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Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared.

Importance: Preventing in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) likely represents an effective strategy to improve outcomes for critically ill patients, but feasibility of IHCA prevention remains unclear., Objective: To determine whether a low-technology cardiac arrest prevention (CAP) practice bundle decreases IHCA rate., Design, Setting, and Participants: Pediatric cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) teams from the Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium (PC4) formed a collaborative learning network to implement the CAP bundle consistent with the Institute for Healthcare Improvement framework; 15 hospitals implemented the bundle voluntarily. Risk-adjusted IHCA incidence rates were analyzed across 2 time periods, 12 months (baseline) and 18 months after CAP implementation (intervention) using difference-in-differences (DID) regression to compare 15 CAP and 16 control PC4 hospitals that chose not to participate in CAP but had IHCA rates tracked in the PC4 registry. Patients deemed at high risk for IHCA, based on a priori evidence-based criteria and empirical hospital-specific criteria, were selected to receive the CAP bundle. Data were collected from July 2018 to December 2019, and data were analyzed from March to August 2020., Interventions: CAP bundle included 5 elements developed to promote increased situational awareness and communication among bedside clinicians to recognize and mitigate deterioration in high-risk patients., Main Outcomes and Measures: Risk-adjusted IHCA incidence rate across all CICU admissions (IHCA events divided by all admissions)., Results: The bundle was activated in 2664 of 10 510 CAP hospital admissions (25.3%); admission characteristics were similar across study periods. There was a 30% relative reduction in risk-adjusted IHCA incidence rate at CAP hospitals (intervention period: 2.6%; 95% CI, 2.2-2.9; baseline: 3.7%; 95% CI, 3.1-4.0), but no change at control hospitals (intervention period: 2.7%; 95% CI, 2.3-2.9; baseline: 2.7%; 95% CI, 2.2-3.0). DID analysis confirmed significantly reduced odds of IHCA among all admissions at CAP hospitals compared with control hospitals during the intervention period vs baseline (odds ratio, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.56-0.91; P = .01). DID odds ratios were 0.72 (95% CI, 0.53-0.98) for the surgical subgroup, 0.74 (95% CI, 0.48-1.14) for the medical subgroup, and 0.72 (95% CI, 0.50-1.03) for the high-risk admission subgroup at CAP hospitals after intervention. All-cause risk-adjusted mortality rate did not change after intervention., Conclusions and Relevance: Implementation of this CAP bundle led to significant IHCA reduction across multiple pediatric CICUs. Future studies may determine if this bundle can be effective in other critically ill populations.

Patient-level characteristics associated with survival for single ventricle heart disease following initial staged palliation have been described. However, the impact of peri-operative events on hospital discharge has not been examined. To characterize patient-level characteristics and peri-operative events that were associated with inability to be discharged after Stage 1 palliation (S1P). Analysis of the National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative Dataset including patients who underwent a S1P procedure between 2016 and 2019 (Norwood or Hybrid Stage 1 procedure). We examined patient-level characteristics and peri-operative events as possible predictors of inability to discharge after S1P. We constructed multivariate logistic regression models examining post-S1P discharge and in-hospital mortality, adjusting for covariates. 843 patients underwent a S1P and 717 (85%) patients were discharged home or remained inpatient until Stage 2 for social but not medical concerns. Moderate or greater pre-operative atrioventricular valve regurgitation (odds ratio (OR) 4.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8-12), presence of high-risk pre-operative adverse events (OR 1.5, 95%CI 1.0-2.3), peri-operative events: temporary dialysis (OR 5.4, 95%CI 1.5-18.9), cardiac catheterization or cardiac surgery (OR 2.9, 95%CI 1.8-4.6), sepsis (OR 2.7, 95%CI 1.2-6.2), junctional tachycardia (OR 2.6, 95%CI 1.0-6.3), necrotizing enterocolitis (OR 2.6, 95%CI 1.3-5.2), ECMO (OR 2.5, 95%CI 1.4-4.3), neurological injury (OR 2.1, 95%CI 1.1-4.1), and re-intubation (OR 1.8, 95%CI 1.1-2.9) were associated with inability to discharge after Stage 1. Cardiac anatomical factors, pre-operative adverse events, post-operative re-intubation, post-operative ECMO, infectious complications, and unplanned catheter or surgical re-interventions were associated with inability to discharge after S1P. These findings suggest that quality improvement efforts aimed at reducing these peri-operative events may improve Stage 1 survival and likelihood of discharge., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Background Congenital heart disease practices and outcomes vary significantly across centers, including postoperative chest tube (CT) management, which may impact postoperative length of stay (LOS). We used collaborative learning methods to determine whether centers could adapt and safely implement best practices for CT management, resulting in reduced postoperative CT duration and LOS. Methods and Results Nine pediatric heart centers partnered together through 2 learning networks. Patients undergoing 1 of 9 benchmark congenital heart operations were included. Baseline data were collected from June 2017 to June 2018, and intervention-phase data were collected from July 2018 to December 2019. Collaborative learning methods included review of best practices from a model center, regular data feedback, and quality improvement coaching. Center teams adapted CT removal practices (eg, timing, volume criteria) from the model center to their local resources, practices, and setting. Postoperative CT duration in hours and LOS in days were analyzed using statistical process control methodology. Overall, 2309 patients were included. Patient characteristics did not differ between the study and intervention phases. Statistical process control analysis showed an aggregate 15.6% decrease in geometric mean CT duration (72.6 hours at baseline to 61.3 hours during intervention) and a 9.8% reduction in geometric mean LOS (9.2 days at baseline to 8.3 days during intervention). Adverse events did not increase when comparing the baseline and intervention phases: CT replacement (1.8% versus 2.0%, P =0.56) and readmission for pleural effusion (0.4% versus 0.5%, P =0.29). Conclusions We successfully lowered postoperative CT duration and observed an associated reduction in LOS across 9 centers using collaborative learning methodology.

Background: Our objective was to describe changes in pressure injury (PI) rates in pediatric hospitals after implementation of an active surveillance and prevention bundle and to assess the impact of bundle elements., Methods: The Children's Hospitals Solutions for Patient Safety (SPS) Network is a learning collaborative working together to eliminate harm to hospitalized children. SPS used a 3-pronged approach to prevent pressure injuries: (1) active surveillance, (2) implementing and measuring compliance with the prevention bundle, and (3) deploying a wound ostomy team. Among hospitals participating since 2011 (phase 1), we used negative binomial analyses to assess change in PI rates. Only phase 1 hospitals had a baseline period before any prevention bundle intervention. Among all hospitals participating in 2013 (phases 1 and 2), we used funnel charts to assess the association between reliable bundle implementation and PI rates., Results: Among the 33 hospitals that participated in SPS from 2011 to 2013 (phase 1), the rate of stage 3 pressure injuries declined from 0.06 to 0.03 per 1,000 patient-days ( P < 0.001). Stage 4 pressure injuries declined from 0.01 to 0.004 per 1,000 patient-days ( P = 0.02). Among all 78 hospitals in phases 1 and 2, the cohort that adopted each bundle element, measured compliance, and achieved 80% prevention bundle compliance had significantly lower PI rates compared with all hospitals., Conclusions: SPS hospitals saw a significant reduction in stage 3 and 4 PIs over a 2-year period. Reliable implementation of each element of a prevention bundle was associated with lower PI rates.

Objective: Surgical site infections (SSIs) negatively affect patients and the health care system. National standards for SSI prevention do not exist in pediatric settings. We sought to reduce SSI-related harm by implementing a prevention bundle through the Solutions for Patient Safety (SPS) national hospital engagement network., Methods: Our study period was January 2011 to December 2013. We formed a national workgroup of content and quality improvement experts. We focused on 3 procedure types at high risk for SSIs: cardiothoracic, neurosurgical shunt, and spinal fusion surgeries. We used the Model for Improvement methodology and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention SSI definition. After literature review and consultation with experts, we distributed a recommended bundle among network partners. Institutions were permitted to adopt all or part of the bundle and reported local bundle adherence and SSI rates monthly. Our learning network used webinars, discussion boards, targeted leader messaging, and in-person learning sessions., Results: Recommended bundle elements encompassed proper preoperative bathing, intraoperative skin antisepsis, and antibiotic delivery. Within 6 months, the network achieved 96.7% reliability among institutions reporting adherence data. A 21% reduction in SSI rate was reported across network hospitals, from a mean baseline rate of 2.5 SSIs per 100 procedures to a mean rate of 1.8 SSIs per 100 procedures. The reduced rate was sustained for 15 months., Conclusions: Adoption of a SSI prevention bundle with concomitant reliability measurement reduced the network SSI rate. Linking reliability measurement to standardization at an institutional level may lead to safer care., (Copyright © 2015 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.)

Diet is important in the aetiology and management of many conditions in primary care. Although valid dietary assessment is required for both clinical work and research, no dietary assessment instruments have been validated among patients seen in primary care. A range of simple self-completion dietary assessment questionnaires and established research instruments were compared with an accepted reference standard, a seven-day weighed record, in 111 subjects assessed in a practice nurse-run treatment room. Simple self-completion tools based on food groups and portion sizes perform as well (likelihood ratios for a positive test = 2 to 3) as much more time-consuming instruments. The error in using such instruments is comparable with the error of the standard itself. There is little justification for using time-consuming dietary assessment questionnaires, since simple tools are accurate enough to be clinically useful--to allow practice nurses to target patients for counselling and waste less time on inappropriate counselling--and also useful for research.

Changes in the somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and spontaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) in hens were investigated during stunning with a mixture of 30 per cent carbon dioxide in argon with 5 per cent residual oxygen. The results showed that the SEPs were lost on average in 17 seconds (maximum 28 seconds), which is similar to the 19 seconds (maximum 32 seconds) reported while stunning hens with a mixture of 30 per cent carbon dioxide in argon with 2 per cent residual oxygen. The spontaneous EEG showed suppression and a quiescent phase at 14 and 58 seconds, respectively. It is concluded that a mixture of 30 per cent carbon dioxide in argon with 2 per cent residual oxygen would be ideally suited for batch stunning chickens and any inadvertent increase in the residual oxygen level up to 5 per cent in the stunning atmosphere would not lead to inadequate stunning or recovery of consciousness before neck cutting.