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To study the peculiarities of the phoneme combinability in two phonemic words the author uses mathematical methods that describe language phenomena. Linguistic models help to reveal the regularity of the phoneme combinability in two componential words that enables to point out the interrelation between the language facts. To determine the line of the development of the phoneme combinability it is necessary to state the reasons of the emergence of the restrictions of the combinability. The detailed analysis of the structure of the two phonemic combinations regarding the word forms of a certain lexeme of the native words and borrowings helps to reveal the peculiarities of the phoneme combinability in two phonemic words. The article is designed to reveal the phonemic content of two phonemic words in the Ukrainian Language, to defi ne the combination ability of certain phonemes, to establish the models of the two phonemic words in modern Ukrainian literary language. In modern Ukrainian among the two componential models with the first vowel component the most typical are the following: O(/o/)F – 6, O/a/)F – 5, that is the combination of a vowel with the following fricative. The combination of the elements in two phonemic distributive structure with the first vowel phoneme as “vowel+fricative” (18) and “vowel+half open” (12) are common in the Ukrainian language. Combination of the elements in two phonemic distributive structures with the first consonant component “fricative+vowel” (22), “half open+vowel” (14) “plosive+vowel” (13) appear to be typical. The words containing such structures belong to the periphery of the lexical system in the Ukrainian Language. These distributive structures of two phonemes are not typical for the modern Ukrainian. This fact is evidenced by the low percentage of the two componential combination of the vowel phonemes with vowels and consonants (16.6%) as well as consonants with consonants and vowels (37.5%). Further research enables to study three phonemic words and fi nd out the peculiarities of phoneme combinability in three phonemic words of the Ukrainian language.

The word ‘maternal grandmother’ presents irregular modern forms in Tai languages. It is ta:jB1 in most Northern Tai (NT) varieties, ta:jA1 in most Central Tai (CT) varieties, na:jA2 in most Southwestern Tai (SWT) varieties, and ja:jA2 in Standard Thai. Li (1971) reconstructs the proto-form of this word as *na:jA , positing that the later forms changed by analogy with semantically similar words. This paper discusses two alternative hypotheses *ta:jA and *ta:jB , and argues that the proto-form was *ta:jB . The analysis indicates that the sound changes of this word in Tai languages are caused by the “contamination” in kinship terms with paired semantic contents in CT/SWT, and by dissimilation from the otherwise homophonous word ‘to die’ in SWT. As a result, the proto-form of ‘maternal grandmother’ *ta:jB is preserved in the vast majority of NT and a cluster of CT. In most CT/SWT the original *B tone changed to *A tone, and then in SWT the initial *t- underwent further change to *n- in order to avoid homophony with the taboo word ‘to die’. This issue of homophony arose only in this branch due to the merger of *t- and *tr- (or *p.t-). This proto-form *ta:jB is supported by historical evidence and other non-Tai languages in the Daic family. Other exceptional irregularities in some CT languages are also discussed as they are crucial to the determination of the *ta:jB hypothesis. Analogous examples from several Tai varieties also support the occurrence of aberrant development due to taboo avoidance.

This article aims to reconstruct the word “west” in Old Chinese phonology. In previous studies, since there was no sufficient evidence besides Chinese dialects, phonetic compounds, and phonetic loans, most scholars reconstructed its onset as *s-. One of the oldest dictionaries, Shuōwén jiězì 說文解字, includes two other written forms of 西 xī “west,” 卥 (Gǔwén 古文) and 卤 (Zhòuwén 籀文). This paper re-examines the reconstruction of the word 西 xī “west” and investigates the word 訊 xùn “to interrogate” seen in excavated documents. According to the Shuōwén, 訊 xùn also had another written form ( ), which has the old form of 西 xī (卥). In other words, 西 xī and 訊 xùn must have had Xiéshēng connections (諧聲關係) at the time. Based on the resources from excavated documents such as oracle bone inscriptions and bronze scripts, 訊 xùn credibly has the character 人 rén as the phonetic element. This implies that 訊 xùn should have had the onset *sn- at the time; hence, it is concluded that the word “west” also had the onset *snˤ- in Old Chinese as well.

Contains fulltext : 237071.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Idiom processing studies have paid considerable attention to the relationship between idiomatic expressions as a whole and their constituent words. Although most research focused on the semantic properties of the constituent words, their orthographic form could also play a role in processing. To test this, we assessed both form and meaning activation of individual words during the processing of opaque idioms. In two primed word naming experiments, Dutch native speakers silently read sentences word by word and then named the last word of the sentence. This target word was embedded in either an idiomatic or a literal context, and was either expected/correct in this context (COR), or semantically related (REL) or unrelated (UNREL) to the expected word. The correct target word in the idiomatic context was always part of an opaque idiom. Faster naming latencies for the idiom-final noun than for the unrelated target in the idiomatic context indicated that the idiom was activated as a whole during processing. In addition, semantic facilitation was observed in the literal context (COR

Let w = [ [ x k , y l ] , [ x m , y n ] ] be a non-trivial double commutator word. We show that w is surjective on PSL 2 ( K ) , where K is an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0.

O presente artigo tem como objetivo, sob a ótica da semântica do acontecimento, analisar o processo de reescrituração da palavra muro , em outras palavras, o modo como a referida palavra ao se repetir produz um novo significado. Para isso, a analise constituirá de quatro textos jornalísticos da revista Veja publicados nos anos 2014, 2015 e 2017, que tematizam sobre a palavra muro na relação com outros sentidos que rememoram um passado enunciativo, no presente do acontecimento. A base teórica e metodológica está fundamentada em conceitos da teoria da semântica do acontecimento, conforme proposta por Guimarães (2002, 2004 e 2005). Assim, analisaremos o modo como o processo de reescrituração se constitui em textos jornalísticos que tematizam o “muro” enquanto acontecimento enunciativo, de modo que o locutor-jornalista, ao enunciar, é afetado por seu lugar social no acontecimento enunciativo. Tudo isso nos fez observar o processo de significação de outro(s) sentido(s) da palavra muro pelo efeito da repetição nos textos jornalísticos.

This research discusses the analysis of swearing words translation in the Joker movie. The purpose of this research is to describe the type of swearing word and the procedure used in translating swearing word. This study uses qualitative methods. The research data were obtained from English subtitles to Indonesian Joker movies. To answer the research question, the researcher used the theory types of swearing word proposed by Swan M. (1995) and procedure translation proposed by Newmark (1988) The results revealed that there were 49 swearing words. There are 2 types of swearing words namely: strong and weak swearing words. For strong swear words classified to exclamation of annoyance, surprise, insult, surprise question and emphasize the emotion and the weak swear word classified to exclamation of annoyance, surprise, insult and emotion. After that, procedures translation used in translating swear words only found 5 of 15 procedure translation in Joker's subtitle, namely: cultural equivalent, synonymy, through-translation, shift or transposition, and paraphrase. The most frequently type of swearing word is emphasize an emotion from strong swear word. Furthermore, the cultural equivalent procedure is the most used in translating.

This re s ea r c h w a s a im e d to know howE n g lish stud e nts in Univ er si t y o f B e n g kulu , E n g lishEd u ca tion S tu d y P r o g ra m p r onoun ce dE n g lish Diphthongs .This re s ea r c hus e d descriptive qu a l i t a tivem e thod . The population in this research was the 79 sixth semester students of English Education Study Program. The numbers of samples were 20% of the population . The Students were asked to pronounce 8 diphthongs in English. The research was d oing input the audio from native speaker and data recorded by each student into Audacity. Then , comparing both of the data. The research was using Audacity as the technology to analyze and to see the pattern of the data recorded in order to check the correct and incorrect of the students’ pronunciation. The data of the research consisted of 8 diphthongs and each diphthong consisted of 3 words including in the word diphthongs. The total words in this study were 24 words. The r e sultof this r e s e a r c hshow e dth a tmostofEn g l ishstud e nts p r on o un ce dE n g lish diphthongs [e ? ], [o ? ], [ a ? ], [ ?? ], [ ?? ] and [ ?? ] in c o rrec tl y . I tshow e d th a tthestud e nts still did not know about English diphthongs . M ea nwhil e , t h estud e ntsw e r e g ood a t p r onoun c i ng diphthongs su c h as [a ? ] an d [ ?? ] with more than 58% of correct pronunciation . Normal 0 false false false IN X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}

This essay depicts the details of the history of a well-known Kurdish lexeme on the background of the related forms in Iranian.

A new class of graphs G(w), called Parikh word representable graphs (PWRG), corresponding to words $w$ that are finite sequence of symbols, was considered in the recent past. Several properties of these graphs have been established. In this paper, we consider these graphs corresponding to binary core words of the form $aub$ over a binary alphabet {a,b}. We derive formulas for computing the Wiener index of the PWRG of a binary core word. Sharp bounds are established on the value of this index in terms of different parameters related to binary words over {a,b} and the corresponding PWRGs. Certain other Wiener-type indices that are variants of Wiener index are also considered. Formulas for computing these indices in the case of PWRG of a binary core word are obtained.

The present experiments evaluated the effect of meaningful stimuli on the inclusion of a set of extra-experimental meaningful pictures into equivalence classes using within- and between-subjects designs. There were 35 adult participants in total (NEXP1 = 22; NEXP2 = 13). In both experiments, participants were first trained on 6 baseline relations with abstract stimuli (A, B, and C) and assessed on the emergence of three 3-member equivalence classes. Next, they were trained on DA relations and assessed on the inclusion of the D stimuli and a set of meaningful pictures in the equivalence classes. In Experiment 1, D1 and D2 were meaningful written words and D3 was a written pseudoword. In Experiment 2, for 2 groups, D1, D2, and D3 were meaningful words; for another group, D1, D2, and D3 were pseudowords. In both experiments, participants formed the ABC classes and included the D stimuli in the classes. When D was a meaningful word, participants also included a set of pictures potentially related to the word in the ABC class established experimentally. The results have implications for the definition of meaningfulness and contribute to discussions on the impact of test arrangements on emergent responding.

Research on visual word identification has extensively investigated the role of morphemes, recurrent letter chunks that convey a fairly regular meaning (e.g., lead-er-ship). Masked priming studies highlighted morpheme identification in complex (e.g., sing-er) and pseudo-complex (corn-er) words, as well as in nonwords (e.g., basket-y). The present study investigated whether such sensitivity to morphemes could be rooted in the visual system sensitivity to statistics of letter (co)occurrence. To this aim, we assessed masked priming as induced by nonword primes obtained by combining a stem (e.g., bulb) with (i) naturally frequent, derivational suffixes (e.g., -ment), (ii) non-morphological, equally frequent word-endings (e.g., -idge), and (iii) non-morphological, infrequent word-endings (e.g., -kle). In two additional tasks, we collected interpretability and word-likeness measures for morphologically-structured nonwords, to assess whether priming is modulated by such factors. Results indicate that masked priming is not affected by either the frequency or the morphological status of word-endings, a pattern that was replicated in a second experiment including also lexical primes. Our findings are in line with models of early visual processing based on automatic stem/word extraction, and rule out letter chunk frequency as a main player in the early stages of visual word identification. Nonword interpretability and word-likeness do not affect this pattern.

BackgroundThe present article tried to investigate the musts and the must-nots for translators. In other words, the present researcher did her best to take an analytic look at the principles of the free translation of literary texts from English to Persian.MethodThe library-based descriptive data was collected from a variety of academic databases such as Google Scholar, Eric, and ISC from 1960 to 2021.ConclusionAccording to the literature theoretically and analytically reviewed as well as the present researcher’s investigation, sixteen translators’ commitments were considered as the most significant commitments of the translators as follow: avoiding word for word translation, considering characters’ positions and gender, utilizing foreign words in a translated text, following the speech of the source text, being committed to society, re-translating a text, regarding an editor for the translated text, reviewing and revisiting a translated text, domesticating SL expressions and idioms, reading other works of the same author, consulting with dictionaries, glossaries and references, omitting and adding a word if necessary, expanding vocabulary, mastering SL and TL grammars, dividing SL long sentences into smaller ones in TL and vice versa, and considering the author’s point(s) of view. The findings of the present paper may have some theoretical and practical implications for the translation trainers and trainees as well as translation researchers.

Left-aligned last occurrences of squares (double-square) have provided profound insights into the question of how many distinct squares can be packed on a word ω of length n and brought the best known upper bound 11 n / 6 . Other types of alignments such as being center-aligned as well as long distance relations such as being the occurrences of the same square incorporate the squares on ω into a bipartite graph of the squares and positions { 1 , 2 , … , n } , which we call the square network. Packing more and more squares in a limited space certainly induces specific kinds of subgraphs once the square density exceeds a threshold, and if one of the subgraphs is known to be forbidden, the threshold provides an upper bound on the number of distinct squares. In this paper, we designate a specific position of double-squares as P 1 and obtain certain induced subgraphs as well as forbidden ones guaranteed by the presence of P 1 -aligned double squares; an induced subgraph of particular interest expresses the global uniqueness of squares involved.

Definitions exhibit aspects of mental lexicon organization. Learners with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) have limited vocabulary knowledge (in breadth and depth) and, thus, less mature definitional skills. Word characteristics affect the definitional skills. This study investigated the definitional skills of learners with and without DLD considering different word characteristics. Moreover, issues like deviant vs. delayed abilities and the link between breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge are addressed. Thirty-six learners were divided into three groups (a DLD and two control groups [CG] of typically developing learners matched on either age or vocabulary). They were asked to define 16 words. Answers were scored for content and form. Findings revealed that the DLD group scored lower than both CGs in content, while no differences were found in form. Definitions of abstract and compound words were more demanding for all. Correlations between vocabulary and definitional skills were detected only in the age-matched CG. From the above, we deduce that DLD learners’ definitional skills are deviant. In addition, clinical practice should not look at effects of isolated variables, but rather investigate the interrelation of different parameters. Finally, the link between breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge may require more time to emerge in DLD learners. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.10.11

This study discusses the use of translation strategies in translating Indonesian culture-bound words in two Indonesia tourism website articles. By using a descriptive qualitative analysis method, the translation strategies found in the Indonesian culture-bound words were observed using the theory from Mona Baker (2018). The rank of the most dominant strategies, from the most frequent to the least, used by both translator teams of Wonderful Indonesia and Enjoy Jakarta are loan word with an explanation, word-for-word, cultural substitution, and general word. In the Indonesia culture-bound translation, the most strategy used the culture-bound words is loan word strategy. It is better because instead of translating the Indonesia culture-bound word, the writer keep the culture-bound word in the english version and explain the meaning of the culture-bound word from explaining the history or the ingredients behind the culture-bound words so the international tourists can know the meaning behind the Indonesia culture-bound words without changing the names. In conclusion, both translator teams mostly used loan word strategy as their main strategy in the English translation, but still used other strategy in certain Indonesia culture-bound words. Keywords: translation, translation strategies, culture-bound words

The article analyzes some results of free associative experiments conducted by the author on the material of cognate languages and languages of different systems. The dynamics of the word meaning development in the Russian, Tatar and Bashkir languages in different age groups are considered in the article. The analysis of the quantitative parameters, such as the degree of relevance of the same word meaning, the number of values that were updated in the process of recognizing the word, the level of stereotyped responses is given. The interlingual analysis of the experimental data revealed constant changing and developing of child’s vocabulary in all studied languages but there is a difference between the Tatar and Bashkir examinees in the ways of word meaning identification and development. In the Tatar language the so-called "horizontal development of the child's vocabulary" is observed, when most of the polysemantic stimulus words’ meanings were not actualized and there is an extension within one and the same meaning. In the Bashkir language, on the contrary, many meanings of the polysemantic stimulus words were actualized, therefore we observe the so-called "vertical filling of the child's vocabulary", when new words enter the child's vocabulary with all the semantic features which adults already have.

This paper explores the adaptation of English voiced fricative [z] E into Mandarin. The principal findings are that the adaptation of [z] E depends on its position in the source word. If [z] E occupies the word initial or middle position, it tends to be borrowed as Mandarin [ts] M or [s] M . If [z] E is in the ending position, more variations would be observed as it may correspond to [ts] M , [s] M , [ʈʂ] M or [ʂ] M . Moreover, adapting [z] E into Mandarin is also heavily influenced by the orthography. The English [z] E can be spelled with or . The letters of and are also listed in Mandarin Pinyin , a Romanization system that transcribes the sounds of Chinese characters using Roman alphabets. Specifically, is pronounced as [s] M , while [z] is pronounced as [ts] M . It turns out that [s] M sounds different from [z] E , while [ts] M is perceptually similar to [z] E . Generally, there emerged two major adaptation patterns, that is, [z] E " [ts] M and [z] E " [s] M . The latter is based on the spelling similarity, rather than perceptual similarity. It is therefore concluded that the loanword adaptation is not only determined by the speech perception, phonology and legitimacy of sound structures, but also systematically interfered with the orthography, that is, the source-loan spelling similarity.

The research is aimed to describe the oral variety that is used by the people in Medan City. The location of this research was carried out in Medan City, Lingkungan II Titi Rantai Padang Bulan Medan. This study uses a qualitative method. Sources of data obtained from the visitors in 5 coffee shop in Lingkungan II Titi Rantai Padang Bulan. Results of the study showed the oral variety which is used in the form of abbreviations said among other things: Mandi, Nurdin , Martabe, the oral variety in the form of words that are influenced from the language of the area among others, bagudung, lalap, lateung, in addition to the many found the use of language phenomenon those are: Apheresis namely the removal of sound (phoneme) at the beginning of the word: saja - aja, Syncope namely removal of noise in the middle of the word: Tahu-tau, Haplology namely the removal of some phoneme in the middle of the word: Sedikit-dikit , Paragog namely the addition of sound at the end of words: Muka-mukak , Construction purposes, namely a combination of two pieces of words into a word: Bagai-Mana-Bagaimana, Monophothongization namely change two sounds vowels into one vowel: Sampe-sampai, Hypercorrection namely changing one phoneme into phoneme others: Pelit-celit

Purpose Disfluencies associated with stuttering generally occur in the initial position of words. This study reviews data from a school-age child with an atypical stuttering profile consisting predominantly of word-final disfluencies (WFDs). Our primary goals were to identify patterns in overt features of WFDs and to extend our understanding of this clinical profile by focusing on aspects of stuttering that lie beneath the surface. Method Analyses explored the patterns and distributions of the child's observable stuttering behaviors, in addition to his awareness, perceptions, and subjective experience of stuttering. Results Findings indicated that the WFD profile consists of relatively consistent and distinct overt features. We also found that, in many ways, the child perceived the impact of his disfluencies much like other children who stutter, even though his disfluencies manifested in a less common form. Conclusion Findings suggest the need for increased awareness of the varied forms stuttering may take in order to ensure accurate diagnosis, clear communication to clients and parents, and timely access to appropriate intervention.

Consider an oriented curve $\Gamma$ in a domain $D$ in the plane $\boldsymbol R^2$. Thinking of $D$ as a piece of paper, one can make a curved folding in the Euclidean space $\boldsymbol R^3$. This can be expressed as the image of an "origami map" $\Phi:D\to \boldsymbol R^3$ such that $\Gamma$ is the singular set of $\Phi$, the word "origami" coming from the Japanese term for paper folding. We call the singular set image $C:=\Phi(\Gamma)$ the crease of $\Phi$ and the singular set $\Gamma$ the crease pattern of $\Phi$. We are interested in the number of origami maps whose creases and crease patterns are $C$ and $\Gamma$, respectively. Two such possibilities have been known. In the authors' previous work, two other new possibilities and an explicit example with four such non-congruent distinct curved foldings were established. In this paper, we determine the possibility of the number $N$ of congruence classes of curved foldings with the same crease and crease pattern. As a consequence, if $C$ is a non-closed simple arc, then $N=4$ if and only if both $\Gamma$ and $C$ do not admit any symmetries. On the other hand, when $C$ is a closed curve, there are infinitely many distinct possibilities for curved foldings with the same crease and crease pattern, in general., Comment: 29 pages, 7 figures

This paper is concerned with the relation between syllabic organization and intersegmental spatiotemporal coordination using Electromagnetic Articulometry recordings from seven speakers of American English (henceforth, English). Whereas previous work on English has focused on word-initial clusters (preceding a vowel whose identity was not systematically varied), the present work examined word-medial clusters /pl, kl, sp, sk/ in the context of three different vowel heights (high, mid, low). Our results provide evidence for a global organization for the segments involved in these cluster-vowel combinations. This is reflected in a number of ways: compression of the prevocalic consonant and reduction of CV timing in the word-medial cluster case compared to its singleton paired word in both stop-lateral and s-stop clusters, early vowel initiation (as permitted by the clusters’ phonetic properties), and presence of compensatory relations between phonetic properties of different segments or intersegmental transitions within each cluster. In other words, we find that the global organization presiding over the segments partaking in these word-medial tautosyllabic CCVs is pleiotropic, that is, simultaneously expressed in multiple phonetic exponents rather than via a privileged metric such as c-center stability or any other such given single measure employed in previous works.

A new phenomenon comes up early today that the F word or fuck has been becoming popular among children regardless of the setting. The study examines the children’s perception towards the F word in two cities in East Java: Surabaya (a metropolitan city) and Jombang (a sub-urban city). To investigates F words' usage among fifty children eight – fourteen years old in these two places, a descriptive qualitative method was employed by conducting interviews and observation. The result shows six perceptions through the F word: impolite word, an angry expression, a friendly word, a joke, and an offensive word. The way in which they acquire the F word varies, as does the purpose and the function of the F word as a wave of anger, sarcasm, conformity, solidarity, and frustration.

In previous word reading studies, lexicality has been used as a variable to examine the impacts of word form and meaning information on the many stages of word recognition process. Yet the neural dynamics associated with lexicality effect of various information processing for Chinese visual word recognition has not been well elucidated. In this study, Chinese native speakers were instructed to read Chinese disyllabic compound words, morphological legal (pseudo-words) and illegal non-words with their brain potentials recorded. Event-related potentials (ERP) results showed that N200 was related to Chinese orthographic processing, where three lexical conditions elicited comparable patterns. A semantic discrimination was found for N400 between pseudo-words/non-words and real words, which is in favor of the lexical view of the N400 effect. Further, a later ERP component P600 exhibited the difference between the non-words and pseudo-words, reflecting a re-analysis of word meaning or grammatical operation on Chinese morphological legality. Therefore, we argue that Chinese morphological information might have an independent representation (the P600 effect) in mental lexicon.

Recent work on the acoustic properties of complex words has found that morphological information may influence the phonetic properties of words, e.g. acoustic duration. Paradigm uniformity has been proposed as one mechanism that may cause such effects. In a recent experimental study Seyfarth et al. (2017) found that the stems of English inflected words (e.g. frees) have a longer duration than the same string of segments in a homophonous mono-morphemic word (e.g. freeze), due to the co-activation of the longer articulatory gesture of the bare stem (e.g. free). However, not all effects predicted by paradigm uniformity were found in that study, and the role of frequency-related phonetic reduction remained inconclusive. The present paper tries to replicate the effect using conversational speech data from a different variety of English (i.e. New Zealand English), using the QuakeBox Corpus (Walsh et al. 2013). In the presence of word-form frequency as a predictor, stems of plurals were not found to be significantly longer than the corresponding strings of comparable non-complex words. The analysis revealed, however, a frequency-induced gradient paradigm uniformity effect: plural stems become shorter with increasing frequency of the bare stem.

Corpus linguistics is used in this paper to describe selected established German-language combinations firmly connecting prepositions and nouns (German: Substantiv) with a zero article, a sign of their lexicalisation. The focus is on preposition-noun combinations that express emotions in a primarily causal adverbial function, such as aus Angst ‘from fear’, aus Furcht ‘for fear’; aus Spaß ‘for fun’, aus Lust ‘for pleasure’ aus Verzweiflung ‘out of desperation/despair’, aus Frust ‘out of frustration’. The paper points out the insufficient lexicographic description currently available in dictionaries, while emphasising that the meaning of the word combination can only be analysed in context and, from their typical occurrence, it is possible to distinguish several aspects of the combination used, something dictionaries usually do not reflect. Research into these word combinations constitute a desideration of contemporary linguistics.

A formula giving the exact error term for convergents of quadratic numbers is given. This formula is applied to Markoff forms and Markoff irrationalities: characterization of the smallest values of the form (the minimum being the corresponding Markoff number), mapped bijectively to the conjugates of the corresponding Christoffel word; a new proof of the result giving the ranks of the good convergents of the Markoff irrationalities; a refinement of Markoff's classification of the latter numbers. Other applications appear in the article.

In 1821, like a messenger out of the dark (or a literary leg-puller), the English Opium-Eater arrived as if offering some saving play of mind in an obdurately literalising age. He conflated the two most reputedly chthonic regions: Hell, and the East. The language was ravishing, precise, unpredictable, and viscerally xenophobic (‘… in China or Indostan … I was kissed, with cancerous kisses, by crocodiles; and laid, confounded with all unutterable slimy things …’). De Quincey was not to be taken too seriously. But the author of ‘Confessions’ has inspired some poised indignation. For example, for Albert Goldman, De Quincey was more of a literary taker than a giver, and not least as Wordsworth and Coleridge's most prolific plagiarist. Arguably though, such a criticism looks unhelpfully hard-nosed when one considers the self-consciousness of De Quincey's secondariness, the deeply disturbed state of his mind, and the counter-inflationary quality of his sense of humour.

This study aims to describe the form of euphemism in the comments column of Deddy Corbuzier's Youtube account. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. The data collection technique in this study was the listening technique and the note-taking technique. This study uses a content analysis approach. The data from this study are expressions in the form of words, sentences, and phrases that contain euphemisms contained in the comments column of Deddy Corbuzier's Youtube account. Speech analysis technique in this study uses the equivalent method. This study found 25 data in the form of euphemistic expressions contained in the comments column of Deddy Corbuzier's Youtube account. From the 25 data, there are 10 forms of euphemisms, namely: (1) metaphorical euphemisms where words are ignored and like knights, (2) figurative forms of expression euphemisms include the word natural selection and carrying out a mandate, (3) circumlocutionary euphemisms include the word children of the nation, formality. , and extraordinary, (4) euphemisms in the form of idiomatic phrases include humble words, brilliant thoughts, rare, and right-handed, (5) euphemisms in hyperbole form include words bitter, salty and enlightening thoughts, (6) euphemisms in the form of leasing have formula words ( special) and (angel) protectors, (7) euphemisms in the form of foreign terms include the words low profile, legowo and smart people, (8) euphemisms in the form of one word replacing another word with the word wow, building generations, and begging, (9) euphemisms of the form uptake contains the words salute and appreciation, and (10) euphemisms in the abbreviated form include the words UKT and PJJ.

The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of story wheel method on creative writing skills, story elements information and word number. The research was designed as an experimental model. It consisted of seven weeks, including pre and post tests. The research group consisted of 13 third grade students attending at a school in Siirt during the 2019-2020 academic year. The data collected using a story wheel material which was developed by researchers and Creative Writing Rubric (Ozturk, 2007). In the study, at the stage of obtaining the pre-test data, the students were asked to write a story according to their wishes and the number of words they used in this story, the significance level of the texts and which story elements they included were noted. During the post-test process, students were asked to write a story according to their wishes and the same procedures were carried out at this stage. Paired sample t-test was conducted in SPSS to investigate the relationship between story wheel method and creative writing skills. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data on story elements and word numbers. The findings show that story wheel method has a positive effect on students’ creative writing skills, story elements information and word numbers.

The present publication is a second edition of an Eastern Dan-French dictionary, it exceeds the first edition (2008) by about 50% . The dictionary contains the following information about Dan lexical units: the phonological form of a word, its lexical meaning, valence, stylistic characteristics and usage peculiarities. It is followed by figurative expressions with the word in question; for some words synonyms and quasi-synonyms are also given. Many entries include illustrative examples in Eastern Dan with a French translation.The spelling of Eastern Dan words follows the 2014 orthography, where tones are marked with diacritics.The dictionary is based on the varieties of the Goueta dialect, althouth forms from other Eastern Dan dialects are sometimes given as well.

Here, we present two case studies of extremely long-term retention. In the first, Richard C. Atkinson (RCA) had learned word sequences during experiments for his dissertation. Sixty-seven years later, RCA relearned the same words either in the original order or in a scrambled order. RCA reported no conscious awareness that the words were those used in the dissertation, but his relearning was considerably better for the words in the original order. In the second case study, Denis Cousineau had searched displays of objects for the presence of a target. The targets and foils had been novel at the beginning of training, and his search rate improved markedly over about 70 sessions. After 22 years, retraining showed retention of much of this gain in rate of search, and the rate was markedly faster than search for new objects with the same structure as the trained set. We consider interpretations of these case studies for our understanding of long-term retention.

Background: Autism was once thought to be an uncommon developmental disorder, but recent studies have reported increased prevalence and the condition is now thought to occur in at least 1% of children. It is being identified in increasing numbers in Bangladesh. In a study conducted by WHO and National Institute of Mental Health the prevalence of Autism is found to be 8 per 1000 in Bangladesh. Objective: To find out the development in behavior of children with ASD. Methods: This Randomized control trial study among the patient attending in Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study was carried out 6 months from Januaruy, 2019 to Jun, 2019. A total of 40 children (6 years or under 6 years) having Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), that of randomly selected (lottery method) 20 children received a specific dietary intervention was considered as group I and 20 children who not received a specific dietary intervention was considered as group II, who came in the MTW (More than word) clinic were included in this study. Children having Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) of both sexes who were 6 years old and below. Results: Behavioral domains of children with ASD are the main outcome variables. Autism Spectrum Disorders was more common in male children, where male to female ratio was 5.7:1 in group I and 19:1 in group II and 9:1 in the whole study patients. Most of the patients came from Dhaka district in both groups, which was 16(80.0%) in group I and 18(90.0%) in group II. No schooling patients was found 14(70.0%) in group I and 13(65.0%) in group II. Patients had previous medical help was found 16(80.0%) in group I and 17(85.0%) in group II. Most of the parents were master degree pass in both groups. Eighty percent (80.0%) in group I and 15(75.0%) in group II patients came from upper (20,000->50,000 tk) income group family. The mean post social relationship was 3.67±0.47 in group I and 3.87±0.51 in group II. Mean pre per interaction was found 2.43±0.53 in group I and 2.28±0.48 in group II. The mean post peer interaction was 3.25±0.60 in group I and 3.29±0.53 in group II. Mean pre communication was found 2.58±0.61 in group I and 2.12±0.77 in group II. Mean post communication was found 3.77±0.61 in group I and 3.65±0.68 in group II. Mean pre sensory a response was found 2.82±0.59 in group I and 2.96±0.75 in group II. The mean post sensory responses was found 3.58±0.55 in group I and 3.64±0.48 in group II. All specific behaviors were significantly (p0.05) difference were found between the groups during post intervention period. Conclusion: The improvements in behavior of children with ASD were almost similar between two groups.

According to relevant specifications, this article divides, marks, and extracts the acquired speech signals of the Salar language, and establishes the speech acoustic parameter database of the Salar language. Then, the vowels of the Salar language are analyzed and studied by using the parameter database. The vowel bitmap (average value at the beginning of words), the vowel bitmap (average value at the abdomen of words), the vowel bitmap (average value at the ending of words), and the vowel bitmap (average value) are obtained. Through the vowel bitmaps, we can observe the vowel in different positions of the word, the overall appearance of an obtuse triangle. The high vowel [i], [o], and low vowel [a] occupy three vertices, respectively. Among the three lines, [i] to [o] are the longest, [i] to [a] are the second longest, and [a] to [o] are the shortest. The lines between [a] to [o] and [a] and [i] are asymmetric. Combining with the vowel bitmap, the vowels were discretized, and the second formant (F2) frequency parameter was used as the coordinate of the X axis, and the first formant (F1) frequency was used as the coordinate of the Y axis to draw the region where the vowel was located, and then the vowel pattern was formed. These studies provide basic data and parameters for the future development of modern phonetics such as the database of Sarah language speech, speech recognition, and speech synthesis. It also provides the basic parameters of speech acoustics for the rare minority acoustic research work of the national language project.

We give a formula for the crystal structure on the integer points of the string polytopes and the *-crystal structure on the integer points of the string cones of type A for arbitrary reduced words. As a byproduct, we obtain defining inequalities for Nakashima–Zelevinsky string polytopes. Furthermore, we give an explicit description of the Kashiwara *-involution on string data for a special choice of reduced word.

The first reference to the word “interest” comes through Dryden’s characterization of the “malcontents” drawn together by Shaftesbury as part of a Whig attempt to exclude the king’s Catholic brothe...

Can a metaphysical argument for God’s existence warrant affirming not only that God is but that God is, and creates out of, love? In Hearer of the Word, Karl Rahner makes such an argument. After reaffirming the distinctively metaphysical character of Rahner’s philosophy of religion, the article revisits his cosmological argument’s attempt to ground the intelligibility of being in God’s love. Drawing on the work of Edith Stein, I identify an implicit “empathic logic” at work in Rahner’s metaphysics, a logic that enables him to recognize the givenness and intelligibility of creation as an expression of God’s love.

This paper introduces the concept of the Artin semigroup of a large (extra large) type. We prove their injective embedding in the corresponding Artin groups of large (extra large) type and the solvability of the word conjugacy problem in this class of semigroups.

The objective of the research is to know whether the aplication of Picture word inductive model improve students’ vocabulary at SMP Negeri 2 Jikumerasa. In this research, the researcher used quantitative research method with pre-Experimental design of the one group pretest and posttest. The sample of the research was 26 students learning at the seventh grade of SMP Negeri 2 Jikumerasa which consist of 7 male students and 19 female students. The data were collected by using 30 items of multiple choices test. The data obtained were analyzed by applying dependent t-test the formula. The result of the analysis show that the average score in posttest X2 = 1818 is greater than score of pretest X1 = 1449, calculation of t-test = 9.39 exceeds the t-table = 1.711 at significant level of = 0.05. Thus the alternative hypothesis (Hα) stating that the use of Picture word inductive model improve students English vocabulary is accepted and the null hypothesis (H0) stating that the Picture Word Inductive Model can not improve students‟ English vocabulary is rejected.

Sense has been a critical word in traditional translation theories in both the West and China. In the anthologies, Western Translation Theory from Herodotus to Nietzsche1 and Fanyi Lunji (翻译论集/ ‘Es...

The purpose of this study was to examine whether group-based differences exist in word- and text-level reading in a clinical sample of students with dyslexia, and to shed light on the cognitive processes supporting these essential skills. Second- through seventh-grade students were administered a battery of standardized measures of cognitive processing skills (phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming [RAN], and verbal short-term memory), word reading skills (decoding and word identification), oral text reading (fluency and comprehension), and silent text reading (fluency and comprehension). Word- and text-level reading skills were used to place students into the following groups: text fluency deficit, globally impaired, and partially remediated. Results replicated the existence of a text fluency deficit group. Reader group differences in terms of cognitive processing skills were less pronounced than expected, with only phonological awareness differentiating among them. Phonological awareness and RAN emerged as the important contributors to reading skill, though their relative contributions varied across word- and text-level measures. Together, these results point to importance of considering text-level reading processes across modality in both research and clinical contexts.

La tarea de fluidez verbal (FV) es una medida de la flexibilidad cognitiva y la estrategia de búsqueda dentro del léxico y el tema semántico. En este trabajo, se probó el uso de estrategias organizativas, es decir, agrupación y cambio en la fluidez semántica y fonológica en niños españoles sanos divididos en dos grupos: el grupo 1 de niños más pequeños (de 8 a 9 años) y el grupo 2 de niños mayores (de 10 años de edad) –11) introducción de diferentes letras (F, A, S y P, M, R) y categorías semánticas (animales y comidas o bebidas). La fluidez semántica fue mayor que la fluidez fonológica en ambos grupos de edad. Además, los niños mayores mostraron un mejor desempeño de ambas fluencias que los niños más pequeños específicamente para el grupo de letras FAS, la letra M y todas las categorías semánticas utilizadas. A partir de los análisis fonológicos, los niños más pequeños evocaron más palabras con el grupo de letras PMR que con el grupo FAS. Además, solo se observó una mejora en la fluidez semántica asociada con la categoría del animal frente a las comidas y bebidas en el grupo de niños más pequeños. Con respecto a las estrategias organizativas, los niños mayores usaron más interruptores específicamente en el grupo FAS y más grupos para la categoría de comidas o bebidas en comparación con el grupo de niños mayores. Para finalizar, las relaciones entre el número de palabras evocadas y el número de clústeres y conmutadores para ambas tareas de FV fueron significativas y positivas. Estos datos sugieren que el tipo de letra y la categoría semántica empleada en la evaluación de FV modulan el rendimiento de fluidez verbal en ambos grupos de edad. The verbal fluency (VF) task is a measure of cognitive flexibility and search strategy within the lexicon and semantic topic. In this work the use of organizational strategies, i.e., clustering and switching in semantic and phonological fluency was tested in healthy Spanish children divided in two groups: group 1 of younger children (age 8–9) and group 2 of older children (age 10–11) introducing different letters (F, A, S and P, M, R) and semantic categories (animals and meals or drinks). Semantic fluency was greater than phonological fluency in both age groups. In addition, older children showed better performance of both fluencies than younger children specifically for FAS letters group, M letter and all of semantic categories used. From the phonological analyses, younger children evoked more word with the PMR letter group than with the FAS one. Moreover, an improvement of semantic fluency associated with the animal’s category faced to meals and drink was observed only in the younger children group. In respect to organizational strategies, older children used more switches specifically in FAS group and more clusters for the meals or drinks category compared with the older children group. To finish, the relationships between the number of words evoked and the number of clusters and switches for both VF tasks were significant and positive. These data suggest that the type of letter and the semantic category employed in the VF evaluation modulate the verbal fluency performance in both groups of age

The purpose of this study is to describe elitist language on the Humor Recehku Instagram account, namely (1) non-standard word forms; (2) abbreviated forms that cause non-standard; and (3) word forms from foreign languages. The method used in this research is the descriptive method. The data collection technique was done by observing and taking notes. Data analysis used Miles and Huberman qualitative analysis, namely data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions and levers. This research leads to the content analysis “content analysis”. The data in this study are in the form of words, phrases, and sentences that experience language shifts in an elitist form. The results of this study indicate that there is a language shift in the case of using elitist language in the Humor Recehku Instagram account. First, non-standard word forms include non-standard words without a play (emang, gini, telfon, sampe, ngerasa dan sebagainya); non-standard words with a pun (Oktrouble dan gw); and non-standard words weakening phonemes (males, denger, bener-bener, ye, cakep, anjeng, kecapean, dan temen). Second, abbreviations that cause non-standard abbreviated standard words (sm, org, krn, dan trs); and abbreviated non-standard words (not and yesterday2). Third, foreign language words are divided into (typing, excuse, mood and so on); phrase (self-reminder, close friend IG); and sentences (is the best kind of sleep, oh well honey, you keep your small circle, and friend with many but trust any).

We use generating functions to account for alphabetic points (or the lack thereof) in compositions and words. An alphabetic point is a value j such that all the values to its left are not larger than j and all the values to its right are not smaller than j. We also provide the asymptotics for compositions and words which have no alphabetic points, as the size tends to infinity. This is achieved by the construction of upper and lower bounds which converge to each other, and in the latter case by probabilistic arguments.

Compared to the processing of the words alone, the processing of Chinese two-character words in sentences will be closer to a natural scenario, and the understanding of the sentence will be influenced by both linguistic contexts and the non-linguistic contexts. This study, in a moving-window self-paced word-by-word sentence reading task, experimentally explored the processing of Chinese sentences with emotional two-character words using reversible words and reaction time as materials and index respectively. The experimental results showed that emotional words may facilitate the processing of its following two words; there might exist subsequent processing in the third word behind the emotional word; there might exist lexical access and whole-word access, processing of morpheme positioned information in the processing of Chinese two-character words in sentence reading; the processing of Chinese two-character words may be similar with that of word alone. This study expands the research of Chinese emotional two-character words processing.

In the present article, we report two eye-tracking experiments on how Chinese readers segment incremental words while reading Chinese. Incremental words are multicharacter words containing a subset of characters that constitute another word (referred to as the embedded word). For example, in a word containing three characters ABC (e.g., "," meaning landlady), the first two characters AB ("," meaning boss) constitute an embedded word. In the two experiments, Chinese readers read sentences with 3-character incremental words. In Experiment 1, the incremental words were always plausible, and the verbs prior to the target words were manipulated so that the embedded word of the incremental word was either plausible or implausible as an independent word. The eye-movement data showed that the plausibility manipulation did not influence the reading times on the incremental words nor their embedded words. In Experiment 2, we manipulated the plausibility of both incremental and embedded words. No plausibility effect of the embedded word was observed when the incremental words were plausible. However, the plausibility effect of the embedded word was obtained when the incremental words were implausible. These results suggest that Chinese readers tend to segment and integrate incremental words as a whole unit when they are plausible. However, when incremental words are implausible, the embedded words are segmented as independent words. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Holy Quran consists of the words and phrases with multiple connotations. On the issue of multiplicity and variation in the meanings of the Qur'anic words, there are diverse approaches adopted by Muslim scholars. Some of the researcher believe that a Quranic verse can be interpreted in more than one way, this phenomena of interpretation is called “Zanni-ul-Dalalah”, while the other group of scholars claim that the Quranic verses contain a fixed interpretation and don’t have provision of any other meaning, this type of interpretation is called “Qati-ul-Dalalah”. In the nineteenth century, Hamid-ud-Din al-Farahi put forward another theory that every word, sentence, and verse of the Qur'an has a definite meaning, and no other meaning or interpretation is correct, so in his view point whole quranic text is “Qati-ul-Dalalah”. Tafseer “Tafheem ul Quran” by Abu-ala –almawdoodi belongs to 1st category, i.e. Quranic verses may contain more than one meaning, while Tafseer “Tadabbur-e-Quran” by Ameen Ahsan Islahi is written on “Qati-ul-Dalalah” approach. So the author has compared the both approaches & concluded that the claim of “Qati-ul-Dalalah” in Quranic verses is not correct rather than the view point of the majority scholars (Jamhor Ulama) is quite perfect. The correct concept of interpretation is that, “some of the verses are definite, but we can’t deny the importance of external references along with additional information which is seldom required to understand the complete sense of the verses”. Holy Quran consists of the words and phrases with multiple connotations. On the issue of multiplicity and variation in the meanings of the Qur'anic words, there are diverse approaches adopted by Muslim scholars. Some of the researcher believe that a Quranic verse can be interpreted in more than one way, this phenomena of interpretation is called “Zanni-ul-Dalalah”, while the other group of scholars claim that the Quranic verses contain a fixed interpretation and don’t have provision of any other meaning, this type of interpretation is called “Qati-ul-Dalalah”. In the nineteenth century, Hamid-ud-Din al-Farahi put forward another theory that every word, sentence, and verse of the Qur'an has a definite meaning, and no other meaning or interpretation is correct, so in his view point whole quanic text is “Qati-ul-Dalalah”.

Chinese words consist of a variable number of characters that are normally written in continuous lines, without the blank spaces that are used to separate words in most alphabetic writing systems. These conventions raise questions about the relative roles of character versus whole-word processing in word identification, and how words are segmented from strings of characters for the purpose of their identification and saccade targeting. The present article attempts to address these questions by reporting an eye-movement experiment in which 60 participants read a corpus of sentences containing two-character target words that varied in terms of their overall frequency and the frequency of their initial characters. We examine participants' eye movements using both corpus-based statistical models and more standard analyses of our target words. In addition to documenting how key lexical variables influence eye movements and highlighting a few discrepancies between the results obtained using our two statistical approaches, our experiment shows that high-frequency initial characters can actually slow word identification. We discuss the theoretical significance of this finding and others for current models of Chinese reading, and then describe a new computational model of eye-movement control during the reading of Chinese. Finally, we report simulations showing that this model can account for our findings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).