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El siguiente informe expone los 6 meses de pasantía empresarial en la empresa Uriel Hernández Ingeniera civil S.A.S las cuales se dividieron en dos grandes funciones, la primera función se basa en la realización de visitas para la toma de cantidades y levantamientos de obra con la finalidad de generar una cotización formal de los trabajos a realizar, añadiéndole un modelo en Revit para ser más atractivos para el cliente, la segunda función fue la supervisión de obra en la remodelación de la zona húmeda del edifico portal de la sierra y los mantenimientos locativos de la operadora Avícola. The following report exposes the 6 months of business internship in the company Uriel Hernández Civil Engineering S.A.S which were divided into two large functions, the first function is based on carrying out visits to take quantities and surveys of work with the purpose of generate a formal quote for the work to be carried out by adding a model in Revit to be more attractive to the client, the second function was the supervision of the work in the remodeling of the wet area of the portal de la sierra building and the locative maintenance of the poultry operator Ingeniero Civil http://www.ustabuca.edu.co/ustabmanga/presentacion Pregrado

En el presente documento se da constancia del desarrollo de las diferentes actividades realizadas durante la pasantía en la Alcaldía del municipio de Sogamoso en la dependencia de la secretaría de infraestructura, durante el periodo del 12 de septiembre de 2022 al 23 de diciembre del 2022. Durante el desarrollo de la pasantía se ejecutaron actividades de control y supervisión de obra en cuanto a personal, maquinaria y materiales; revisión de los procedimientos de proyectos viales según especificaciones técnicas INVIAS, además presentación de informes semanales de las actividades desarrolladas, con materiales ingresados a la obra, actividades realizadas, personal y maquinaria utilizada en la rehabilitación de la malla vial de la carrera 16 entre calles 11 y 11ª y 11bis, así mismo en la rehabilitación de la malla vial de la carrera 21 con calle 24 y el mantenimiento vial de la carrera 20 entre calles 22ª y 27. Igualmente de la reparación del pavimento flexible por medio de bacheo en diferentes vías del municipio. Por otro lado, se llevó a cabo la elaboración y revisión de presupuesto de obra, memoria de cantidades, análisis de precios unitarios APU, AIU, entre otros documentos técnicos requeridos para el proyecto de la casa de la mujer empoderada del municipio de Sogamoso. El objetivo principal consistió en brindar apoyo a la Secretaría de Infraestructura de la Alcaldía de Sogamoso - Boyacá, supervisando y verificando los proyectos en ejecución. Se aportó conocimientos técnicos para mejorar las obras civiles en el municipio. La metodología se enfocó en evaluar los diseños viales, presupuestos, memorias de cantidades y parámetros de diseño para cumplir con las especificaciones técnicas del INVIAS. Además, se realizó el control de personal, materiales y maquinaria en el frente de obra y se elaboraron informes semanales sobre las actividades realizadas. Por otra parte, se llevaron bitácoras de campo con registros detallados de las actividades ejecutadas, el proceso constructivo, las cantidades de materiales, el personal y la maquinaria utilizada, permitiendo verificar el rendimiento de la cuadrilla y la maquinaria. This document records the development of various activities carried out during the internship at the Sogamoso municipal government in the infrastructure secretary's office, during the period from September 12, 2022 to December 23, 2022. During the development of the internship, activities were carried out for the control and supervision of construction work in terms of personnel, machinery and materials; review of road project procedures according to INVIAS technical specifications, as well as weekly reports of the activities carried out, with materials entered into the work, activities carried out, personnel and machinery used in the retabling of the road network on 16th street between 11th and 11th bis streets, and also in the rehabilitation of the road network on 21st street with 24th street and road maintenance between 22nd and 27th streets. Likewise, repairs were carried out on flexible pavement through patching on different roads in the municipality. On the other hand, the preparation and review of construction budgets, quantities of memory, unit price analysis APU, AIU, among other technical documents required for the project of the empowered women's house in the municipality of Sogamoso was carried out. The main objective was to provide support to the Secretariat of Infrastructure of the Mayor's Office of Sogamoso - Boyacá, supervising and verifying the projects under execution. Technical knowledge will be provided to improve civil works in the municipality. The methodology focused on evaluating road designs, budgets, quantity reports and design parameters to comply with INVIAS technical specifications. In addition, control of personnel, materials and machinery at the construction site was carried out and weekly reports on the activities performed were prepared. In addition, field logs were kept with detailed records of the activities carried out, the construction process, the quantities of materials, personnel and machinery used, making it possible to verify the performance of the crew and machinery. Ingeniero Civil Pregrado

El presente documento brinda constancia detallada del proceso llevado a cabo en la Secretaría de Infraestructura Pública de la Alcaldía del Municipio de Belén, Departamento de Boyacá; en la modalidad de pasantía a fin de obtener el Título de Ingeniero Civil. A partir del 15 de febrero de 2022 y finalizando con éxito el 02 de junio del 2022, en donde se aplicaron los conocimientos adquiridos durante la carrera y/o pregrado realizado en la Universidad Santo Tomás, y a su vez ampliando el conocimiento técnico y/o profesional para la intervención en proyectos. Este documento tiene como objetivo dar a conocer las actividades y labores realizadas durante el tiempo presente, entre las cuales menciono como la revisión de licencias de construcción radicadas en el municipio, realización de actas e informes, cálculo de cantidades de obra, presupuestos, elaboración de planos, supervisión de obras y maquinaria amarilla. Se llevó a cabo 600 horas como requisito distribuidas en 40 horas semanales. This document provides detailed evidence of the process carried out in the Secretariat of Public Infrastructure of the Mayor's Office of the Municipality of Belén, Department of Boyacá; in the internship modality to obtain the Title of Civil Engineer. Starting on February 15, 2022 and ending successfully on June 02, 2022, where the knowledge acquired during the career at the Santo Tomás University was applied, as well as the technical and/or professional knowledge for intervention in projects was expanded. This document aims to publicize the activities and work carried out during the present time, such as the review of construction licenses located in the municipality, preparation of minutes and reports, calculation of quantities of work, budgets, preparation of plans, supervision of works and yellow machinery. 600 hours were carried out as a requirement distributed in 40 hours per week. Ingeniero Civil Pregrado

PT. Citra Hannochs Niagaantara has the address at Jalan Attorney No. 5D, Medan which is engaged in selling Hannochs brand lamps. The company offers products such as: energy saving lamps, halogen, metal halide, LED lamps and various project lighting fixtures for civil works. The employee's workspace is considered to be still less comfortable for employees to carry out their work activities because employees feel that the workspace is too narrow so that employees are not free to work. Employees perceive that they accept many jobs at the same time. The process of implementing control within the company is considered to be still tight because in the company there are various systems and policies that must be obeyed by employees and some of these systems and policies make employees less comfortable at work. This research uses quantitative descriptive research. The total population in the study was 49 employees with a sampling technique using a saturated sample.Simultaneously there is a significant effect between the workload and work supervision variables on the work environment of PT. Citra Hannochs Niagantara. While partially found the workload variable has a significant effect on the work environment of employees of PT. Citra Hannochs Niagantara. Partially found work supervision variables have a significant effect on the work environment of employees of PT. Citra Hannochs Niagantara. The results of this study indicate that the work supervision variable has more influence than the workload on the work environment of the employees of PT. Citra Hannochs Niagantara.

Digital, En este documento se encuentran plasmadas las distintas actividades realizadas por el estudiante Rumar Andrés Niño Pallares, como auxiliar de ingeniería, las cuales la mayoría de ellas corresponden a labores ejecutadas en obra y cumpliendo cada una de las necesidades que la empresa tuviese, dichas actividades fueron realizadas en un periodo de 4 meses mediante la modalidad de práctica empresarial, estas actividades fueron realizadas en la constructora Civil Proyectos y Construcciones D&M S.A.S, cuya sede principal se encuentra en la ciudad de Ocaña, Norte de Santander. Esta pasantía fue muy enriquecedora porque se le dio fuerza a los conocimientos y habilidades adquiridas en el pregrado. Las labores fueron ejecutadas en su mayoría en las siguientes veredas: Brisas del Catumbo, La Batea, San Francisco, Ventanas, El Oso y en el casco urbano del municipio de Teorama, Norte de Santander, con el objetivo del mejoramiento al sistema de acueducto y alcantarillado, la rehabilitación y mejoramiento de pavimentación en la zona urbana , y el mejoramiento y adecuación de la instalación de policía todas estas pertenecientes al municipio de Teorama, norte de Santander elevando la calidad de vida de la comunidad. Estas labores estuvieron enfocadas en su mayoría en los contratos de licitación de obra pública y en contratos de selección abreviada menor cuantía, realizando actividades destacadas como: Informes de obra ejecutada, cálculos de cantidades de obra, análisis de precios unitarios y presupuestos. Así mismo se hizo trabajo de campo en la supervisión, control y seguimiento de los trabajos desarrollados verificando que la obra estuviera conforme con los planos y especificaciones., In this document are reflected the different activities performed by the student Rumar Andrés Niño Pallares, as an engineering assistant, which most of them correspond to work performed on site and fulfilling each of the needs that the company had, these activities were carried out in a period of 4 months through the modality of business practice, these activities were performed in the construction company Civil Proyectos y Construcciones D&M S.A.S, whose headquarters are located in the city of Ocaña, Norte de Santander. This internship was very enriching because it gave strength to the knowledge and skills acquired in the undergraduate program. The work was carried out mostly in the following villages: Brisas del Catumbo, La Batea, San Francisco, Ventanas, El Oso and in the urban area of the municipality of Teorama, Norte de Santander, with the objective of improving the aqueduct and sewage system, the rehabilitation and improvement of paving in the urban area, and the improvement and adaptation of the police installation, all of these belonging to the municipality of Teorama, Norte de Santander, improving the quality of life of the community. These tasks were mostly focused on public works bidding contracts and minor abbreviated selection contracts, performing important activities such as: reports of executed works, calculations of work quantities, unit price analysis and budgets. Field work was also carried out in the supervision, control and follow-up of the work performed, verifying that the work was in accordance with the plans and specifications., Pregrado, Ingeniero(a) Civil, Introducción .................................................................................................................................. 17 Objetivos ....................................................................................................................................... 18 Marco Teórico ............................................................................................................................... 19 Alcantarillado Sanitario. ............................................................................................................... 19 Sistema de Alcantarillado Mixto. ................................................................................................. 19 Instalación de Domiciliarias. ........................................................................................................ 19 Definición de Términos. ............................................................................................................... 20 Presentación del Sitio de Trabajo. ................................................................................................ 21 Metodología .................................................................................................................................. 23 Mejoramiento al sistema de acueducto y alcantarillado en el sector rural del municipio de Teorama, Norte de Santander ....................................................................................................... 26 Trabajo Administrativo. ................................................................................................................ 27 Trabajo de Campo. ........................................................................................................................ 28 Análisis de Resultados .................................................................................................................. 43 Conclusiones ................................................................................................................................. 45 Recomendaciones ......................................................................................................................... 46 Referencias Bibliográficas ............................................................................................................ 47 Apéndices ...................................................................................................................................... 49

Digital, En este proyecto de grado basado en la supervisión de obras civiles, se describe el desarrollo de la práctica que se realizó en la constructora Elohim S.A.S donde se implementaron los conocimientos adquiridos en la formación de la tecnología; en donde algunas de las actividades a desarrollar fue realizar una supervisión técnica, donde se van a observar las áreas afectadas por las humedades que se presentan en las instalaciones del frigorífico Vijagual y aplicar el proceso de restauración de las partes donde se hallan estas irregularidades y afectaciones. Durante el proceso de supervisión técnica se pudo evidenciar que algunas de estas fallas era por el deterioro de las estructuras donde se filtraban las aguas de lluvia causando humedades en los muros internos, fachadas exteriores y grietas o dilataciones en los pisos de cementos, se hallan también filtraciones por las juntas de las cerámicas del piso a causa de las aguas acumuladas en los pisos ya que no tenían desniveles para los sifones de desagües, se evidencio que los bajantes de las cubiertas estaban en mal estado obstruyendo el paso del agua por la cantidad de mugre que se encontraba en el lugar. Como aporte para Elohim S.A.S se solicitó una capacitación por la empresa de productos Sika, para la aplicación y utilización de dichos productos para tratar las áreas húmedas donde sirvió de gran utilidad para el desarrollo de los procesos de restauración., In this degree project based on the supervision of civil works, the development of the practice that was carried out in the Elohim S.A.S construction company is described, where the knowledge acquired in the formation of the technology was implemented; where some of the activities to develop was to carry out a technical supervision, where the areas affected by the humidity that occur in the Vijagual refrigerator facilities will be observed and apply the restoration process of the parts where these irregularities and affectations are found. .During the technical supervision process it was possible to show that some of these failures were due to the deterioration of the structures wherethe rainwater was filtered causing humidity in the internal walls, external facades and cracks or expansions in the cement floors, there are also leaks through the joints of the floor ceramics due to the accumulated water on the floors since they did not have unevenness for the drain siphons, it was evident that the roof downspouts were in poor condition, obstructing the passage of water due to the amount of dirt that was in the place.As a contribution to Elohim S.A.S, a training was requested by the Sikaproducts company, for the application and use of said products to treat the humid areas where it was very useful for the development of the restoration processes., Pregrado, Tecnólogo en Supervisión de Obras Civiles, 1 ed., ntroducción..................................................................................................................................16Objetivos.......................................................................................................................................18Objetivo General.......................................................................................................................18Objetivos Específicos............................................................................................................18Desarrollo del Proyecto.................................................................................................................19Identificación de las Zonas Húmedas con la Supervisión Técnica...........................................19Cumplimiento de los Parámetros del Invima Para las Obras Civiles del Frigorífico.........20Diseño y Construcción......................................................................................................21Selección de las Áreas Afectadas por las Humedades..............................................................24Determinación de las Causas de la Humedad Generada en las Áreas del Frigorífico.......29Procesos Constructivos Para las Zonas Afectadas por la Humedad.........................................30Definición de los Horarios de Intervención de las Obras Civiles........................................31Planeación de los Procesos Constructivos...........................................................................33Elaboración del Cronograma de las Obras.........................................................................35Ejecución de las Obras Civiles Para el Mejoramiento del Frigorífico......................................36Materiales que se Utilizaron Para las Obras.......................................................................37Supervisión Técnica a los Procesos de Mejoramiento de las Zonas Afectadas...................43Seguimiento a las Áreas Restauradas...................................................................................54Conclusiones.................................................................................................................................55Recomendaciones.........................................................................................................................56Referencias Bibliográficas............................................................................................................57Apéndices......................................................................................................................................59

Este documento contiene el desarrollo de la modalidad de pasantía llevada a cabo en la alcaldía de Belén, Boyacá, de la dependencia secretaría de infraestructura pública como opción de grado, que inició el 7 de julio del 2021 y finalizó el 29 de octubre del 2021, durante el proceso se puso en práctica los saberes teórico-prácticos adquiridos en la universidad, además de permitir el abordaje con mayor especificidad en temas de ingeniería civil que fueron apropiados durante el proceso de pasantía. Se presenta cada una de las actividades realizadas durante el proceso de pasantía que se enfocaron en el apoyo al área técnica de la secretaría de infraestructura pública, control de consultorías, diseño y ejecución de proyectos, supervisión de obra, elaboración de actas e informes, elaboración de cantidades de obra, comités de obra, entre otras actividades asignadas por el tutor, el secretario de infraestructura pública del municipio de Belén, Boyacá. Estas funciones se llevaron a cabo teniendo en cuenta los conocimientos adquiridos en el transcurso de la carrera. En el presente documento se busca dar a conocer detalladamente las actividades realizadas en la alcaldía de Belén, Boyacá, como también dar cumplimiento al número de horas exigidas por la Universidad Santo Tomás para optar por el título de ingeniera civil. This document contains the development of the internship modality carried out in the mayor's office of Belén, Boyacá, of the public infrastructure secretariat as a degree option, which began on July 7, 2021 and ended on October 29, 2021, during the process the theoretical-practical knowledge acquired at the university was put into practice, in addition to allowing the approach with greater specificity in civil engineering topics that were appropriate during the internship process. Each of the activities carried out during the internship process is presented, which focused on the support to the technical area of the public infrastructure secretariat, control of consultancies, design and execution of projects, work supervision, preparation of minutes and reports, preparation of work quantities, work committees, among other activities assigned by the tutor, the public infrastructure secretary of the municipality of Belén, Boyacá. These functions were carried out taking into account the knowledge acquired during the course of the career. This document seeks to show in detail the activities carried out in the mayor's office of Belén, Boyacá, as well as to comply with the number of hours required by the Universidad Santo Tomás to qualify for the degree of civil engineer. Pregrado

La interventoría es una herramienta de control, seguimiento y verificación primordial para los aspectos administrativos, técnicos, financieros, legales y ambientales que garantizan la calidad en cada una de las etapas de la ejecución de cualquier proyecto de construcción de obra civil, con obligación de ser incluida en los contratos del sector público. Esta herramienta incluye una cuidadosa supervisión de las cantidades de obra, los procesos constructivos, la valoración de los materiales utilizados, la experiencia del personal, la maquinaria, la adecuada disposición de los residuos sólidos y otros aspectos que hacen parte de los rigurosos procesos de control que se deben realizar en obra, cuyo principal objetivo es velar por el cumplimiento del contrato en términos de plazos, calidades, cantidades y la apropiada ejecución de los recursos del contrato evitando que se presenten inconsistencias en la estructura a corto o largo plazo que atenten contra el bienestar y satisfacción de los usuarios y funcionarios. El proyecto de la construcción del Hospital Local de Tunja surgió debido a la necesidad de atender y asistir medicamente a la población de la capital del departamento de Boyacá y sus alrededores, que está en constante crecimiento, y a la carencia de servicios de salud básicos en varios de los municipios aledaños. En funcionamiento el Hospital Local de Tunja brindará servicios de salud de segundo nivel de complejidad, permitiendo descongestionar el Hospital San Rafael. The Owner´s Representative Role or Interventory, is a primary controlling, monitoring and verifying tool for aspects such as administrative, technical, financial, legal and environmental control that guarantees the quality at each stage of the execution of any construction project, which is required in all public contracts. This tool includes a careful supervision of quantities, construction processes, valuation of the materials, staff experience, machinery, adequate disposal of solid waste and other aspects that are part of the rigorous processes of control that must be carried out on site. Its main objective is to ensure compliance with the contract terms including qualities, quantities and adequate invest of contract resources, avoiding inconsistencies in the structure in the short or long term, that attempt against the welfare and satisfaction of users. The construction project of Tunja Hospital Local, was born due to the need to attend and assist medically the population of Department de Boyacá capital’s city and its surroundings, which is constantly growing, and also the lack of basic health services in several of the surrounding municipalities. In operation, the Tunja Local Hospital will provide health services of a second level of complexity, achieving decongest San Rafael Hospital. Pregrado

A pesar de no ser una actividad reglamentada por una normativa específica en el país, en la que se establezca de forma clara sus funciones y alcances, sino que, su desarrollo se ha dado más por tradición en el sector de la Arquitectura, la Ingeniería y la Construcción (AIC); dada por la necesidad que existe de verificar la adecuada calidad y ejecución de un proyecto, la interventoría es una figura con un rol de gran importancia en el desarrollo de un proyecto constructivo, aún más en la actualidad, cuando juega un papel más de acompañamiento al constructor y no de persecución, lo cual, genera un trabajo colaborativo que aumentan los niveles de éxito de un proyecto edificatorio. Sin embargo, y pese a dicha importancia, en muchos casos, su desarrollo y éxito se ve truncado y limitado por algunas problemáticas relacionadas con los métodos de ejecución actuales, de acuerdo con la opinión de diferentes profesionales vinculados al medio, quienes fueron encuestados acerca del tema; por tal razón, y con el fin de mejorar dichas condiciones, se propone una investigación mediante la cual se plantee y desarrolle una metodología de control técnico-administrativo para proyectos de concreto, apoyado en la implementación de medios digitales; con la cual, mediante su aplicación en un caso de estudio, fue posible comprobar su contribución para la reducción de dichas situaciones conflictivas detectadas a lo largo del proceso investigativo, así mismo, permitió trabajar en la renovación de los conceptos tradicionales y propiciar estrategias en torno a la utilización de nuevas herramientas digitales en el sector AIC, con el fin de hacer de este sector un campo más competitivo y generoso. Abstract: In spite of not being an activity regulated by a specific regulation in the country, in which its functions and scopes are clearly established, its development has been more traditional in the field of Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC); given the need that exists to verify the adequate quality and execution of a project, the auditing is a figure with a role of great importance in the development of a constructive project, even more so now, when it plays a role more in support of the builder and not persecution, which generates a collaborative work that increases the success levels of a building project. However, and despite this importance, in many cases, its development and success is truncated and limited by some problems related to current methods of execution, according to the opinion of different professionals linked to the environment, who were surveyed about the topic. For this reason, and in order to improve these conditions, an investigation is carried out in search of the development of a technical-administrative control methodology for concrete projects, supported by the implementation of digital media, with which, through its implementation in a case study, it was possible to check their contribution to the reduction of these problems detected throughout the research process, likewise, it allowed to work on the renewal of traditional concepts and the dismantling of the barrier that exists around the use of new digital tools in the AEC sector, which actually seek to make this sector a more competitive and generous field. Maestría

Työnohjaus on ohjaajan kanssa vuorovaikutuksessa tapahtuva ammatillisen kehittymisen työmuoto erityisesti niillä työaloilla, joilla työtä tehdään henkisten varustusten ja persoonan varassa. Vaativassa ihmissuhdetyössä, kuten kasvatus-, sosiaali- ja hoitoaloilla se on vakiintunut Suomessa yleiseksi käytännöksi. Sen historialliset juuret ovat 1920-luvun Pohjois-Amerikan sosiaalityössä. Koska sosiaalityöntekijöiden koulutusta ei vielä ollut olemassa, työ opittiin käytännössä esimiehen opastuksella "mestari-kisälli" -periaatteella. Työnohjauksen laajentuessa muille työaloille työnohjaajina on käytetty ulkopuolisia ihmissuhdealojen ammattilaisia. Viitekehyksenään he käyttävät niitä käsitteitä ja teorioita, joihin he omassa ammattikäytännössään ja -koulutuksessaan ovat itselleen suodattaneet. Moniparadigmaisena käytäntönä työnohjaus on sekoitus arkikäsitteitä ja eri tieteenaloilta peräisin olevia teoreettisia käsitteitä. Työnohjauksen käytön laajentuessa sen käsitteellinen epämääräisyys on muodostunut ongelmaksi. Tutkimukseni tavoitteena oli selkiinnyttää epäselvää työnohjauksen käsitettä muotoilemalla teoreettisia käsitteitä, joiden avulla on mahdollista jäsentää työnohjaus omana sosiaalisena systeeminään osana yhteiskunnan kokonaisuutta. Kyseessä on teoreettinen tutkimus, jonka metodina on tutkijan käsitteellinen ajattelu. Ajatteluni ja tutkimuskohteeni välinen suhde on dialoginen. Tutkimustehtäväni oli kaksiosainen. Ensiksi etsin vastausta kysymykseen, miten on mahdollista, että käsitteellisestä epämääräisyydestään huolimatta työnohjaus on vain lisännyt suosiotaan vuosikymmenien kuluessa sen sijaan että se olisi hävinnyt ohimenevänä muotivirtauksena. Vastaus antaisi edellytykset varsinaiselle tutkimustehtävälleni eli sellaisen teoreettisen mallin etsimiselle työnohjausta varten, joka lähtökohdiltaan vastaa inhimillisen todellisuuden luonnetta ja siihen perustuen tarjoaa realistisen mahdollisuuden teoreettisesti jäsentää kaikki ne prosessit ja osaprosessit, joiden kautta edellä esittämääni tavoitteeseen on mahdollista päästä. Saadakseni vastauksen ensimmäiseen kysymykseeni analysoin työnohjauksen historiaa käyttämällä teoreettisina analyysivälineinäni systeemisesti orientoitunutta yhteiskuntatieteellistä tutkimusta. Analyysin tulos osoitti, että työnohjaajiksi ilmeisesti valikoituu tietynlaisen persoonallisuusrakenteen omaavia henkilöitä, joilla on luontaista ymmärrystä ihmisen syvempiä inhimillisiä tarpeita kohtaan. He kykenevat ottamaan ne huomioon jopa niin, että kumpikaan osapuoli ei tule niistä selvästi tietoiseksi. Se selittää työnohjauksen "vaikuttavuuden" ilman että sitä kyetään perustelemaan tietoisista paradigmoista käsin. Tutkimukseni tavoitteen kannalta tämä tulos merkitsi, että kehitettävä työnohjauksen teoria on ulotettava tälle persoonan syvätasolle, jotta sillä tasolla esiin nousevaan problematiikkaan osattaisiin kiinnittää tietoista huomiota. Se antoi viitteen, että työnohjauksen teorian tulee perustua sellaiselle metateorialle, joka ottaa huomioon kaikki ne inhimillisen elämän puolet, jotka työnohjaustilanteessa aktivoituvat vaikuttaen työnohjausprosessiin. Tässä vaiheessa saatoin siirtyä tutkimuksessani toiseen vaiheeseen eli sellaiseen ihmiskäsitykseen perustuvan työnohjauksen teoreettisen mallin kehittämiseen, jossa ihminen biologisena, psyykkisenä ja sosiaalisena olentona muodostaa systeemisen kokonaisuuden.Filosofista perustaa sille löysin Martin Heideggerin fundamentaaliontologiasta. Ihmisen kehitystä hänen omista lähtökohdistaan suhteessa omaan elämismaailmaansa jäsentävänä erityisteoriana palvelee psykoanalyyttinen teoria, sillä jo alkuhistoriassaan 1900-luvun alussa se on noudattanut systeemisen ajattelun periaatteita. Vaikka systeemiteoriaa ei siihen aikaan ollut vielä olemassa, psykoanalyysin perustaja Sigmund Freud oli vakuuttunut siitä, että ihminen on oman evoluutionsa tuotos. Psykoanalyysin myöhempi kehitys on tähän mennessä tuottanut runsaasti empiiristä tutkimustietoa inhimillisen varhaiskehityksen eri vaiheista ja prosesseista vuorovaikutussuhteessa läheisiin ihmisiin. Ympäröivän kulttuurin kehitystä omista historiallisista lähtökohdistaan jäsentävää teoriaa löytyy runsaasti yhteiskuntatieteiden piiristä. Kuten Freudin teoriassa, myös sosiologian uranuurtajien Emile Durkheimin ja Max Weberin teorioissa vaikuttanut systeeminen tutkimusote on vasta myöhemmin tunnistettu. Työnohjauksen teorian kehittelyn mallina käytin Klaus Holzkampin holistista metodologista tutkimusohjelmaa, sillä sen lähtökohtana on ajatus kontekstualisoitavasta ja historioitavasta inhimillisestä subjektista. Löytämäni metateoria ja siihen pohjautuvat erityisteoriat tarjoavat riittävät edellytykset sellaisen ehyen teoreettisen mallin rakentamiseen, joka täyttää tutkimustehtäväksi asettamani vaatimukset. Näin ollen ne ovat osa tutkimukseni tulosta. Työnohjauksen teoreettisen mallin kehittämiseksi etsin vastausta toiseen tutkimuskysymykseeni, miten työnohjauksen teoriaa olisi mahdollista rakentaa niin, että se parhaalla mahdollisella tavalla palvelisi tarkoitustaan välityssuhteena työelämän toimijan ja työorganisaation välisessä refleksiivisessä suhteessa. Löydettyäni sellaisen metateoreettisen näkemyksen, joka tarjoaa mahdollisuuden kohdata ihminen omissa luonnollisissa suhteissaan, erottelin ne ydinfunktiot, jotka erottavat työnohjauksen lähikäsitteistään. Erottaviksi tekijöiksi osoittautuivat erilaiset kontekstit, tehtävät ja tavoitteet. Tämän jälkeen etsin ja luokittelin valitsemaani metateoriaan pohjautuvia työnohjauksen ydinfunktioita teoreettisesti jäsentäviä erityisteorioita, jotka kuvaavat a)ihmisen kehitystä yksilönä hänen omista lähtökohdistaan suhteessa omaan elämismaailmaansa, sekä b) teorioita, jotka kuvaavat ympäröivän kulttuurin kehitystä omista historiallisista lähtökohdistaan tulevaisuutta ennakoiden. Lopuksi etsin sellaista filosofiaa ja metodologiaa, jota työnohjaaja voi käyttää välineenään voidakseen ymmärtää ja auttaa paitsi ohjattavia yksilöinä myös heidän työorganisaatioitaan jäsentämään omaa tilannettaan sekä laajemmin että syvemmin. Tutkimukseni lopputuloksena syntyi työnohjauksen teoria, jossa työnohjaus näyttäytyy a) ohjattavan työn sisältöä analysoivan, b) hänen identiteettiään kannattelevan ja c) luovuuttaan vapauttavan prosessin integraationa. Jotta työnohjaus voisi toimia välittävänä instituutiona, on analysoitava myös työnohjaussuhde, jotta voitaisiin varmistaa, että työnohjaus täyttää tarkoituksensa. Työnohjaajan täytyisi ymmärtää (i) niitä yksilöllisiä perusteita, joista käsin ohjattavalle syntyy tietynlainen merkityskokemus, (ii) sitä asiakasta tai työorganisaatiota, jolla on omalle toiminnalleen omat perusteensa. Hänen on ymmärrettävä myös, (iii) millä tavalla hän itse voisi olla sillä tavalla avuksi, että ohjattava voisi löytää sellaisen näkökulman ja toimintatavan, josta hänelle avautuisi eheyttäviä mahdollisuuksia ja rakentavia ratkaisuja kyseiseen ongelmatilanteeseensa. Work supervision is a form of proferssional development performed together with a work supervisor especially in sectors where the professional`s mental resources and personality are essential in performing the work. In demanding human resources work, such as education, social an the care sector, work supervision has become standard practice in Finland. Its historical roots go back to social work in the 1920s in North America. Since social worker training did not yet exist by that time, work vas learned in practice under the master/apprentice principle. A work supervision expanded to other sectors of work, special human relationship professionals have been used as work supervisors. As a frame of reference, they use concepts and theories which they have filtered for themselves in their profession and through their training. As a multiparadigm practice, work supervision is a combination of everyday concepts and concepts derived from various fields of science. As work supervision is becoming more and more widely applied, lack of conceptual precision has become a problem. The purpose of my styudy is to clarify the unclear conmcept of work supervision by formulating theoretical concepts with which you can see work supervision as a social system of its own as part of a larger social context. This is a theoretical study, and the method used is the researcher´s conceptual thinking. The relationship between my thinking and my research object is one of a dialog. My research consisted of two parts. Firstly, I was looking for an answer to the question of how it is possible that, despite its conceptual inexactness, work supervision has only increased in popularity along the decades instead of being forgotten as a passing fad. An answer for this would lay the foundation for my actual focus of research, that is, the search for a theoretical model for work supervision with roots in the nature of our human reality. This in turn would offer a realistic chance of structuring all the processes and subprocesses through which it would be possible to reach the above goal. In order to get an answer for my first question, I analysed the history of work supervision by using systemically oriented social science research as my theoretical tool for analysis. The analysis suggested that work supervisors are typically persons with a particular personality structure and with natural understanding about people`s deepest human needs. They can take them into account even without either party being conscious about them. This would explain the effectiveness of work supervision despite the lack of conscious paradigms. From the viewpoint of my study, this result meant that the work supervision theory being developed must reach this deep personal level in order to pay conscious attention to any emerging problems. This gave an indication that the theory of work supervision must be based on such a metatheory that takes into account all the aspects of human life that are activated in a work supervision context, thus affecting the work supervision process. At that stage I was able to move to the second stage of my study, that is, to the development of a theoretical model for work supervisin based on such a view of humans in which humans as biolocal, mental and social being create a systemic whole. I found a philosophical basis for this in Martin Heidegger`s fundamental ontology. Human development as an individual and as a specialized theory that starts from their individual vantage points to structure their experience of the world is supported by the psychoanalytical theory, because it followed the principles of systemic thought right from its early stages in the early 29th century. Even though the systems theory did not exist at the time, Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, was convinced that humans are the product of their own evolutionary development. The later development of psychoanalysis has so far created plenty of empirical research data on the different stages and processes of the early development of the human psyche in the interaction with other people. Specialised theories structuring the development of the surrounding culture from the personal historical standpoint are abundant within social sciences. As in Freud`s theory, the systemic research approach in the theories of Emile Durkheim and Max Veber, pioneers in sociology, was not identified until later. As a model for the development of work supervision, I used Klaus Holzkamp`s methodological reseach program, because it stems from the concept of a contextualizable and historically describable human subject. The metatheory I discovered and the specialized theories that are based on it provide a sufficient background for the construction of such a comprehensive theoretical model that meets the requirements I set for my research. Therefore they are part of my research result. In order to develop a theoretical model for work supervision, I was looking for an answer to my other research question, that is, how it would be possible to build a work supervision theory so that it would serve its purpose optimally as an intermediary in the reflexive relationship between working life actor and the work organization. Having found such a metatheoretical view that makes it possible to meet people in their own natural relationships,I extracted the core functions that separate work supervision from any adjoining concepts. The factors that stood out were various contexts, tasks and objektives. I then found and categorized specialized theories which are based on the chosen metatheory and which describe the structure of the core functions of work supervision theoretically, and describe a)development of humans as individuals from their own starting points in relation to their experience of life, and b)theories that describe the development of the surrounding culture from their historical starting points,predicting the future. Finally I vas looking for such a philosophy and methodology which a work supervisor can use as a tool to understand and help people as individuals, but also help their work organization to structure their own situation both broadly and deeply. The outcome of my research was a work supervision theory in which work supervision is shown as the integration of processes that a) analyze the content of the work of persons being supervised, b) support their identity and c) release creativity. In order for work suoervision to work as an intermediary institution, it is also necessary to analyze the supervisory relationship to ensure that work supervision fufills its purpose. A work supervisor shoud understand (i) the individual elements that give to the person supervised a spesific, meaningful experience and (ii) the customer or work organization that has reasons for the way they operate. Supervisors should also understand (iii), how they can assist in a way that the person supervised can find such an angle or way of operating to open up harmonizing apportunities and constructive solutions for their problem at hand.

La pasantía se efectuó en el proyecto “Ventus Multifamiliar” en la ciudad de Tunja donde se desempeñó el labor de auxiliar de residente, realizando actividades operativas y admirativas siendo estas afines a: supervisión de obra, seguimientos de posventas, desarrollo de cartillas de aceros, rendimiento de maquinaria, seguimientos y control de concreto, informes, realización de bitácoras, cortes de obra y elaboración de planos. A partir de esto se buscó un mejor desarrollo del proyecto buscando brindar a partir de conocimientos de la ingeniería civil soluciones eficientes para mejorar su desarrollo. The internship was carried out in the "Ventus Multifamiliar" project in the city of Tunja where I worked as a residence assistant, performing operational activities and administrative activities being these related to: supervision of construction, post-sales follow-up, development of steel primer, machinery follow-up, Concrete control, reporting, logs, job cuts and plans. From this point, it´s sought for a better development of the project, seeking from the knowledge of civil engineering efficient solutions to improve its development. Pregrado

The first chapter analyzes the relationship between the labor market and undeclared work, highlighting the principal problems concerning access to development factors. We present the models of the German and Danish labor market which inspired the Fornero reform, in particular, it shows the impact of the austerity measures and the consequent strategies in the short and long term. We define black work through an analysis of the measurement methods and present the latest parliamentary investigations on illegal employment, illegal hiring and white deaths. We describe the causes and effects of undeclared work, highlighting the economic cost and the perception of the phenomenon, and the legal nature of the offense. We investigate on the identity of illegal workers, analyzing risk groups: unemployed young people, temporary workers, illegal immigrants and women. We explore the areas and locations where informal work is more popular: service industry, agriculture, industry, with particular attention to the construction industry. Then we discuss the policy emerging from the undeclared work at European, national and regional level, studying in detail the congruence indexes. The second chapter studies the forms of elusion of contracts and improper use of flexibility, focusing on some types easier to be eluded: internship, term contract, apprenticeship, temporary work, project work, job on-call, part-time, occasional work, VAT, joint venture and co-operatives. The third chapter describes the evolution of legislation that regulates supervisory in the workplace, by L. 1361/1912 to D.L. 76/2013, c.d. ?Job Policies?, highlighting the most important regulations that have had a direct impact in the inspective activity. Finally, in the fourth chapter, we describe the organization of supervision in Italy compared to other countries such as France, Germany and Britain. Then, we analyze the principal instruments used by labor inspectors to combat illegal employment and the means available to the companies to defend against inspections.

Submitted by Boris Flegr (boris@uerj.br) on 2021-01-07T18:35:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Cirlene Christo.pdf: 2271327 bytes, checksum: b11381accb4678c526bde0db380b55fd (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-01-07T18:35:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Cirlene Christo.pdf: 2271327 bytes, checksum: b11381accb4678c526bde0db380b55fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-19 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior The present work has analysed the discursive sliding towards the use of the word (management) and the recent changes effected on managerial work. With the assumption that if looked upon as human activity this is not a simple job and exclusively heterodetermined by the management model according to the interests of capital, the idea was to emphasise the debates of norms and the possible reserves of alternatives on the activities of management professionals, as well as the possibilities for their development torwards an ergologic management. Aiming at contributing to the discussion of whether there could on the core of material production itself coexist ways of construction of an effectively human sociability it is analysed to which extent management professionals perform daily a management (not only of others but also of themselves) in which values other than the exclusively mercantile and economic ones are summoned. Looking into the research object informed by a Social Psychology of Work who favours the activity standpoint, it was intended to take a successive approximation to the work supervision activities, which tend to be amplified towards including production management, to get closer to production support services and encouragement of operators participation. The field research was carried out on an industrial unit of a private multinational company which manufactures and trades pneumatic products. The methodological design privileged a clinical framing through an indirect investigation method based on the (self)confrontation principle and on a dialogic analyses approach with the use of the Work Meetings "device and the Instruction for de Double‟ technique. The results suggest that supervision work involves integration of multiple determinations, demands and values. The existence of social dimensions on managerial work performed by supervisors is emphasised. On the self-assessment process of their work activities, there is evidence that by applying themselves intellectually, cognitively, affectively and bodily on the standard discussions in their activities they seek through normalization to reinforce their own life standards where values of group life and health are also present. Focusing on the conditions to put the work in debate in the light of the activity itself, the present work discusses the relationship between the production potential of new standards of supervision activities and the assumption of an ergologic managerial way, emphasising the standpoint that participative management proposals do not present themselves in their own right as an opening to a management way which gives visibility to the day to day management of work which is always, at some level, formulated and operated collectively Analisou-se na tese o deslizamento discursivo em direção ao uso do vocábulo gestão e as mudanças recentemente operadas no trabalho gerencial. Com a suposição de que se apreciado enquanto atividade humana este trabalho não é simples e exclusivamente heterodeterminado pelo modelo de gerenciamento segundo os interesses do capital, a proposta foi colocar ênfase nos debates de normas e nas possíveis reservas de alternativas nas atividades de profissionais que gerenciam, assim como nas possibilidades de seu desenvolvimento em direção a um gerenciamento ergológico. Visando a contribuir para a discussão sobre se no interior da própria produção material poderiam coexistir formas de construção de uma sociabilidade efetivamente humana, analisa-se em que medida os profissionais que gerenciam fazem cotidianamente uma gestão (não apenas do outro, também de si próprio) na qual são convocados valores outros que os exclusivamente mercantis e econômicos. Adotando-se um olhar para o objeto de pesquisa informado por uma Psicologia Social do Trabalho que privilegia o ponto de vista da atividade, se pretendeu a uma sucessiva aproximação das atividades de supervisão do trabalho. Trabalho este que, em tendência, tem se ampliado no sentido de incluir o gerenciamento da produção, de aproximação com os serviços de apoio à produção e de incentivo à participação dos operadores. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada em uma unidade industrial de uma empresa multinacional privada que fabrica e comercializa produtos pneumáticos. No delineamento metodológico privilegiou-se um enquadramento clínico por meio de método indireto de investigação, com base no princípio de (auto)confrontação, e de uma abordagem dialógica de análise, fazendo-se uso do dispositivo de Encontros sobre o Trabalho e da técnica de Instrução ao Sósia. Os resultados indicam que o trabalho de supervisão envolve uma integração de múltiplas determinações, exigências e valores. Ressalta-se a existência de dimensões sociais no trabalho gerencial efetuado pelos supervisores. No processo de análise de suas atividades de trabalho, realizada por eles próprios, apontam-se indícios de que, mobilizando-se intelectual, cognitiva, afetiva e corporalmente nos debates de normas em suas atividades, buscam por meio de renormatizações também fazer valer suas próprias normas de vida, onde valores relativos ao viver em conjunto e à saúde estão presentes. Colocando-se em questão as condições para o pôr o trabalho em debate na perspectiva da atividade, discute-se a relação entre o potencial de produção de novas normas nas atividades de supervisão e o suposto de um modo ergológico de gerenciar, reforçando-se a posição de que as propostas de gestão participativa não se apresentam por si só como uma abertura para um modo de gerenciamento que dê visibilidade à gestão cotidiana do trabalho, que é sempre, em algum nível, formulada e operada coletivamente

Relatório de Estágio para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia na Área de Especialização em Edificações A elaboração do presente relatório vem como resultado de diversos objectivos prosseguidos, tanto a nível de formação académica como, mais recentemente, a nível profissional. Tal elaboração deriva portanto de uma junção da possibilidade de concretizar a aplicação de conhecimentos adquiridos ao longo de cinco anos de formação académica numa situação prática, tal como a de realização de uma obra, e o consequente início do processo de inserção no mercado de trabalho, através da realização de um estágio profissional. O trabalho exposto neste relatório, realizado ao longo dos quatro meses de inserção na equipa de Fiscalização de Obras (responsável pela Gestão e Coordenação da obra) do empreendimento ―The Key‟s Lago Resort‖, permitiu o desenvolvimento de novas aptidões e conhecimentos através do exercício dos deveres de controlo de conformidade, gestão da qualidade, controlo do planeamento, controlo de custos e das condições de segurança, saúde e higiene. Mediante a pesquisa através de diversos suportes, foi possível consultar as obrigações e responsabilidades da entidade fiscalizadora perante a legislação aplicável, avaliar a importância da Fiscalização na gestão e coordenação de obras, e ainda determinar alguns dos motivos que limitam a sua acção. Como resultado deste processo, pareceu oportuno sugerir medidas com o intuito de complementar/melhorar os procedimentos de controlo existentes na empresa onde o estágio foi realizado. Abstract: The present report has been elaborated in result of the pursuit of various objectives, not only in terms of academic development, but also, and more recently in terms of professional flourishment. Such text therefore derives from the chance of being able to apply, in practice, theoretical knowledge acquired over the past five years, allied to the possibility of entering the labor market by way of an internship program. The task carried out throughout four months by way of my insertion in the supervision of works team of the “Key‟s Lago Resort” project, that shall be explained and analyzed throughout the present report, has allowed me to develop and thus gain new knowledge and skills. Such skills and acquired knowledge were obtained through the exercise of duties of control of compliance, management of quality, planning and cost control and also the verification that safety, health and hygiene conditions were enforced. By means of research carried out using various sources, it became possible to consult legislation regulating certain obligations and responsibilities attributed to the entity in charge of the supervision of works. It was also possible to analyze and evaluate the importance of the existence of such entity, within the context of public works, whilst determining some of the reasons why its actions are at times limited or contained. As a result of such process, it seems to be opportune to suggest possible measures to be adopted, in order to enhance and complement the already existent control/supervision procedures.