numbers of smokers. Aims To review the evidence about smoking cessation in the workplace. Methods Literature review including a synthesis of findings from recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses of workplace smoking cessation programmes, a separate review of the qualitative evidence, case studies and an expert panel assessment. Results We found advantages, identified or confirmed from the mixed methods used in this work to holding smoking cessation programmes in the workplace. These included: (i) easy access to large numbers of worker populations for large workplaces, (ii) the potential improved recruitment to such programmes given this, (iii) the opportunity to access young men, traditionally difficult to achieve, (iv) access to occupational health and other staff who can assist with support and delivery and (v) ability for workers to attend relatively easily. Evidence on the importance of developing peer support at work was mixed. The simple provision or availability of programmes and interventions was unlikely to provide any beneficial behaviour change. Interventions should target workers that actively want to stop smoking, use elements that workers have identified as useful or focus on altering beliefs about smoking and the need to stop. Conclusions Smoking cessation programmes at work can provide useful support for workers wishing to stop smoking. They are only likely to be effective if participants have moved beyond the contemplation stage regarding smoking cessation, so that stopping smoking is a personal priority. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background The ‘fit note’ was introduced in the UK in April 2010, to facilitate return to work (RTW). However, no research to date has reported on how general practitioners (GPs) complete the comments section of the fit note. Aims To investigate the content of GPs’ comments in a sample of actual fit notes. Methods Data were collected in a service evaluation of fit notes issued by a regular general practice and those issued by a fit for work service (FFWS), where the fit notes for patients using the service are signed by GPs who have completed or are studying for a Diploma in Occupational Medicine. Content analysis was conducted on the fit note comments. Results There were 1212 fit notes available for analysis. Seven hundred and twelve were issued by the general practice and 500 by the FFWS. The FFWS made comments in 98% of those who may be fit and 90% of those not fit against 72% and 12%, respectively, for comments by the general practice. Fourteen different categories were identified in the comments. Most comments made some reference to RTW but few described the functional effects of the patient’s condition. Comments frequently covered more than one category and appeared to be serving a number of different purposes. Conclusions There was a wide variety in how the comments section was completed, and GPs were not completing the fit note as intended. The information provided may require improvement if it is to be useful to employers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article looks for the theat the ideology of the point of view to is social function, or either, not only of the details of the correction or falseness of the concept, but of the reason of its effective sedimentation in the daily life while element that aims at to nullify social conflicts. Keywords: Ideology. Science. Work. Este artigo procura tratar da ideologia do ponto de vista de sua função social, ou seja, não somente dos pormenores da correção ou falsidade do conceito, mas do porquê de sua efetiva sedimentação na vida cotidiana, como elemento que visa dirimir conflitos sociais. Palavras-chave: Ideologia. Ciência. Trabalho.

Background The standard exercise protocol for patients in a traditional cardiac rehabilitation (rehab) programme may not be adequate for preparing manual workers for a safe return to work, as these activities bear little resemblance to the physical movements and force exertion required in most industrial jobs. Aims To measure the energy expenditure as metabolic equivalents (METs) required for automotive technicians, to compare this MET level with that normally attained in traditional cardiac rehab programmes and to suggest cardiac rehab exercises for automotive technicians based on specificity of training. Methods Automotive technicians who volunteered to participate had their MET levels measured while they performed a defined series of work tasks in the service department of an automobile dealership. Their daily walking distance was also determined. Results Thirty-six of 95 eligible subjects participated; a response rate of 38%. Mean peak MET level was 7.1, less than the 8 METs target training goal often used in traditional cardiac rehab programmes. However, patients’ outcome MET levels in cardiac rehab are usually measured by a treadmill stress test, whereas the subjects reached 7.1 METs while performing work tasks. The subjects walked an average of 5 km during a normal workday. Conclusions Because MET level measurements are work specific, automotive technicians in a cardiac rehab programme should strive to reach and maintain a level of >7 METs while performing specific training exercises that mimic the work tasks they must do throughout the day. They can also benefit from traditional endurance training such as treadmill walking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the increasingly common provision of home-based health care by migrant care workers. In particular, we explore the racial division of paid reproductive care and ideas about embodied work to show that although (im)migrants tend to fall to the bottom of the hierarchy of care work, the reasons are multifaceted and complex. We draw on interview data from a larger study of long-term home care in Ontario to explore the lived experience of care work by migrant workers, emphasizing their social agency. We organize our discussion around the themes of routes, responsibilities, and respect and emphasize the embodied and power-inflected care work relation. Through these themes we explore the different routes the migrants took into care work—how they found their jobs and what role those jobs play in their lives. Then we address the responsibilities of different home care jobs and the relational dynamic of how job responsibilities are actually practiced. Finally, the theme of respect examines how the workers try to treat their clients with dignity but sometimes the work relation is marked by racism and friction over what counts as “good” care. We show that care work is constructed and experienced through a complex interweaving of embodiment, labor market inequalities, and the province's regulatory mechanisms of care provision. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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Few studies have examined employment outcomes in individuals with a primary diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current study used multivariate modeling to examine the relationship between PTSD, other aspects of military service, and employment among 5,862 veterans in a national Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) vocational rehabilitation program. Veterans with PTSD were 19% less likely to be employed at discharge (odds ratio = 0.81, p = 0.02) after controlling for potentially confounding variables. Individuals with substance use diagnoses or who were homeless at program entry were more likely to be employed at discharge, while receipt of public support income and severe mental illness decreased the likelihood of being competitively employed. This study supports current VA efforts to expand and improve the effectiveness of vocational rehabilitation services for veterans with PTSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Caderno CRH is the property of Universidade Federal da Bahia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

I examine how midlife men (N= 542) compare their work and family lives with those of their young adult sons, and how these comparisons affect the fathers’ self-evaluations. Analyses are based on quantitative and qualitative data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. Fathers who rate their work lives as more successful than their sons’ have elevated self-esteem only when they also report beingvery closewith their children. Open-ended interviews reveal that men derive pride from financially supporting their families, yet normative and economic constraints of the“good provider” role prevented them from pursuing their own career aspirations and from maintaining close parent-child ties. Intergenerational social comparisons highlight the distinctive work and family constraints felt by the midlife fathers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kugel hernia patch (Davol, Cranston, RI, USA) for treatment of inguinal hernias is a minimal access technique of inguinal herniorrhaphy, which aims to combine the utility of the open operation with the advantages of the laparoscopic procedures. The aim of the present study is to report an initial experience of a cohort of patients with inguinal hernias undergoing repair using this technique.A prospective series of 107 inguinal hernia repairs performed between January 2000 and October 2003 in 96 patients, using the Bard Kugel hernia patch were entered into the study. Patient comfort, complications, activity levels postoperations and early recurrence were evaluated.The median age was 76 years (range 23−88 years). There were 107 inguinal hernias repaired. There were 11 bilateral, 39 left and 46 right sided hernias, 12 were recurrent. There were no major complications. There were no early recurrences. At 6 and 12 months there were one and two hernia recurrences, respectively. A further recurrence was noted at 2 years. There was no consistent relationship between having hernia surgery and loss of mobility. There was no difference in straight leg raising noted following surgery compared to the patients’ preoperative score. Ability to shower, dress, reach the toilet or perform housework by day 7 returned to normal. Shopping activities were resumed by day 30 in all patients.The Kugel hernia operation is associated with minimal postoperative pain and rapid return to normal activity. There is a modest hernia recurrence rate, which needs to be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When scholars map the urban geography of racial and ethnic segregation, they privilege the time when people are at home. When workers commute, however, the tract of residence of one group often becomes the tract of employment of others. It follows that an exclusive focus on the residential geographies of racial groups erases the presence of others who work in those neighborhoods. Not only does this analytical orientation create a false impression of a city's racialized spaces as fixed, but it also misleadingly characterizes neighborhoods as the domain of those who live, rather than work, in them. In addressing this oversight, the study compares levels of residential and work tract segregation for native-born and immigrant groups in a large U.S. metropolitan area, Los Angeles. The analysis reveals that segregation by work tract is considerably lower than by residential tract, suggesting more intergroup interaction takes place during working hours than at home. The difference in segregation between residence and work is very large in the case of native-born whites and Mexican immigrants. These two groups maintain substantially different residential geographies but are quite likely to work in the same tracts. Such work tract complementarities are gender sensitive; they are much more likely between native-born white and Mexican men than between women of these groups. This gendered difference holds across all groups, with men more likely to work in tracts with men from other groups than women with women from other groups. The study offers new perspective on diurnal shifts in urban racial segregation. We conclude by speculating that reduced segregation at workplaces factors into recent increases in rates of interracial partnering, which may, in turn, ultimately leverage change in residential segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to recent public debate and newly imposed resident work hour restrictions, we decided to investigate the relationship of resident call status to their ambulatory patients' satisfaction. Resident continuity clinic patients were asked to rate their level of satisfaction on a 10-point Likert-type scale. Using multiple regression approaches, these data were then assessed as a function of resident call status. We found that in 646 patient encounters, patient satisfaction scores were significantly less when the resident was postcall, 8.99 ± 1.8, than when not postcall, 9.31 ± 1.3. We herein discuss etiologies and implications of these findings for both patient care and medical education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although it is well established that adult daughters spend more time giving assistance to their parents than do sons, the sources of this gender gap are not well understood. This paper asks: To what extent can this gap be explained by structural variation, especially the different rates of employment and kinds of jobs that women and men tend to hold? Using data from the National Survey of Families and Households (N= 7,350), the paper shows that both employment status and job characteristics, especially wages and self-employment, are important factors in explaining the gender gap in the help given to parents, and that these operate similarly for women and men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is concerned with the changing premises of human involvement in organizations underlying current employment and labour trends. The appreciation of these trends is placed in the wider historical context signified by the advent of modernity and the diffusion of the bureaucratic form of organization. The article attempts to dissociate bureaucracy from the dominant connotations of centralized and rigid organizational arrangements. It identifies the distinctive mark of the modern workplace with the crucial fact that it admits human involvement in non-inclusive terms. Modern humans are involved in organizations qua roles, rather than qua persons. Innocent as it may seem, the separation of the role from the person has been instrumental to the construction of modem forms of human agency. An organizational anthropology is thereafter outlined based on Gellner's conception of 'Modular Man'. Modernity and bureaucracy construe human beings as assemblages of relatively independent behavioural modules that can be invoked individually or in combination to respond to the differentiated character of the contemporary world. While the occupational mobility and organizational flexibility currently under way presuppose a model of human agency that recounts basic attributes of the modular human, they at the same time challenge it in some important respects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of studies have sought to establish the social psychological factors involved in the maintenance of active lifestyles during long-term unemployment. The aim of this study was to describe and account for the development and maintenance of different patterns of activity, with reference to their perceived meaningfulness. This was undertaken with a sample of Birmingham's inner city, long-term unemployed population recruited from three inner city Jobcentres, including men and women, and White, Asian and African Caribbean participants (N = 24). Interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide. Using the qualitative software program, NUD.IST, the data were analysed according to the principles of the grounded theory approach. Activities were characterized as: domestic; educational; work-like; socializing; and none. A model of meaningful activity in the context of formal unemployment was developed. The main components of the model were: features of formal employment that inhibited participants' engagement in it; the requirements for personal meaningful activity (challenging activity, effort and commitment, and being valued by others); the consequences of meaningful activity (opportunities for self-determination and self-development, and achievement, competence, and confidence) and consolidating factors (social comparison, self-appraisal, religious and political beliefs, and social support). Theories of unemployment of Jahoda, Warr, and Fryer are considered in the light of the present findings. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We generate models predicting wives' and husbands' feelings of overall balance across roles. Drawing on fine-grained data about marital lifestyles and time use, we find few predictors that are the same for both partners. Both report greater role balance when their level of parental attachment to children is higher and when their marital satisfaction is greater, but gendered time use gives rise to important differences. Wives report greater balance when they have more paid work hours but have fewer of these hours on weekends. Wives' balance is also greater when they feel less financial strain, have less leisure time alone with their children, more couple leisure alone with their husbands, and more social network involvement. Husbands' contribute to wives' balance when they report more relationship maintenance in the marriage and more leisure with their children at those times when wives are not present. Husbands' own role balance increases as their income rises, but it decreases as their work hours rise. Husbands' balance also rises with more nuclear family leisure, and it lessens as their leisure alone increases. Our discussion highlights the ways that gendered marital roles lead to these different correlates of balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study provides a detailed, multiple-choice, self-report analysis of home, work, and other public locations where drug offenders report using drugs. In addition, these settings were examined as a function of gender, ethnicity, type of drug used, and drug abuse/dependence status. The participants for the present study were 462 individuals attending drug diversion programs in southern California. The single most frequently reported location of use was the subjects' living room with a small group of friends. However, heavier users used different drugs across a greater variety of locations. Not surprisingly, drugs were used least at work (though a surprising 47% had used at work). Popular situations of drug use among drug offenders are similar to that of high-risk youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the effects of mothers' strategies of combining employment and welfare receipt during the first 3 years of their child's life on the child's cognitive development, behavior problems, and home learning environment at ages 5 to 6. We compare the child outcomes of those mothers who were continuously employed and received no welfare with (a) those who worked some or all of the 3 years and also received public assistance and (b) those who were totally dependent on public assistance. We studied children in single-parent families (N = 1271) living below 200% of the poverty threshold using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth--Child Supplement. No negative association was found on most child outcomes with a mother's employment whether or not it was combined with public assistance. However, mothers' not working at all and receiving financial support solely from AFDC was associated with negative child outcomes. We discuss the implications of these findings for the possible effects of the new welfare laws on families and young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the full range of family care responsibilities, including care for children and for ill and disabled adults, among employees of a government-funded research center. Utilizing a family care model drawn from stress and coping and role theory perspectives, caregiving strain and occupational impacts were modeled in terms of type of care provided, work and family demands, resources available at home and at work, and background characteristics. Significant contributors to both caregiving strain and occupational impacts included type of care provided, as well as employee age and ethnicity, care recipient disability, problems with care arrangements, work demands, and lack of assistance with family responsibilities. Employees with child care responsibilities were found to experience higher levels of caregiving strain and occupational impacts than were employees caring for adults only. The implications of these findings for practitioners and for the development of programs geared toward employees' differential family responsibilities are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the impact of industrialization upon the concepts and experience of time and work. This has been viewed in terms of a transition from pre-industrial task-orientation to an organization of work based on clock time and disembedded from the field of workers' social relationships. It is argued here, to the contrary, that task-orientation remains central to the experience of work in industrial society, even though the reality of that experience is systematically denied by the 'Western' discourse of freedom and necessity. The argument is exemplified by reference to ethnographic studies of locomotive drivers. It is concluded that clock time is as alien to us as it is to the people of pre-industrial societies: the only difference is that we have to deal with it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there has been much research on the influence of educational attainment on occupational status and earnings, relatively little is known about its impact on other qualities of work such as job complexity. This article explores how educational credentials affect access to jobs that provide challenging work To do so it uses longitudinal data on black Hispanic, and white men and women who attended the City University of New York after it initiated its landmark open-admissions policy in 1970. That program was designed to boost educational attainments among disadvantaged minority students and to enhance opportunities for desirable jobs. Analyses reveal that overall the jobs held by these minorities involved less complex work than those held by whites. These inequalities are explained partly by disparities in educational attainment, but differences in employment sector also are important: the minorities were more often in the public sector, where work was generally less challenging. Gender differences in work complexity are related to the varying distribution of sex-typed jobs in the public and private sectors. Policies such as open admissions add to opportunity in the labor market, but effects are limited by wider institutional conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores gender relations and gender identity, based upon an ethnography of a Swedish advertising agency. The organization is of special interest as it has a strong gender division of labor, where men hold all senior posts, at the same time as creative advertising work seems to have much more similarity with what gender studies describe as "femininity" rather than with forms of "masculinity." The paper discusses how gender is constructed in an organizational context. Emphasis on workplace sexuality is related to identity work of men in response to the highly ambiguous and contested context of advertising work. Tendencies toward the "femininization" of the work and client relationships put some strain on (gender) identity for men, triggering a structuring of gender relations and interaction at the workplace to restore feelings of masculinity. The paper problematizes ideas of masculinities and femininities and argues for a rethinking of their roles in nonbureaucratic organizations. Also assumptions about a close connection between domination of masculinity and of males are critically discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the association between married mothers' employment and their reports of marital conflict and marital happiness. For mother-stepfather families, the findings indicate that there is a significant trend in which mothers full-time employment is associated with higher marital quality when there are more children in the household. For continuously married families with children, there was a weak, but nonsignificant association, consistent with role strain perspectives, between maternal employment and mothers' reports of their marital quality. As family demands in the form of the number of children in the household increase, full-time employment is associated with less marital happiness and more marital conflict. When the family is small, mothers' full-time employment is associated with lower marital happiness and more marital conflict. When family size increases, however, mothers' full-time employment is associated with greater marital happiness and lower marital conflict.

The article evaluates the effect of parental employment on child poverty in the United States. In 1992, the United States poverty rate of 14.5% exceeded that of any year since the 1983 economic recession, and the number of poor people is now greater than any time since the early 1960s. The problem is especially acute among America's children. More than 1 in 5 children today are poor, constituting roughly 40% of America's poverty population. Children today are nearly twice as likely as the elderly to be poor, child poverty rates have increased by about one-third over the past 15 years, and children in other industrialized nations experience much lower poverty rates, especially among those living in female-headed families. Policy debates increasingly focus on the role of employment as a poverty-reduction strategy. Indeed, the Job Opportunities and Basic Skills (JOBS) provision of the 1988 Family Support Act was designed in part to move poor single mothers into the paid labor force and reduce their dependency on welfare income. The nonworking poor have always been a target in policy debates about the causes and consequences of the rise in welfare dependency in the United States.

The article presents information on a study which examines the relations between different patterns of commitment to work and to parenting and level of role strain. A sample of 102 middle-class fathers and 194 mothers completed self-report measures of role commitment and role strain and described their role quality, social support and occupation. It was proposed that high dual, commitments to work and parenting will result in reduced role strain only for men and women in professional and managerial occupations. Results indicated that men's patterns of commitment to work and parenting were significantly related to their level of role strain. However, the balanced, positive pattern was not the one associated with the least role strain. Instead, men with low commitment to work but high parental commitment reported the lowest level of strain. And, women's patterns of commitment to work and parenting were unrelated to their level of role strain. The hypothesis that balanced, positive commitments to work and parenting would be associated with lower role strain was not supported.

The International Ergonomics Association (IEA) was founded in 1959 as a product of the European Productivity Agency, a branch of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation. Its original objectives were to study human work and to apply those findings in industry. Since then ergonomics has enjoyed impressive growth. Two technological events that have contributed greatly to the development of ergonomics have been our entry into the space age and the computer revolution. Ergonomic literature during the last 30 years has grown from a trickle to a flood. We have also seen a crystallization of our objectives and the translation of our research findings into guidelines and standards for design. A comparison of the proceedings of the first with those of the 10th International Ergonomic Congress shows that ergonomics has greatly expanded its field of interest to include the full range of human activities, for people everywhere on the Earth, wherever those activities interact with any of the products of our technological civilization and the environments in which we live. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]